自制带单瓣管道重建右心室-肺动脉连接治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的总结自制带单瓣管道重建右心室-肺动脉连接治疗复杂先天性心脏病的经验,探讨术中操作要点,评估该疗法的近中期结果。方法回顾性分析我科2006年1月至2018年6月利用自制带单瓣管道外科治疗的65例复杂先天性心脏病患者的临床资料。其中男42例、女23例,年龄5~23(9.9±4.2)岁,体重15~65(26.2±9.9)kg。根据所使用带单瓣管道将患者分为两组:带单瓣人工血管组19例,带单瓣牛心包管组46例。其中室间隔缺损(VSD)合并肺动脉闭锁(PA)48例,矫正性大动脉转位合并肺动脉狭窄10例,法洛四联症合并单支冠状动脉畸形5例,右室双出口合并肺动脉狭窄及单支冠状动脉畸形2例。结果术后早期死亡2例,均为VSD/PA行人工血管外管道根治患者。术中测右室流出道压差:人工血管组13~37(25.2±4.9)mm Hg,牛心包管组5~23(10.5±3.3)mm Hg。出院时心脏彩超显示外管道内无明显反流。术后失访1例,随访时间8个月至13年。随访期间,三尖瓣中度反流5例,管道内中度反流32例,右室流出道重度梗阻7例,中度梗阻11例,轻度梗阻25例。无中晚期死亡。心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,活动耐量良好。结论自制带单瓣外管道重建右心室-肺动脉连接临床效果良好,牛心包管道术中流出道压差小于人工血管,我们更推荐牛心包管用于低龄、低体重患者。     

姑息性右心室肺动脉连接术在肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损治疗中的应用

目的 评价姑息性右心室肺动脉外管道连接术(Sano分流术)在肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损(PA/VSD)分期矫治术中的应用价值. 方法 2009年9月至2011年5月期间,共17例PA/VSD小儿患者在阜外心血管病医院接受Sano分流术,其中男10例、女7例,中位月龄9.7 (2.5～73.8)个月,体重(8.3±3.4)kg.术前McGoon比为1.04±0.29,Nakata指数为(102.0±56.9) mm2/m2;5例合并左肺动脉开口重度狭窄,11例存在动脉导管未闭(PDA),1例伴存主要体肺侧枝,术前经皮血氧饱和度为72.6％±11.6％. 结果 17例患者均顺利接受姑息性Sano分流术.术中结扎未闭动脉导管11例,同期左肺动脉成形7例.10例肺动脉下拉后覆盖自体心包片,1例利用自体心包制作管道,6例使用Gore-Tex管道构建右心室到肺动脉连接.术中均经右心室切口施行流出道疏通.体外循环时间为(75.0±30.0) min,术后经皮血氧饱和度为89.8％±5.3％,较术前显著改善(P＜0.05).所有患者均生存,随访(12.1±6.7)个月,随访期间8例接受二次心血管影像学检查,McGoon比值和Nakata指数分别为2.05±0.37和(304.8±51.3) mm2/m2,较术前显著提高(P＜0.05).其中4例已接受了二期根治术. 结论 Sano分流术是分期矫治PA/VSD较为安全且可有效促进肺血管发育的术式.     

带瓣牛颈静脉作为右室肺动脉连接管道的研究

许多心脏疾病，如法洛四联症、肺动脉闭锁、右室双出口等以及主动脉病变行Ross手术者，均需重建右室肺动脉连接，常用的材料有自体心包、异种材料、同种异体主动脉带瓣管道、人工材料如Gore-tex片、人工合成的带瓣管道。这些材料均存在局限性，Gore-tex片一般不能重建瓣膜结构；自体心包构造带瓣的结构，效果不理想；由于右心系统压力低，血流速度慢，     

心外管道全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术的疗效

目的总结心外管道全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术(total cavopulmonary connection,TCPC)的经验,探讨手术适应证、手术设计、手术方法以及治疗效果.方法回顾分析29例心外管道TCPC患者的临床资料,平均年龄10岁,病种包括三尖瓣闭锁9例,左室型心室双入口9例,二尖瓣闭锁3例,右心室双出口合并左心室发育不良5例,矫正型大动脉转位解剖右心室发育不良3例.全部在体外循环下手术,12例采用心脏停搏,17例在并行转流心脏不停跳下手术.结果早期22例中死亡5例,后7例无死亡;随访3个月～10年,无晚期死亡.发生低心排血量综合征12例,乳糜胸11例.结论心外管道TCPC用于较大儿童或成人患者与其他Fontan类手术比较,临床长期效果较好.但应严格掌握手术适应证,合理的手术设计和术中细致操作,有危险因素时增用开窗术以及围术期严密观察和处理是提高手术近、远期治疗效果的关键.     

心外管道全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术治疗复杂先天性心脏病

目的总结心外管道全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术（ECTCPC）治疗复杂先天性心脏病的临床经验,并就手术适应证、手术方法及手术效果进行讨论。方法1998年6月至2006年12月,68例先天性心脏复杂畸形的患者接受了ECTCPC。包括单心室伴有大动脉转位、肺动脉瓣狭窄45例：三尖瓣闭锁、右心室发育不良19例;三尖瓣下移畸形并右心室发育不良4例。其中合并永存左上腔静脉6例,双向Glenn术后行全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术18例（其中包括单心室、肺动脉闭锁、左肺动脉狭窄双向Glenn术后1例）,单心房、单心室、心上型完全性肺静脉异位引流、多发粗大体肺侧支1例。全组采用体外循环下手术共57例,其中8例患者因需要矫正心内畸形在主动脉阻断下手术外,其余49例均在全身麻醉并行体外循环心脏跳动下进行;非体外循环下手术11例。结果术后早期死亡2例,病死率为2．9％。其中1例死于术后反复肺内出血,1例死于上消化道反复大出血。66例痊愈出院,术后随访1个月至8年,无晚期死亡。所有患者症状消失,血氧饱和度90％～96％,恢复良好。结论ECTCPC方法简便易行,术后并发症较少,效果好,较其他术式有较大优点。     

重建右心室流出道中BalMedic管道与同种异体带瓣管道比较

目的 比较国产牛颈静脉带瓣BalMedic管道与同种异体带瓣管道(Homograft)在右心室流出道重建中的临床效果.方法 2003年1月至2009年7月,使用Homograft管道重建右心室流出道患者10例,使用BalMedic管道重建右心室流出道患者14例.术后1年复查超声心动图,检测移植管道内径、远端吻合口压差、新建肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差、有无血栓形成或瘤样扩张及肺动脉瓣反流程度.结果 Homograft组9例治愈出院,1例因感染性心内膜炎引起多器官功能衰竭死亡,与管道明确相关;BalMedic管道组13例治愈出院,1例于术后第2天因心力衰竭死亡.两组肺动脉瓣及远端吻合口均未见明显狭窄(压差＜ 20 mm Hg)(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),且组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组均无血栓形成,且未见瘤样扩张.Homograft组肺动脉瓣轻度反流2例,中度1例;BalMedic管道组轻度反流4例,无中、重度反流.结论 对于右心室流出道重建,两种管道可获相同治疗效果.鉴于BalMedic管道方便获取、易于保存及更加匹配等特点,将有更好的应用前景.     

肺动脉闭锁伴室间隔缺损患者姑息手术后血气与血流动力学指标的改变

目的比较不伴主、肺动脉侧枝（MAPCAs）的肺动脉闭锁伴室间隔缺损（PA／VSD）患者接受右心室至肺动脉（RV—PA）管道连接或改良体-肺动脉分流术（mBT）术后血气及血流动力学指标改变,以明确两种术式对氧供需平衡的影响。方法2006年7月至2007年10月,对38例不伴MAPCAs的PA／VSD患者根据手术方式不同分为两组：RV—PA组（n=25）和mBT组（n=13）。比较围术期死亡率,术后48h内的血气及血流动力学指标,包括心率、血压、动脉血氧饱和度、混合静脉血氧饱和度、氧剩余参数和正性肌力药物评分等的改变。结果术后RV—PA组死亡率（4．0％）与mBT组（7．7％）比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。随访33例,随访时间6～18个月。11例患者（其中mBT组4例、RVPA组7例）在术后9～18个月接受了根治手术治疗,术后死亡1例,死于肺血管阻力过高,右心衰竭。术后24h、48h时RV—PA组和mBT组混合静脉血氧饱和度均分别高于本组术后6h（P〈0．01）,术后6h、24h和48hRV—PA组收缩压均低于mBT组（P=0．048,0．043,0．045）;平均动脉压均高于mBT组（P=0．048,0．046,0．049）;舒张压均高于mBT组（P=0．038,0．034,0．040）;正性肌力药物评分均低于mBT组（P=0．035,0．032,0．047）。结论RV—PA管道连接与mBT两种姑息手术,虽然术后血压和正性肌力药物评分有显著差异,但体循环氧输送基本相当,术后6h两组患者血流动力学状态达最低水平。     

心房内管道行全腔静脉─肺动脉连接术

自１９９０年１月至１９９５年１月共施行全腔静脉—肺动脉连接术３２例，其中单心室２例，三尖瓣闭锁１例。应用心房内管道行全腔静脉—肺动脉连接术。该手术方法常规将上腔静脉远心端与右肺动脉行端侧吻合，然后选用直径＞ｌ．５ｃｍ人工血管，将下腔静脉与主肺动脉吻合，方法简便，易于操作。其优点是：右房组织损伤小；血流动力学合理；更适用于伴共同心房和（或）共同房室瓣等复杂畸形；选用直径１．５ｃｍ以上人工血管无需再更换；术后心律紊乱明显减少。     

自体心包组织重建右室流出道-肺动脉连接治疗肺动脉闭锁并室间隔缺损的疗效分析

目的 探讨自体心包组织重建右心室流出道-肺动脉连接治疗肺动脉闭锁并室间隔缺损(pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect,PA/VSD)的临床效果.方法 2010年1月～2019年6月我院收治的PA/VSD病人41例;均采用自体心包组织重建右心室流出道及肺动脉,行一...     

全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术的临床应用

目的探讨全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术（TCPC）的手术方法，总结其临床应用经验。方法回顾分析2004年11月～2006年8月我科施行心内隧道TCPC和心外管道TCPC治疗21例复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病患者的临床资料，比较两种术式间术前、术后的临床指标。结果全组共死亡2例，1例死于术后反复发生心室颤动，1例死于低心排血量综合征。术后发生并发症16例，其中胸腔积液或心包积液7例，乳糜胸5例，经行胸腔闭式引流或胸腔穿刺后治愈；心律失常、肺部感染各1例，均经保守治疗治愈。19例生存患者术后紫绀均得到有效改善；除心内隧道TCPC平均手术时间（288．5min vs．217．1min，P〈0．05），呼吸机平均使用时间（9．63h vs 65．8h，P〈0．05）长于心外管道TCPC外，两种手术方式术后中心静脉压（CVP）、血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞压积（HCT）、动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）、上腔静脉吻合口压差（SVCPG）、下腔静脉吻合口压差（IVCPG）等均差异无统计学意义。随访16例，随访时间2个月～2年，无死亡患者。超声心动图、胸部x线片复查结果满意。结论TCPC是治疗复杂紫绀型先天性心脏病的有效方法，两种手术方法的疗效相似，但各有利弊，对婴幼儿患者选择心内隧道TCPC较为合适，对年龄较大的患者选择心外管道TCPC为佳。     

Application of a Simplified Hand‐Sewn Trileaflet Valved Conduit in Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction as an Alternative for Bovine Jugular Vein Graft: Single‐Center Experience

The Bovine jugular vein (BJV) graft for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (RVOT) is limited applied due to possible graft failure. In this study, we reported the clinical application of simplified hand‐sewn trileaflet valved conduit as an alternative for BJV graft. We retrospectively included 68 patients underwent 76 conduits implantation including 22 new simplified hand‐sewn trileaflet valved conduits (Group A) and 54 BJV grafts (Group B). For patients in Group A, a hand‐sewn trileaflet valved conduit with valves made of autologous pericardium or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene was applied. Baseline, perioperative, and outcomes were analyzed. No early mortality or perioperative complication occurred in Group A, while 2 patients died and 16 patients suffered from conduits failure due to conduits stenosis (n = 11), stenosis plus regurgitation (n = 3), and regurgitation alone (n = 2) in Group B. Freedom from BJV grafts failure within 1, 3, 5, and 7 years was 98.0%, 88.2%, 83.6% and 83.6% in Group A, and 98.0%, 85.8%, 76.8% and 62.1% in Group B. Endocarditis occurred in 9 patients in Group B, but not in Group A. Subsequent analysis showed that endocarditis is the only significant predictor of BJV grafts failure (odds ratio: 6.202, 95% confidence intervals 1.237～31.108). The novel simplified hand‐sewn trileaflet valved conduits seems to be associated with lower incidences of perioperative complication, graft failure, and early‐phase mortality, as compared with conventional BJV grafts.     

升主动脉-颈内动脉自体静脉转流治疗累及左颈总动脉起始部的巨大真性动脉瘤

目的探讨累及左颈总动脉起始部的巨大真性动脉瘤的手术方法。方法回顾性总结1997年2月至2004年6月间3例该病患者的临床资料，均行手术治疗：胸部正中切口显出前纵隔，切开心包及其返折，显露心脏及其大血管，联合颈部切口显出动脉瘤全貌，升主动脉-颈内动脉自体静脉转流后，于主动脉弓上切除动脉瘤。结果3例均于术后7d治愈出院，分别随访8月、5年、7年无动脉瘤复发。结论利用自体静脉行升主动脉-颈内动脉移植技术，经胸部正中切口根治累及左颈总动脉起始部的巨大动脉瘤，具有显露清晰、操作方便、无须切开胸腔、创伤小、恢复快的优点，是一种较好的手术方案。     

Rotation of the head might not be recommended for internal jugular puncture in infants and children

Background:  Traditionally, we have been puncturing the internal jugular vein (IJV) with the head rotated. However, in adults it has been suggested that rotation of the head increases the magnitude of an overlapping of the IJV to the carotid artery (CA). Therefore, in infants and children, we have examined anatomic relationship between the IJV and the CA under the head in midline and head in rotated position.
Method:  Eleven infants and 51 children were included. Under general anesthesia, the patient was positioned in the Trendelenburg position with a shoulder roll to allow extension of the neck. At first, the head was placed in the midline position. The ultrasound probe was placed perpendicular to the skin, and images of the right IJV and CA were collected at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Then, the head was rotated to the left at 45°. The images were collected in the same way. The position of the right IJV relative to the CA was defined as anterior (A), anterolateral (AL), or lateral (L).
Results:  Rotation of the head increased the magnitude of an overlapping because of more changes from L → AL, L → A, or AL → A ( P  < 0.05, Wilcoxon t -test).
Conclusion:  We conclude that the rotation of the head increases the magnitude of an overlapping of the IJV to the CA in infants and children.     

Subcutaneous tissue graft including a scalp artery and a relevant vein for the treatment of cerebral ischemia in childhood moyamoya disease

BACKGROUND: Simple indirect anastomosis was introduced for the treatment of moyamoya disease with cerebral ischemia in the territory of anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs) or middle cerebral arteries (MCAs), and its clinical usefulness was discussed. METHODS: The study included 19 patients with childhood moyamoya disease who were operated on with subcutaneous tissue graft including a scalp artery and a relevant vein (group 1). They all had repetitive transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the territory of ACAs or MCAs. To compare age, sex, and the time required for the operation, 34 patients with childhood moyamoya disease with direct anastomosis were also included in the (group 2). RESULTS: No TIAs were observed in 19 of 21 operative sides during the follow-up period in group 1. The remaining 2 sides continued to have TIAs postsurgically, but with a marked decrease in frequency. There were no significant differences in age and sex between group 1 and group 2. Required time for surgical procedure in group 1 ranged from 103 to 270 minutes (mean +/- SD, 167.4 +/- 38.8 minutes), and in group 2 from 140 to 320 minutes (215.0 +/- 36.2 minutes). The former was significantly shorter than the latter (unpaired t test, t = 4.8773, P = .000007). CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous tissue graft including a scalp artery and a relevant vein is recommended for the treatment of moyamoya disease presenting ischemia in the territory of the ACAs or MCAs.     

Conduit selection and early graft failure in coronary artery bypass surgery: A post hoc analysis of the Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies (COMPASS) coronary artery bypass grafting study

ObjectivesRelative rates of early graft failure and conduit selection in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery remain controversial. Therefore, we sought to determine the incidence and determinants of graft failure of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA), radial artery, saphenous vein, and right internal mammary artery (RIMA) 1 year after CABG surgery.MethodsA post hoc analysis of the Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies (COMPASS) CABG study, involving patients from 83 centers in 22 countries. We completed an analysis of 3480 grafts from 1068 patients who underwent CABG surgery with complete computed tomography angiography data. The primary outcome was graft failure as diagnosed by computed tomography angiography 1 year after surgery.ResultsGraft failure occurred in 6.4% (68/1068) for LIMA, 9.9% (9/91) for radial artery, 10.4% (232/2239) for saphenous vein, and 26.8% (22/82) for RIMA grafts. The RIMA had a greater rate of graft failure (26.8%) than radial artery (9.9%) and veins (10.4%) (adjusted odds ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-5.57; P = .008 and adjusted odds ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-3.21; P = .001, respectively).ConclusionsIn this international trial dataset, LIMA and radial artery performed as expected, whereas vein grafts performed better. However, high rates of RIMA failure are worrisome and highlight the need for a thorough evaluation of the patency and safety of the RIMA in CABG surgery.