卵巢腺纤维瘤及囊性腺纤维瘤的超声特点

目的探讨卵巢腺纤维瘤及囊性腺纤维瘤的术前超声特征，以便帮助临床提高术前诊断准确性。方法对北京大学人民医院妇科自2004年8月～2006年8月收治并经手术病理证实的卵巢腺纤维瘤或囊性腺纤维瘤患者24例术前超声结果进行回顾性分析，并选取同期良性浆液性囊腺瘤39例及交界性囊腺瘤49例作对照。结果24例卵巢腺纤维瘤或囊性腺纤维瘤中，良性18例，交界性5例，癌变1例。肿瘤单侧22例（91.67%），15例（62.50%）为单房，平均直径7.40cm。10/18例（55.56%）良性浆液性腺纤维瘤或囊性腺纤维瘤内出现乳头或实性部分，与交界性囊腺瘤相比差异具有显著性（P=0.002）。实性区仅1/10（10%）例可检测到血流信号，与交界性囊腺瘤相比差异具有显著性（P=0.003）。结论卵巢腺纤维瘤及囊性腺纤维瘤单侧多见，单房多见，半数以上可见囊内乳头或肿瘤囊实性，但乳头或实性区一般少血流，且血流阻力指数一般〉0.50。一旦乳头或实性区血流信号丰富，或者阻力指数〈0.50，应警惕肿瘤交界性或癌变。     

卵巢上皮性肿瘤的临床病理特征及其细胞周期素D1和p53蛋白表达的研究

目的研究卵巢上皮性癌（卵巢癌）和交界性上皮性肿瘤的临床病理特征及其细胞周期素D1（cyclin D1）和p53蛋白表达的情况,探讨卵巢癌和交界性上皮性肿瘤在发病机制上的联系。方法分析45例卵巢癌（卵巢癌组）和54例卵巢交界性上皮性肿瘤（交界性肿瘤组）的临床病理资料,采用免疫组化法检测两组组织中cyclin D1、p53蛋白的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征的相关性。结果（1）临床病理特征：①年龄：交界性肿瘤组平均年龄为42．5岁（14～82岁）,中位数年龄41岁;卵巢癌组平均年龄为53．5岁（26～80岁）,中位数年龄51岁。②分期：按国际妇产科联盟（FIGO）分期标准,交界性肿瘤组Ⅰ期48例、Ⅱ期3例、Ⅲ期3例;卵巢癌组Ⅰ期6例、Ⅱ期8例、Ⅲ期26例、Ⅳ期5例。③病理类型：交界性肿瘤组以黏液型为主[占56％（30／54）],其次为浆液型[其中普通型11例,微乳头型5例;占30％（16／54）];卵巢癌组以浆液型（其中低度恶性19例,高度恶性3例）为主[占49％（22／45）]。④病理分化程度：卵巢癌组高分化5例,中分化17例,低分化或未分化23例。⑤预后：交界性肿瘤组5年生存率为98％,卵巢癌组为51％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0．000）。（2）cyclin D1和p53蛋白的表达及其与卵巢癌和交界性肿瘤临床病理特征的相关性：卵巢癌组cyclin D1和p53蛋白的阳性表达率分别为31％（14／45）和56％（25／45）,p53蛋白表达强度与病理分化程度呈正相关（r=0．320,P=0．032）;交界性肿瘤组cyclin D1和p53蛋白的阳性表达率分别为69％（37／54）和6％（3／54）。其中,普通型浆液性交界性肿瘤与高度恶性浆液性癌比较（两者cyclin D1蛋白阳性表达率分别为91％和26％,p53蛋白分别为0和58％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）;而微乳头型浆液性交界性肿瘤与低度恶性浆液癌比较（两者cyclin D1蛋白阳性表达率分别为3／5和2／3,p53蛋白分别为1／5和1／3）,差异则无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论cyclin D1蛋白的过度表达常见于卵巢浆液性交界性肿瘤及低度恶性浆液性癌组织中,而p53蛋白的过度表达更多见于高度恶性浆液性癌组织中。卵巢浆液性交界性肿瘤与高度恶性浆液性癌具有不同的发病机制,而微乳头型浆液性交界性肿瘤与低度恶性浆液性癌的关系可能更为密切。     

多普勒超声血流显像联合血清CA125 CA199在卵巢恶性肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的探讨多普勒超声血流显像联合血清CA125、CA199在早期卵巢恶性肿瘤诊断中的价值。方法对2002年1月至2004年11月广州医学院第二附属医院等2家医院的99例卵巢肿瘤患者及42例对照组妇女分别进行多普勒超声及血清CA125、CA199检测，并分别以血清CA125〉35kU／L、CA125〉100kU／L；CA199〉37kU／L、CA199〉70kU／L；阻力指数（RI）〈0．5、RI〈0．6作为阳性结果，比较各种指标对卵巢恶性肿瘤预测的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。结果卵巢恶性肿瘤患者血清CA125、CA199水平明显高于对照组和卵巢良性肿瘤组，而良性肿瘤组和对照组间差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。多普勒血流显像，恶性肿瘤组RI显著低于起性肿瘤组。单独应用CA125〉100kU／L敏感性为78．4％，特异性为88．4％，单独应用CA199〉70kU／L敏感性为49．0％，特异性为86.0％。多普勒超声（RI〈0．5）联合上述两种血清学指标，敏感性为94．2％，特异性为95．3％。结论血清CA125、CA199联合多普勒超声血流显像可明显提高卵巢恶性肿瘤诊断的敏感性和特异性。     

卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织中KiSS-1、基质金属蛋白酶9和核因子κBp65蛋白的表达及其相关性

目的 探讨KiSS-1、基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）、核因子κB（NF-κB）p65蛋白3者在卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织中的表达及其相关性。方法 采用免疫组化方法检测50份卵巢上皮性癌（卵巢癌）、20份卵巢交界性肿瘤、20份卵巢良性肿瘤和10份正常卵巢组织中KiSS-1、MMP-9、NF-κBp65蛋白的表达,并分析其临床意义及3者间的相关性。结果 KiSS-1蛋白在卵巢癌组织中的阳性表达率（80％）明显高于良性肿瘤组织及正常卵巢组织（分别为35％、10％;P〈0．05）;在卵巢交界性肿瘤组织中阳性表达率（65％）明显高于正常卵巢组织（P〈0．05）。在卵巢癌组织中,KiSS-1蛋白阳性表达率与淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）,与手术病理分期、病理类型及病理分级均无关（P〉0．05）;MMP-9蛋白阳性表达率与手术病理分期及淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）,而与病理类型及病理分级均无关（P〉0．05）;NF-KBp65蛋白阳性表达率与手术病理分期、病理分级及淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）,而与病理类型无关（P〉0．05）。在卵巢癌组织中,KiSS-1与MMP-9、NF．KBp65蛋白表达呈显著负相关关系（rs=-0．547,P〈0．05;rs=-0．414,P〈0．05）;MMP-9与NF-κBp65蛋白表达呈显著正相关关系（rs=0．695,P〈0．05）。结论 KiSS-1基因可能对卵巢癌的转移起一定的抑制作用;KiSS-1基因可能通过抑制MMP-9、NF-κB基因,从而发挥抑制卵巢癌转移的作用。     

卵巢上皮性癌组织中磷酸化蛋白激酶B和PTEN蛋白的表达及其意义

目的探讨磷酸化蛋白激酶B（pAKT）和FYEN蛋白在卵巢上皮性癌（卵巢癌）组织中的表达及其相互关系,并分析两者与卵巢癌患者预后的关系。方法应用免疫组化法,检测12份正常卵巢、20份卵巢良性上皮性肿瘤、12份卵巢交界性上皮性肿瘤、80份卵巢癌组织中pAKT和PTEN蛋白的表达,并分析两者间的关系。采用单因素和多因素生存分析法分析pAKT和FYEN蛋白表达与卵巢癌患者预后的关系。结果pAKT蛋白在正常卵巢、卵巢良性上皮性肿瘤组织中的阳性表达率分别为8％、10％。显著低于卵巢癌组织的55％（P〈0．01）;而FYEN蛋白在卵巢癌组织中的阳性表达率为45％,显著低于正常卵巢和良性上皮性肿瘤组织的100％、80％（P〈0．01）。pAKT和FYEN蛋白在交界性肿瘤组织中的阳性表达率分别为25％、67％,分别与卵巢癌组织比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。pAKT和FYEN蛋白表达与卵巢癌手术病理分期、病理分级、有无淋巴结转移和远处转移有关（P〈O．05）,而与年龄、病理类型、有无腹水无关（P〉0．05）。卵巢癌组织中pAKT和PTEN蛋白间的表达呈明显负相关关系（r=-0．444,P〈0．01）。单因素生存分析显示,手术病理分期、病理分级、有无淋巴结转移和远处转移、pAKT和FrEN蛋白阳性表达与患者预后有关（P〈0．05）。Cox回归多因素分析表明,FYEN蛋白阳性表达和手术病理分期是影响卵巢癌患者预后的独立危险因素（P〈0．05）。结论pAKT蛋白过度表达伴随PTEN蛋白表达缺失可能参与卵巢癌的发生、发展,PTEN蛋白表达缺失是卵巢癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素。     

卵巢肿瘤中c-kit基因突变的临床研究

目的探讨c-kit基因在卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤中的突变情况及其在卵巢肿瘤发生发展中的作用。方法2004年1月至2005年12月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一临床医学院、第三临床医学院应用PCR扩增和基因测序的方法检测卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤、卵巢交界性肿瘤、卵巢良性肿瘤及正常卵巢组织中c-kit基因第11号外显子序列。结果c-kit基因在卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤、卵巢交界性肿瘤、卵巢良性肿瘤及正常卵巢组织中的突变率分别为72.1％、44．4％、11．5％、0，卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤及交界性肿瘤中c-kit基因突变率均高于卵巢良性肿瘤及正常卵巢组织，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤与卵巢交界性肿瘤中c-kit基因突变率差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。在卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤中，低分化组的c—kit基因突变率为88．9％，明显高于中、高分化组（P〈0．05），c—kit基因的突变率随FIGO分期的进展及淋巴结的转移而升高（P〈0．05），c—kit基因的突变与卵巢肿瘤的病理类型无关（P〉0．05）。结论c-kit基因突变在卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤的发生发展中可能发挥重要作用，可作为诊断卵巢良恶性肿瘤的参考指标。c-kit基因突变与卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤的预后有关，可作为判断卵巢恶性上皮性肿瘤患者预后的指标之一。     

整合素连接激酶在卵巢肿瘤组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨整合素连接激酶（ILK）在正常卵巢、卵巢良性肿瘤、卵巢交界性肿瘤、卵巢癌组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法1999年1月至2006年12月在沧州中西医结合医院采用免疫组化SP法检测正常卵巢组织10例,良性卵巢肿瘤20例,交界性肿瘤28例,卵巢癌86例中整合素连接激酶的表达。结果ILK蛋白在卵巢癌、交界性肿瘤、良性肿瘤组织中的表达差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。结论ILK在卵巢恶性肿瘤的发生发展中起重要作用,检测ILK的表达有助于判断肿瘤的生物学行为及预后。     

粘着斑激酶在卵巢上皮性癌中的表达及意义

目的 研究粘着斑激酶（FAK）在上皮性卵巢癌中的表达情况，探讨FAK与卵巢癌的关系及其临床生物学意义。方法 采用免疫组化方法测定卵巢癌组织FAK的表达情况，分别用人工半定量分析和计算机图像分析判定结果，并与各项临床指标进行统计学分析。结果 人工半定量分析与计算机图像分析结果高度正相关。FAK在正常卵巢、良性、交界性及恶性卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达水平依次增高（P〈0．05），高表达率分别为0、6.7％、40％、81．9％。手术病理期别高、远处转移、淋巴结转移、有腹水的患者癌组织FAK表达量高（P〈0．05）；癌组织FAK高表达与生存期短相关（P=0．063〈0．1）。结论 FAK可能与上皮性卵巢癌的发生侵袭、转移及不良预后相关。     

经阴道多普勒血流超声检查对子宫肌瘤血流动力学特点的研究

目的：研究子宫肌瘤患者的肌瘤血流及子宫动脉血流动力学特点。方法：对50例绝经前与10例绝经后子宫肌瘤患者（研究组）及21例绝经前与10例绝经后无子宫肌瘤者（对照组）进行经阴道多普勒血流超声检查。结果：研究组子宫动脉（UA）的搏动指数（PI）与阻力指数（RI）明显低于对照组（绝经前P＜0．01、P＜0．05；绝经后P＜0．05、P＜0．02）；收缩末期最大速度（A）和舒张末期速度（B）均高于各自的对照组，P＜0．001）；血流量（BFV）明显高于对照组（绝经前产＜0．002；绝经后P＜0．001）。绝经前有月经改变和无月经改变者的所有多普勒参数之间差异无显著性（P＞0．05），表明子宫体积、肌瘤体积与子宫动脉RI、BFV之间有高度相关性。此外，发现20％（10／50）绝经前肌瘤患者和60％（6／10）绝经后肌瘤患者的肌瘤假膜处血流RI＜0．40，术后病理学检查均证明为良性子宫平滑肌瘤。结论：本研究结果表明，绝经前、后子宫肌瘤患者UA及宫壁血管血流动力学均发生改变，BFV明显增加，RI值降低。     

CA125/HE4和超声影像指标在不同类型盆腔包块的分布特征及恶性风险中的评估价值

目的:观察CA125、HE4及超声恶性风险指标在不同类型盆腔包块的分布特征及恶性预测价值,探讨更优化的卵巢癌风险评估方法。方法:选取2015年1月到2016年6月第三军医大学附属西南医院妇科收治的盆腔包块手术患者305例,依据术后病理结果将患者分为良性组(223例)、交界性肿瘤组(12例)、卵巢癌组(70例)。分析CA125/HE4和超声指标的分布特征并评估其恶性风险预测的灵敏度、特异度。结果:上皮性卵巢癌组中CA125和HE4值显著升高,与非上皮性卵巢癌和良性组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001);非上皮性卵巢癌与良性组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。卵巢癌组与交界性肿瘤组的CA125值比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.31),交界性肿瘤的HE4值低于上皮性卵巢癌,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。良性组子宫内膜异位囊肿CA125升高,HE4无升高,与上皮性卵巢癌比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。超声指标中,肿块血流、肿块内乳头结构、肿块有实性部分、腹水、肿块直径100mm及多个分隔囊腔六项指标的阴性预测值达78.0%~86.9%。肿块血流、乳头结构、腹水对卵巢癌诊断的特异性均达90%以上。结合血清学和超声指标,建立绝经前卵巢癌风险回归预测模型。结论:CA125和HE4升高分布于上皮性卵巢癌和交界性肿瘤,是其敏感的评估指标。单项CA125升高多分布于卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿,HE4值是鉴别指标之一。超声六项指标灵敏度低但特异度高,其阴性预测值利于识别恶性风险。本研究的绝经前卵巢癌风险模型有助于卵巢癌的判别,且方法简便。     

超声联合肿瘤标志物预测附件包块良恶性质的临床价值

目的研究术前超声联合肿瘤标志物预测附件包块良恶性质的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年10月间,于同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院收治的475例附件包块患者,术前超声评估附件包块性质(包括肿块大小,回声性质和血流信号)和肿瘤标志物(CA125、CA199、AFP、CEA和CA153)检查,与最终手术病理结果比较。结果手术石蜡病理提示卵巢恶性肿瘤100例,交界性肿瘤50例,良性肿瘤325例。术前超声提示囊性肿块183例,其中良性144例(78.7%)、恶性19例(10.4%);超声提示混合性肿块247例,其中良性160例(64.8%)、恶性58例(23.5%);超声提示实性肿块45例,其中良性21例(46.7%)、恶性23例(51.1%)。超声提示混合性或实性肿块与囊性肿块相比,卵巢恶性肿瘤病率显著增加(27.7%vs.10.4%)(P<0.001)。提出卵巢肿瘤预测模型1、2、3,模型1:CA125≥35kU/L+超声混合或实性;模型2:CA125≥100kU/L+超声混合或实性;模型3:CA125≥35kU/L+CA199≥37kU/L+超声混合或实性。结论超声提示附件混合性或实性包块同时合并CA125升高者,卵巢恶性肿瘤发生率显著增高。     

Preoperative assessment of unilocular adnexal cysts by transvaginal ultrasonography: a comparison between ultrasonographic morphologic imaging and histopathologic diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the risk of malignancy in surgically removed ovarian cysts that were characterized before the operation as unilocular according to transvaginal ultrasonography. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective analysis included 927 premenopausal women and 377 postmenopausal women operated on at 2 European university hospitals between January 1992 and December 1997. On the basis of ultrasonographic findings the cysts were characterized either as echo-free, without solid parts or papillary formations (group 1), or as having echogenic cyst content, with solid parts or papillary formations (group 2). Ultrasonographic and macroscopic appearances of the cysts were compared with histopathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: In group 1, in premenopausal women 3 of 413 cysts (0.73%) proved to be borderline or malignant, and in postmenopausal women 4 of 247 cysts (1.6%) proved to be borderline or malignant. The figures for cysts in group 2 were 11 of 514 cysts (2.1%) and 13 of 130 cysts (10.0%), respectively. It was not possible to differentiate by transvaginal ultrasonography between benign, borderline, and malignant cysts when solid parts or papillary formations were visualized. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that the risk of malignancy associated with unilocular echo-free cysts (group 1) was low. Serial ultrasonographic follow-up should therefore be the standard procedure with unilocular echo-free cysts <50 mm in diameter. In cysts with a mean diameter of >50 mm, papillary formations or solid parts may be missed by transvaginal ultrasonography. The risk for malignancy in cysts containing papillary formations or solid parts (group 2) was 3 to 6 times higher than that in unilocular echo-free cysts.     

A Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis in Predicting Malignancy for Patients with Ovarian Tumors

Objective.Our objective was to improve the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian malignancy using a multivariate logistic regression analysis on the basis of demographic, serologic, gray-scale morphological, and Doppler variables.Methods.One hundred seventy-one patients with ovarian tumors (120 benign, 51 malignant including 9 tumors of low malignant potential) were studied with transvaginal B-mode, color, and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography before surgery. Based on the gray-scale ultrasound imaging, each tumor was classified as a unilocular cyst, multilocular cyst, unilocular cyst with solid parts, multilocular cyst with solid parts, or solid tumor. Intratumoral blood flow velocity waveforms were recorded on all tumors except unilocular cyst and were evaluated for resistance index (RI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV). Serum CA 125 levels were also measured.Results.Twenty tumors were unilocular cysts and were all benign. Seventy tumors including all unilocular cysts which showed no flows were all benign. The remaining 101 tumors (50 benign, 51 malignant including 9 tumors of low malignant potential) presented intratumoral blood flows. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify variables predictive of ovarian malignancy in these 101 tumors. The variables included age, menstrual state, serum CA 125 levels, B-mode classification, RI, and PSV. In univariate analysis, menopause, the positivity of CA 125 (≥35 U/ml), and PSV larger than or equal to 10.4 cm/s were found to be significantly associated with malignant tumors. The PSV value of 10.4 cm/s was the median in benign tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that serum CA 125 levels (≥35 U/ml) (P= 0.002) and PSV (≥10.4 cm/s) (P< 0.001) were to be independent predictors of malignancy.Conclusion.These results suggest that intratumoral PSV is the strongest means of differentiating benign from malignant ovarian tumors with suspicious gray-scale ultrasonographic findings.     

The Blood Flow Characteristics in Borderline Ovarian Tumors Based on Both Color Doppler Ultrasound and Histopathological Analyses

To clarify the tumor behavior in borderline ovarian tumors, we examined the characteristics of neovascularization in these tumors by using a transvaginal color Doppler ultrasound (TV-CDU). Twelve patients with borderline ovarian tumors were preoperatively evaluated for the characteristics of intratumoral blood flow by TV-CDU, using both the resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). As a control group, 100 patients with benign ovarian tumors and 31 patients with malignant ovarian tumors were also examined by TV-CDU. An intratumoral blood flow was significantly detected in both borderline (91.6%; 11/12) and malignant ovarian tumors (90.3%; 28/31), but not in benign ovarian tumors (53%; 53/100) (P< 0.01). In addition, both the mean RI and mean PI values were significantly lower in the borderline (RI; 0.45, PI; 0.67) and malignant ovarian tumors (RI; 0.39, PI; 0.58) than those in the benign ovarian tumors (RI; 0.61, PI; 1.05) (P< 0.01). In mucinous tumors, the borderline tumors showed a significantly high intratumoral vascularity (P< 0.01) and both borderline and malignant tumors significantly demonstrated a low-resistance blood flow (P< 0.01), in comparison to those of the benign tumors. Mucinous borderline tumors of the intestinal type also tended to have a lower RI as well as a lower PI value than müllerian type. Regarding neovascularization as represented by intratumoral blood flow characteristics, this study thus suggests that a close relationship exists in the tumor behavior between borderline and malignant ovarian tumors, especially in mucinous epithelial tumors.     

Mucinous tumors of the ovary: analysis of 38 cases.

Ovarian mucinous tumors stem from ovarian surface epithelium and are divided into benign, borderline and malignant. It is difficult to differentiate borderline and malignant mucinous tumors. Thirty-eight cases of ovarian mucinous tumors which were diagnosed at the Pathology Department of Dicle University Medical Faculty were reviewed. Of these, 18 (47.3%), six (15.7%) and 14 (36.8%) were benign, borderline and malignant, respectively. The patients' ages ranged from 18 to 67 (average 44.5) years. Bilaterality was detected in 1/18 (5.5%), 0/6 and 4/14 (28.5%) of benign, borderline and malignant mucinous tumors, respectively. Mean tumor size was 26.4 cm. Microscopically, there was no stratification in the benign tumors. The borderline tumors had papillary infoldings and 2-3 layers of atypical epithelial cells but no invasion of the stroma. Malignant tumors had four or more layers of atypical epithelial cells and stromal invasion.     

CA 125 measurement and ultrasonography in borderline tumors of the ovary

OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to perform an analysis of ultrasonographic characteristics and CA 125 levels in ovarian tumors of borderline malignancy. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a retrospective analysis of CA 125 levels and ultrasonographic parameters in 91 patients with borderline tumors. RESULTS: Serous tumors of borderline malignancy were associated with elevated CA 125 levels in 75% of patients before surgery (mean, 156 IU/mL) compared with 30% of mucinous tumors (mean, 28 IU/mL; P =.004). CA 125 was elevated in 35% of stage IA serous tumors (mean, 67 IU/mL) compared with 89% of tumors with spread beyond the ovary (mean, 259 IU/mL; P =.001). Mucinous tumors tended to be bigger (13.1 +/- 7 cm) on ultrasonography than serous tumors (9.3 +/- 6.2 cm, P =.016). Mucinous tumors were multilocular in half the patients and contained papillations in 40% of the patients. Serous tumors were multilocular in 30% of the patients but presented with solid or papillary patterns in 78% of the patients (P =.001). A resistance index of <0.4 was found in 36% of mucinous tumors and half the cases of serous tumors. In 13% of patients, ultrasonographic characteristics were compatible with a simple cyst only, including 1 patient with microinvasion and 1 patient with stage IIIB disease. Sensitivity of gray-scale ultrasonography was 87%, that of CA 125 measurement was 62%, and that of flow was 55%. At least 1 diagnostic test result was abnormal in 93% of patients, 2 were abnormal in 69% of patients, and all 3 were abnormal in 21% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of borderline tumors of the ovary, particularly of the serous type, were associated with elevated CA 125 levels and abnormal ultrasonographic characteristics, although some tumors presented as simple cysts.     

Ultrasound characteristics of different types of adnexal malignancies

OBJECTIVE: To describe ultrasound characteristics of adnexal malignancies, i.e., borderline ovarian tumors, primary invasive ovarian epithelial cancer stage 1, primary invasive ovarian epithelial cancer stages 2-4, rare types of malignancy, and metastatic tumors. METHODS: In a prospective international study involving nine European ultrasound centers, 1,066 women with a pelvic mass judged to be of adnexal origin underwent transvaginal gray scale and color Doppler ultrasound examination by a skilled examiner before surgery. A standardized examination technique and predefined definitions of ultrasound characteristics were used. RESULTS: Of 1,066 masses, 266 were malignant and are included: 55 ovarian borderline tumors, 144 primary invasive epithelial ovarian cancers (42 stage 1, 102 stages 2-4), 25 rare malignancies, and 42 metastatic tumors. Most (56%) metastatic tumors and most (60%) rare types of tumor were solid and richly vascularized at color Doppler ultrasound examination (on a scale ranging from 1 to 4, color score based on subjective evaluation was 3 or 4 in 88% and 86%, respectively). Borderline ovarian tumors and stage 1 primary invasive ovarian epithelial cancers differed from stages 2-4 primary invasive ovarian epithelial cancers: they were larger (median volume 375 ml and 695 ml vs. 209 ml; P = 0.0213 and 0.0001), a larger proportion contained papillary projections (64% and 67% vs. 41%; P = 0.0072 and 0.0054), they were more often multilocular cysts without solid components (18% and 14% vs. 2%; P < 0.0017 and 0.0204), but they were less often purely solid (5% and 7% vs. 38%; P 相似文献   

Observations on the ultrasound diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms

Summary In order to determine whether sonography could differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms a retrospective analysis of preoperative ultrasound examination was made. The ultrasound images were evaluated for internal consistency, presence of septae, presence of solid nodules, papillary projections and tumor borders. Evidence of ascites and omental involvement were also assessed. Our study showed that benign ovarian serous tumors had a similar appearance to low grade malignant serous tumors, and were undistinguishable from the borderline serous carcinoma. The poorly differentiated serous adenocarcinoma was characterized by the presence of thick papillary projections rather than echogenicity. However, benign or malignant mucinous tumors gave the same pattern. Loss of tumor wall definition, ascites and omental involvement may signal malignancy. The dermoid tumor had a characteristic sonographic appearance.     

Macroscopic characterization of ovarian tumors and the relation to the histological diagnosis: criteria to be used for ultrasound evaluation

Ultrasound is now frequently used for evaluation of pathological findings discovered on gynecological examination and for puncture of ovarian cysts. Although the new, high-frequency vaginal transducers have a very high resolution, only macroscopically visible structures of the tumors can be imaged. For this reason, it seemed important to classify ovarian tumors according to their macroscopic appearance and then relate this to whether the tumor was benign, borderline, or malignant. Such a classification has not been performed before. Medical records from women operated upon due to pelvic tumors over a period of 11 years were scrutinized. There were 1017 women included in the study. Among those tumors characterized as unilocular cysts 0.3% (1/296) was malignant; this tumor had macroscopically visible papillary vegetations on the inside of the cyst wall. This cyst was found in a woman 60 years old. Sixty percent (178/296) of the women who had a unilocular cyst were over the age of 40. Two percent (4/203) of the unilocular solid tumors were classified as malignant. The malignancy rates for multilocular cysts was 8% (20/229), multilocular solid tumors 36% (147/209), and solid tumors 39% (31/80). Papillary vegetation on the cyst wall was the structure that was most frequent in malignant tumors. Neither the thickness of the cyst wall nor the thickness of septa inside the tumor seemed to correlate with malignancy. Among the simple ovarian cysts, 65 had a diameter over 10 cm but none of them was malignant. The one that was malignant had a diameter of approximately 5 cm. In conclusion, unilocular ovarian cyst seems to carry a very slight chance of malignancy even in women over the age of 40. Papillary vegetation on the cyst wall, a structure that can be seen by ultrasound, seems to be a serious sign.