先天性外中耳畸形的显微手术治疗体会

目的 探讨先天性外中耳畸形的手术治疗方法。方法 对50例（耳）先天性外中耳畸形进行手术治疗，肋软骨支架的雕刻、MEDPOR支架的修整、听力重建均采用显微外科技术。应用多孔高密度聚乙烯（MEDPOR）作支架耳廓再造加外耳道、鼓室成形术22例；应用自体肋软骨作支架耳廓再造加外耳道、鼓室成形4例；应用自体肋软骨作支架耳廓再造3例，MEDPOR作支架耳廓再造6例；单纯行外耳道、鼓室成形15例。结果 41例外耳道、鼓室成形术中，术后1个月语频区（0．5、1．0、2．0KHz）气导听力提高（听力级，下同）15dB以上者34例达82．9％，其中听力改善30dB以上，气骨导间距少于15dB者16例占39％。随访1～11年，语频听力能保持术后水平27例占65．9％，术后外耳道再闭锁或狭窄8耳次，鼓膜外侧愈合4耳次。28例应用MEDPOR作支架耳廓再造术，支架外露10例，达35．7％，需再次手术修补。结论 先天性外中耳畸形经过显微手术可获得比较满意的听力和耳廓外观效果，外耳道术后再闭锁、狭窄是影响术后远期听力的主要原因，MEDPOR是目前耳廓再造术较适宜的人工支架材料。     

耳廓再造及听力重建同期手术在小耳畸形治疗中的分析

目的:探讨先天性小耳畸形的诊断及手术方法,分析并总结其临床特点及手术治疗中及术后存在的一些问题。方法:回顾性分析我科2000年1月～2010年1月中手术治疗先天性小耳畸形患者30例(36耳),22耳行自体肋软骨耳廓再造及听力重建术,另5耳只行外耳道、鼓室成形术。结果:就诊患者中听力损失为中度以上及畸形程度较重的占大多数,对不同程度外耳道、中耳畸形内语频听阈的差异分析有统计学差异(P<0.05),畸形越重,听力损失越重。术后耳廓支架外露2耳(9.09%),外耳道再次狭窄5耳(18.52%),感音神经性耳聋1耳(3.70%);结论:耳廓再造及听力重建同期进行即可保证美观又可提高听力,术前需进行综合评估、注意手术适应证的选择,注意手术操作细节及术后护理可降低并发症出现。     

MEDPOR支架耳廓再造术及支架外露的处理

目的 探讨应用MEDPOR(多孔高密度聚乙烯)支架再造耳廓治疗先天性小耳畸形的优缺点，以及支架外露后的处理办法。方法 手术分两期进行，第1期行残耳整形和耳后乳突区皮肤扩张器埋置术；第Ⅱ期取出皮肤扩张器，置入MEDPOR支架，再造耳廓。结果 从1999年至今，应用MED—POR支架治疗7例先天性小耳畸形。3例Ⅰ期愈合，外形良好，另4例发生支架外露，且1例外露部位伴有感染，经采用局部皮瓣或颞浅筋膜岛状瓣修复后，都保留了支架，并获得痊愈，外形亦佳。结论 MEDPOR耳廓支架具有良好的组织相容性，血管可以长入其中，即使外露亦不需取出。具有操作简便，手术时间短，创伤小的优点。虽然支架外露的发生率较高，但仍不失为是自体肋软骨支架再造耳廓的一种较好的替代材料。     

全耳廓Ⅰ期再造术及外耳道鼓室成形术(附6例报告)

报道6例先天性小耳症,用肋软骨和加成形硅橡胶耳廓模型作支架,一次再造耳廓,并同时行外耳道及鼓室成形术,改善了外形,增强了听力,随访1—3年,效果满意。     

应用Medpor行全耳再造术后的护理及耳支架外露的防治

目的:探讨应用Medpor行全耳再造术后的护理。方法:手术分两期进行,第Ⅰ期行残耳整形和耳后乳突区皮肤扩张器埋置术;第Ⅱ期取出皮肤扩张器,置入MEDPOR支架,再造耳廓。结果:应用MEDPOR支架治疗6例先天性小耳畸形。3例Ⅰ期愈合,外形良好,另3例发生支架外露,且1例外露部位伴有感染,经采用局部皮瓣修复后,都保留了支架,并获得痊愈,外形亦佳。结论:术后需要特别注意容易出现支架外露部位的护理,术后1月内应对再造耳进行严密的观察,出现支架外露后因地制宜地采用合适的方法进行修复,可以很好地预防并处理再造耳支架的外露。     

先天性小耳畸形皮肤定量扩张耳廓再造和颞筋膜瓣听力重建序列治疗的围手术期护理

目的:总结先天性小耳畸形皮肤定量扩张耳廓再造和颞筋膜瓣听力重建序列治疗的围手术期护理经验,提高其治疗效果。方法:2010年1月～2011年12月对38例接受耳皮肤定量扩张耳廓再造和颞筋膜瓣听力重建序列治疗的先天性小耳畸形的患者进行围手术期护理观察。结果:38例患者术后再造耳廓形态逼真、立体感强;术后听力均有不同程度提高,未出现面瘫、眩晕、耳鸣等并发症,近期及远期随访患者无明显外耳道狭窄及远期听力下降。结论:皮肤定量扩张耳廓再造和颞筋膜瓣听力重建序列治疗是先天性小耳畸形的良好方法,加强围手术期护理对提高手术疗效具有重要作用。     

全耳廓再造术与听力重建术同步进行

为使先天性小耳畸形外耳道骨性闭锁患者同步取得增进听力并改善耳廓外形一举两得的双重效果，本组１５８例同步完成听力重建及耳廓再造术。结果：听力增进率１３２例。占８３．１％。全耳廓再造成活率１５５例，占９８．２％，耳廓外形优良１３７耳。认为在严格选择病例的情况下可获增进听力及良好外耳形态的效果。     

先天性小耳畸形的耳廓再造

目的：总结采用I期和分期手术方法再造先天性小耳畸形耳廓缺损的经验。方法：根据耳廓缺损的范围和外形要求，2000年3月至2002年5月，分别采用I期成形耳后皮瓣，筋膜瓣全耳廓再造和皮肤的张后，分期全耳廓再造两种术式修复23例先天性Ⅱ度小耳畸形。如果：23例中21例再造效果理想，其中手术效果不佳两例。一例为分期再造术后软骨支架排出，经再用颞浅筋膜I期覆盖手术补救成功。另一例为I期再造术后耳部外形欠佳的，经二次手术修整后，也可达到满意效果。结论：在耳财造术中，耳廓软骨支架的立体雕塑是本技术的关键，耳后皮肤扩张，及充分利用小耳组织，术后持续的负压吸引，有助于塑造更完善的耳廓。     

全耳廓再造术与听力重建术同步进行

为使先天性小耳畸形外耳道骨性闭锁患者同步取得增进听力并改善耳廓外形一举两得的双重效果,本组158例(160耳)同步完成听力重建及耳廓再造术。结果:听力增进率(20～45dB)132例(133耳),占83.1%。全耳廓再造成活率155例(157耳),占98.2%,耳廓外形优良(解剖轮廓清楚)137耳(85.6%)。认为在严格选择病例的情况下可获增进听力及良好外耳形态的效果。     

全耳廓再造术与听力重建术同步进行

为使先天性小耳畸形外耳道骨性闭锁患者同步取得增进听力并改善耳廓外形一举两得的双重效果，本组１５８例（１６０耳）同步完成听力重建及耳廓再造术。结果：听力增进率（２０～４５ｄＢ）１３２例（１３３耳），占８３．１％。全耳廓再造成活率１５５例（１５７耳），占９８．２％，耳廓外形优良（解剖轮廓清楚）１３７耳（８５．６％）。认为在严格选择病例的情况下可获增进听力及良好外耳形态的效果。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Similarities and differences between female and male sexual functions and dysfunctions

Men and women have 23 pairs of chromosomes. They share 22 of them. In physiologic conditions they differ systematically in only one pair, the sexual one. Females (normally) have what is called an “XX” on the 23rd pair of chromosomes, whereas males have an “XY” pair. The striking sexual differences –anatomic, functional, reproductive, psychological and sociocultural - between men and women depends on or derive from the difference in one critical chromosome out of 46, which contains on average 2% of all the genetic code. Biochemical, neuroendocrine, hormonal, vascular, nervous, and metabolic similarities that both sexes share, based on the common 45 chromosomes and related biologically determined similarities contributing to the secret sexual symmetry between genders, is reviewed. Furthermore the role of the genetically determined brain and somatic gender dymorphism, contributing to gender sexual differences is analyzed. Neuroplasticity and psychoplasticity are praised as basic mechanisms that bridge together and re-shape the individual biological and psychological world through the continuous interaction with the environment. Enhancement of sexual differences in behaviour, meaning of, and motivation to sex by cultural constructs, by religious and social dynamics, and the continuous interaction of each person with a usually role-polarized society during the whole life span will be finally acknowledged. To contribute to a better understanding of the shared biological sexual similarities between genders and their dialectic and continuous relation with biological and socioculturally related sexual differences is the ultimate goal of this introductory article and the following papers of the series.