A grading system for iris neovascularization. Prognostic implications for treatment

A retrospective study of 34 eyes of 30 patients who had neovascularization of the anterior segment and who received panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) and/or panretinal cryotherapy was performed. The eyes were all classified preoperatively and postoperatively as to the grade of neovascularization of the iris and the anterior chamber angle according to the system devised by Weiss and Gold. The grading system of Weiss and Gold was useful in predicting the response to treatment of iris neovascularization. Almost all eyes in angle grades 0 through 2 did well. Eyes with angle grade 3 had an intermediate response. Eyes in angle grade 4 almost uniformly did poorly. Eyes with iris neovascularization secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) or hemiretinal branch vein occlusion (HBVO) had a more rapidly progressive disease than that of eyes with rubeosis secondary to diabetes alone. The patients with the most advanced rubeosis initially, however, were those diabetics with ischemic-type CRVO.     

532nm倍频激光治疗高原血管性眼底病变的临床研究

目的：观察532nm倍频激光视网膜光凝(panretinal photocoagulation, PRP)治疗高原地区糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinpathy, DR)及视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion,RVO)的临床疗效,评价氩激光治疗眼底血管病的安全性、有效性。

方法：选择DR患者122例227眼,其中增殖前期糖尿病性视网膜病变(preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, PPDR)51例90眼、增殖期糖尿病性视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)71例137眼; RVO患者120例124眼,其中中央静脉阻塞(central retinal vein occlusion,CRVO)27例27眼,分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)93例97眼,进行532nm底激光视网膜光凝治疗。每位患者在结束最后一次治疗后1,3,6mo复查眼底、视力、FFA检查。

结果：DR患者行视网膜光凝术后,PPDR有效81眼(90.0%)、无效9眼(10.0%); PDR有效98眼(71.5%),无效39眼(28.5%),总有效率78.9%; RVO患者行视网膜光凝术后, BRVO有效者90眼(92.8%),CRVO有效者22眼(81.5%)。532nm倍频激光治疗眼底血管性疾病的总有效率为82.9%。

结论：532nm倍频激光光凝治疗高原地区眼底血管性疾病是一种安全有效的治疗方法,糖尿病视网膜病变增殖前期激光治疗的有效率高于增殖期,治疗时机的合理选择可有效阻止DR的进展,防止失明的严重后果; 对RVO及时进行视网膜激光光凝的干预治疗,可以加速出血水肿吸收,防止新生血管的产生,降低并发症。     

A prospective study of xenon arc photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion.

Twenty patients with central retinal vein occlusion were randomly divided into two groups in a prospective study to evaluate the effects of xenon are photocoagulation in central retinal vein occlusion. The patients in one group were treated with 360 degrees scatter xenon photocoagulation and the others received no treatment. The average follow-up was 18 months. There were no cases of rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma in the treated group. Two patients in the untreated group developed rubeosis with subsequent neovascular glaucoma. There was no significant difference in the visual prognosis or in fundus neovascularization between the groups.     

Xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation for central retinal vein occlusion: a randomised prospective study.

Thirty-three patients with central vein occlusion were evaluated for the effects of scatter xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation. Thirty-four eyes (2 eyes of 1 patient) were randomly divided into a treatment (15 eyes) and a nontreatment group (19 eyes). The average follow-up per eye has been 29 months. The visual prognosis was not significantly better in either group. There was no difference in the development of fundus neovascularisation between groups. None of the patients in the treated group developed rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma. Two patients in the nontreatment group initially had rubeosis and 3 developed it after entry. All 5 involved eyes developed neovascular glaucoma. A significantly greater amount of central retinal capillary drop-out was present in the untreated eyes that developed rubeosis than those untreated eyes which did not. The eyes in the treated group had a similar range of capillary drop-out area, but none of these eyes developed rubeosis or neovascular glaucoma. Panretinal photocoagulation prevented the development of rubeosis and neovascular glaucoma in susceptible eyes.     

倍频Nd:YAG激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞的新生血管

目的探讨倍频Nd:YAG532激光光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞新生血管的方法和疗效。方法对26例视网膜静脉阻塞伴新生血管的31眼采用倍频Nd:YAG532激光进行视网膜光凝治疗。光凝后经3月～2.5a随访,对比分析光凝前后的视力变化及眼底改变。结果有效21眼(68％),好转7眼(22％),无效3眼(10％)。视力提高19眼(61％)。结论倍频Nd:YAG532激光光凝术对视网膜静脉阻塞新生血管的消退及预防玻璃体积血具有显著疗效。     

激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞疗效分析

目的 评价激光在治疗视网膜静脉阻塞中的作用和疗效。方法 使用美国HGM M－5氩氪激光机、日本Nidek GYC-2000倍频532激光机及法国光太（BIV）VIRIDIS－LIET 532激光机对112例视网膜中央或分支静脉阻塞的患者进行光凝治疗。随访6－18个月，对比分析光凝前后视力、眼底及眼底荧光血管造影（FFA）结果的变化情况。结果 36眼缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞中22眼有效，占61．11％；6眼好转，占16．67％；8眼因玻璃体出血、继发青光眼或并发白内障失明而无效，占22．22％；76眼视网膜分支静脉阻塞中59眼有效，占77．63％；13眼好转，占17．11％；4眼无效，占5．26％，总有效率达72．32％。视力提高的84眼，占75％。结论 激光光凝术对治疗视网膜静脉阻塞有显著疗效。     

Bevacizumab联合视网膜光凝治疗虹膜和视网膜新生血管

目的:观察Bevacizumab玻璃体腔注射联合视网膜光凝治疗虹膜和视网膜新生血管的疗效和安全性。方法:回顾分析虹膜和视网膜新生血管患者13例13眼玻璃体腔注射Bevacizumab联合视网膜光凝治疗的临床随访资料。13眼中视网膜新生血管9眼(其中继发于视网膜分支静脉阻塞的2眼,增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的6眼,Eales病的1眼),虹膜新生血管4眼(均继发于视网膜中央静脉阻塞)。13眼全部行玻璃体腔注射1.25mg/0.05mL的Bevacizumab,术前或术后分次补充完成视网膜光凝。随诊3～18mo,随访期间发现新生血管复发者,再行同样方法的注射和光凝治疗。观察治疗前后最佳矫正视力、眼压、眼底荧光血管造影。结果:经治疗后,13眼中8眼(61.5%)视力提高,4眼(30.8%)视力保持不变,1眼(7.7%)视力下降;6例合并玻璃体积血,术后均明显吸收;13眼视网膜及虹膜新生血管均消退,随诊期间复发2眼,行第二次注射和光凝治疗后新生血管无复发。虹膜新生血管(新生血管性青光眼)4眼中2眼治疗后眼压下降,随访期间均控制正常,另2眼联合青光眼阀植入后眼压控制正常。随诊期中,其余9眼眼压无升高。1例患者注药后结膜下出血,其余患者未出现其他并发症。结论:Bevacizumab玻璃体腔注射联合视网膜光凝治疗虹膜和视网膜新生血管在短期内能促进玻璃体积血吸收和新生血管萎缩,副作用少;但尚需进一步大样本、多中心的临床随机对照研究。     

缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的氪离子激光治疗

目的 探讨缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的氪离子激光治疗的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院应用氪激光全视网膜光凝治疗的缺血型中央静脉阻塞102眼的临床资料.结果 102眼缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞中73眼有效,占71.56%;27眼好转,占26.47%;2眼因玻璃体出血,继发新生血管性青光眼或并发白内障失明而无效,占1.97%.结论 对于缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的患者应尽早实行全视网膜光凝术治疗,确保有效光斑的总数与密度是全视网膜光凝术成功的关键.     

玻璃体腔内注射康柏西普联合532激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞

目的：评价0.5mg的康柏西普注射联合532激光对视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)的效果及安全性。

方法：2015-05/2016-03住院治疗的RVO病例122例122眼,按照随机数字表法随机分为研究组58例58眼(其中中央静脉阻塞患者24例24眼,分支静脉阻塞患者34例34眼)和对照组64例64眼(其中中央静脉阻塞患者26例26眼,分支静脉阻塞患者38例38眼)。两组患者行康柏西普玻璃体腔内注射术。研究组注射药物前行532激光治疗。治疗前及治疗后1、3、6mo复查行光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检查,比较两组最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA),黄斑中心凹厚度及视网膜色素上皮(RPE)隆起的面积。

结果：治疗后1、3、6mo两组的BCVA均较术前提高,具有统计学意义(P<0.05); 治疗后3、6mo研究组BCVA提高均大于对照组,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),1mo两组间差别无统计学意义。黄斑中心凹厚度及直径3mm²圆内RPE隆起的厚度均较术前减小,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对于黄斑中心凹厚度及直径3mm²圆内RPE隆起的厚度,研究组下降水平均大于对照组,治疗后3、6mo均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),但治疗后1mo两组间的差别无统计学意义。所有患者均未出现不良反应。

结论：康柏西普注射可提高患者视力,降低黄斑中心凹厚度及RPE隆起的面积,与532激光合用对RVO效果较单纯药物注射更好。     

康柏西普联合激光光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿

目的:分析康柏西普联合激光光凝对视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿患者的影响。方法:根据随机数表法,将2019-01/2021-06在本院治疗的102例102眼视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿患者分为观察组和对照组,每组各51例51眼。对照组采用激光光凝治疗,观察组采用康柏西普联合激光光凝治疗。比较两组患者黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度、最佳矫正视力、并发症发生率有无差异。结果:治疗3mo后,观察组黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度比对照组低(P<0.05),观察组最佳矫正视力优于对照组(P<0.05);两组并发症发生率无差异(P>0.05)。结论:康柏西普联合激光光凝治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞继发的黄斑水肿,可有效改善黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度,提高患者视力,且并发症与单纯视网膜激光光凝治疗相比并未增加,安全有效。     

Dilation of the minor arterial circle of the iris preceding rubeosis iridis during retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To report in four patients with retinal vein occlusion the presence of biomicroscopically visible circulation in the minor arterial circle of the iris, preceding rubeosis iridis in two cases. DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series. METHODS: Four patients with ischemic type of central or hemi-central retinal vein occlusion seen at a single center. RESULTS: Dilation of the minor arterial circle remnants with biomicroscopically visible circulation was observed in four eyes of four adult patients with severe retinal ischemia secondary to retinal vein occlusion and preceded the occurrence of anterior segment neovascularization in two cases. CONCLUSION: In patients with ischemic retinal vein occlusion, the clinical finding of a dilation of the minor arterial circle may indicate the necessity of a closer follow-up to make a timely decision on panretinal photocoagulation.     

Combined central retinal artery-central vein obstruction

The cases of 23 patients with unilateral combined central retinal artery-central retinal vein obstruction are described. Criteria for the abnormality included: a history of relatively sudden visual loss; superficial retinal whitening in the posterior pole in combination with a cherry spot; and intraretinal blood, generally associated with dilated and/or tortuous retinal veins. In five instances (22%) the obstructions developed after retrobulbar injection. Among the 21 patients with followup for at least 6 months, or until the onset of neovascularization of the iris, 17 (81%) developed rubeosis iridis.Late histopathology was obtained in two eyes. Hemorrhagic necrosis of the retina was observed in some areas of the posterior pole and attenuation of the inner retinal layers, similar to that seen with late central retinal artery obstruction, was noted elsewhere. Periphlebitis of the central retinal vein within the optic nerve was found in each case.     

Characteristics of the Hemispheric Retinal Vein Occlusion

Hemispheric retinal vein occlusions involve the venous return from approximately one-half of the retina and have characteristics of both central retinal vein occlusions and branch retinal vein occlusions. One hundred six such occlusions were studied in 104 patients whose average age was 66 years. The site of the hemispheric vein occlusion was located in a branch retinal vein in 90% of the eyes, and in 10% of the eyes it was located in one of the dual intraneural trunks of the central retinal vein. Of these eyes, 11 developed neovascularization of the disc, 9% developed neovascularization of the retina elsewhere, 9% developed neovascularization of the iris, and 3% developed neovascular glaucoma. Neovascularization was positively correlated with an increasing percentage of capillary nonperfusion (ischemic index) within the area of occlusion. Prophylactic argon laser treatment was effective in reducing the incidence of neovascularization in eyes with significant capillary nonperfusion.     

多波长激光治疗DR合并视网膜中央静脉阻塞

目的：观察多波长激光治疗糖尿病视网膜病变（ diabetic retinopathy,DR）合并视网膜中央静脉阻塞（ central retinal vein occlusion, CRVO）的疗效。 方法：选取DR合并CRVO患者95例100眼,采用多波长激光进行光凝治疗。其中黄斑区以氪黄激光治疗为主,包括局部光凝和格栅光凝,周边光凝以氪绿或氪红激光进行治疗。手术前后均进行视力、眼底、荧光素眼底血管造影检查。术后随访12~48 wk。观察比较两组光凝前后视力及黄斑水肿变化,并做统计学分析。 结果：在黄斑格栅光凝组,有效率为61.2%,在黄斑局部光凝组,有效率为86.3%,后者总有效率高于前者,有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。 结论：多波长激光治疗DR合并CRVO患者的黄斑水肿安全、有效。     

玻璃体腔注射TA联合激光治疗非缺血型CRVO继发黄斑水肿

目的:评价玻璃体腔注射曲安奈德(intravitreal triamcinolo-ne acetonide,IVTA)联合激光治疗非缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的临床效果。方法:将非缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿56眼随机分为两组:IVTA联合532半导体激光黄斑部光凝(治疗组)30眼,单独行532半导体激光黄斑部光凝治疗(对照组)26眼。每组在治疗前后查最佳矫正视力、眼压、眼底荧光血管造影(fluorescein fundus angiography,FFA)了解黄斑部荧光渗漏情况、光学相干断层扫描(optic coher-ent tomography,OCT)测量黄斑区视网膜厚度变化。治疗组为先行黄斑格栅样光凝,2wk后进行IVTA4mg。结果:治疗后3mo时,在治疗组中,23眼(77%)视力提高,7眼(23%)视力不变;FFA示黄斑部荧光渗漏明显减轻;黄斑中心凹平均厚度为(170±32)μm。在对照组中,15眼(58%)视力提高,11眼(42%)视力不变;FFA示黄斑部荧光渗漏减轻;黄斑中心凹平均厚度为(223±57)μm。两组视力变化及黄斑中心凹平均厚度改变比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.20,χ2=5.13,P<0.01)。结论:IVTA联合激光治疗非缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿效果较好。     

The electro-oculogram in central retinal vein occlusion.

As part of a prospective masked study, the electro-oculogram (EOG) was recorded from 28 patients within 48 days of developing central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). The EOG light peak/dark trough ratio (Lp/Dt) x 100 was significantly lower in the affected than in the unaffected eyes of patients (p < 0.001), and abnormally low in absolute terms in 20 patients (71%). All unaffected fellow eyes had a normal EOG ratio. The mean Lp amplitude of affected eyes was significantly smaller than that of unaffected eyes (p < 0.001), whereas the differences in mean Dt amplitudes between affected and unaffected eyes were not statistically significant. The Lp amplitude in the affected eye was 48% or less of that in the unaffected eye in the eight patients (29%) who developed rubeosis iridis during the 9 month follow-up, and in six others. No patient whose Lp amplitude in the affected eye was greater than 48% of that in the unaffected eye, developed rubeosis. It is concluded that the Lp amplitude is abnormal in patients with acute CRVO. The degree of this abnormality bears a relation to the development of rubeosis, which might prove a useful indicator of whether to institute or withhold panretinal photocoagulation.     

氩激光治疗视网膜静脉阻塞57例

目的:分析57例氩激光光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞(retinal vein occlusion, RVO)的临床疗效。方法:随访我院57例被确诊为视网膜静脉阻塞并经氩激光光凝治疗后的患者,观察患者的视力、眼底改变以及并发症情况并评价氩激光光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞的临床价值。激光治疗方法分为黄斑区格栅样光凝,局灶性视网膜光凝及全视网膜光凝。结果:经氩绿激光光凝治疗57例后3～6mo给予复查:末次随访视力提高23眼,视力无明显变化25眼,视力下降9眼;激光治疗后复查荧光素眼底血管造影 (观察视网膜毛细血管无灌注区面积变化及新生血管消退情况),治疗有效54眼, 3眼发展为新生血管性青光眼(NVG)。而激光光凝对于黄斑部晚期并发症无明显效果。结论:激光光凝治疗可提高中心视力,可促进视网膜水肿、出血、渗出的吸收,同时减少视网膜静脉阻塞引起的新生血管,对于预防并延缓增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变和继发性新生血管性青光眼的发生有明显效果。     

曲安奈德联合激光光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿

目的：观察玻璃体腔内曲安奈德( trialcinolone acetonide, TA)注射联合黄斑格栅样光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞引起黄斑水肿的疗效分析。
　　方法：检眼镜、眼底血管造影( FFA )、光学相干断层扫描( OCT)检查证实的由视网膜静脉阻塞引起的黄斑水肿患者35例35眼,玻璃体内注射TA 2lg,1~4wk内黄斑水肿减轻后行黄斑格栅样光凝,随访6lo,观察视力、眼压、晶状体,OCT 观察黄斑厚度改变,FFA 观察眼底毛细血管渗漏情况。
　　结果：视网膜中央静脉阻塞( central retinal vein occlusion, CRVO)中非缺血型10眼,缺血型14眼;视网膜分支静脉阻塞( branch retinal vein occlusion, BRVO)中非缺血型4眼,缺血型7眼。最终视力提高者19眼,不变者11眼,比术前降低者5眼。 OCT检查黄斑中心凹形态恢复正常者9眼,FFA提示黄斑区荧光素渗漏与术前相比消失或明显减轻;黄斑囊样水肿明显改善者21眼,FFA 提示渗漏比术前减轻;无改善者5眼,FFA 提示黄斑区渗漏比术前加重或不变。
　　结论：玻璃体腔内注射TA 2 lg联合黄斑格栅样光凝治疗视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿,可以明显减轻由静脉阻塞引起的黄斑水肿,并提高患者视力,是一种有效可行的方法。     

康柏西普联合全视网膜激光光凝治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的疗效

目的:探讨康柏西普联合全视网膜激光光凝治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞的临床疗效。方法:选取2017-01/2019-01在我院诊治的缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者80例80眼进行回顾性研究。根据治疗方式分为两组,A组40例40眼采用玻璃体腔注射康柏西普3+PRN治疗联合全视网膜激光光凝治疗;B组40例40眼采用玻璃体腔注射康柏西普3+PRN治疗。分别记录治疗前及治疗后3、6、12mo患者的最佳矫正视力(BCVA)和黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CMT),观察药物注射次数及不良反应。结果:治疗后12mo与治疗前比较,A组BCVA由1.05±0.58改善至0.41±0.37(P<0.01),B组由0.98±0.51改善至0.63±0.53(P<0.01),两组间比较无差异(P>0.05);A组CMT由592.30±79.75μm下降至260.08±86.23μm(P<0.01),B组CMT由604.98±81.73μm下降至406.83±162.97μm(P<0.01),且两组间比较有差异(P<0.01)。A组康柏西普注射3.15±0.43次,B组3.83±1.06次,两组间比较有差异(P<0.01)。随访期间,A组患者均未出现不良反应,B组继发新生血管性青光眼2例2眼。结论:康柏西普治疗缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞安全有效,联合全视网膜激光光凝可以显著改善视力,黄斑水肿消退效果更佳更稳定,降低复发率,减少并发症。     

视网膜中央静脉阻塞玻璃体积血合并原发性高血压的手术疗效

目的:分析视网膜中央静脉阻塞玻璃体积血合并原发性高血压的手术疗效.方法:回顾性分析2011-03/2015-03因玻璃体积血在我院行玻璃体切割的原发性高血压患者83例83眼,根据术中所见,其中有28眼玻璃体积血由视网膜中央静脉阻塞引起,术后随访9~36(平均22.4)mo.检查记录患者手术前后最佳矫正视力、术后并发症情况,并进行统计分析.结果:视网膜中央静脉阻塞玻璃体积血合并原发性高血压发生率为33.7%;术后最佳矫正视力3.3~4.5,术后最佳矫正视力提高24眼(86%),视力不变4眼(14%),无视力下降患者,手术前后视力相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后发生黄斑水肿5眼,发生率18%;所有患者术后均没有发生视网膜脱离及复发玻璃体积血.结论:手术治疗合并原发性高血压的视网膜中央静脉阻塞玻璃体积血疗效好,可减少并发症,提高视力.