Exercise and diet determinants of overweight women participating in an exercise and diet program: a prospective examination of the theory of planned behavior

The purpose of this study was to examine prospectively the ability of direct and belief-based measures of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs to predict exercise and diet intention and behavior of overweight women. Participants were 117 overweight, community-dwelling women and university students enrolled in a 4-week exercise and diet program. Participants completed baseline measures of demographic characteristics and the TPB constructs. Their exercise and diet adherence were also recorded. We found that: (1) the direct measure of perceived behavioral control (PBC) predicted exercise intention, (2) the direct measures of instrumental attitude, subjective norm, and PBC predicted diet intention, and (3) none of the direct or belief-based measures of the TPB constructs predicted 4-week exercise or diet behavior. Furthermore, several beliefs were associated with the direct measures of attitude, subjective norm, PBC, and intention. Implications of these results for designing exercise and diet interventions with overweight women are discussed.     

Exercising for two: examining pregnant women''s second trimester exercise intention and behavior using the framework of the theory of planned behavior

Research examining the motivational determinants of exercising during pregnancy is mostly atheoretical, despite the need for theory-based designs. The study's main objective was to prospectively examine women's exercise intention and behavior from their second to third pregnancy trimester using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Participants were 89 pregnant women who completed self-reported measures of their exercise attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated: 1) intention and not perceived behavioral control significantly predicted exercise behavior; and 2) attitude was the strongest determinant of exercise intention, followed by perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm. The study findings provide preliminary support for the TPB as an effective framework for examining exercising during pregnancy. Understanding women's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about exercise can assist intervention specialists with developing and implementing effective programs promoting exercise during pregnancy.     

Attitudes and intentions toward purchasing novel foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids

OBJECTIVE: To identify the nature, strength, and relative importance of influences on intentions to consume foods that are enriched with omega-3 fatty acids using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). DESIGN: A cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: Community-based residents living in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. SUBJECTS: Two subsamples were surveyed via questionnaire: community members who responded to a local media advertisement (n = 79), and subjects in a dietary intervention trial for type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 50). VARIABLES MEASURED: Using the TPB variables-intention, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control-questionnaire items were constructed to measure intention to consume omega-3-enriched novel foods. ANALYSIS: The results from subsamples did not differ and were combined for analysis. The determinants of intention defined in the TPB were investigated using multiple linear regressions. RESULTS: Regression analysis showed that the model was a significant determinant of intention (R2 = .725; P < .001). Attitude was a significant determinant of intention, whereas subjective norms and control beliefs were not. DISCUSSION: With attitude having the greatest influence on intentions, immediate prospects for modifying behavior are likely to come through a change in attitude, specifically in beliefs about the effectiveness of enriched products in achieving specific health benefits. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Promoters of omega-3-enriched foods would be advised to direct their promotions toward changing the attitudes of consumers about the effectiveness of the functional ingredient.     

Predicting Intentions to Eat a Healthful Diet by College Baseball Players: Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior

ObjectiveTo assess factors important to college baseball players regarding intention to eat a healthful diet within the Theory of Planned Behavior.DesignA survey based on the Theory of Planned Behavior was administered during the 2006 summer league season from 5 of the Northern Division teams of the Coastal Plain League.ParticipantsMale undergraduate college baseball players (mean [standard deviation (SD)] age 20.25 [1.12]).Phenomenon of InterestPrediction of behavioral intention to eat a healthful diet.AnalysisRegression analysis was used to assess how well the variables of the Theory of Planned Behavior predicted behavioral intention to eat a healthful diet.ResultsAttitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control variables accounted for 72% of the variance in behavioral intention to eat a healthful diet. Attitude had the greatest influence on intention (β = .383, P < .001), followed by subjective norms (β = .291, P < .001), and perceived behavioral control (β = .269, P < .001). Athletes' daily schedule and their perception of the impact of a healthful diet on their focus and concentration had the biggest impact on intention to eat healthful food.Conclusions and ImplicationsUniversity athletic administration must emphasize providing access to healthful food, especially during the season, both at home and while traveling to games.     

基于计划行为理论注册护士帮助住院患者戒烟行为的研究

目的 基于计划行为理论探究注册护士帮助住院患者戒烟行为及其影响因素,为采取有效干预措施促进注册护士帮助住院患者戒烟行为提供理论依据。方法 以计划行为理论的问卷编制框架为指导,从行为态度、主观规范、感知行为控制、行为意愿、行为五个方面编制注册护士帮助住院患者戒烟问卷,经过信度与效度检验后,使用正式问卷对638名护士进行调查,并通过结构方程模型验证所构建的理论模型。结果 基于计划行为理论,注册护士帮助住院患者戒烟的模型解释了护士帮助行为和行为意愿方差变异的43.00%和36.00%,行为意愿的直接作用与感知行为控制的间接作用对帮助行为产生的影响明显。结论 针对性地改善行为意愿和感知行为控制是对护士帮助住院患者戒烟行为进行干预的重点。     

Do ethnicity and gender matter when using the theory of planned behavior to understand fruit and vegetable consumption?

A majority of Americans do not meet the recommendation to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables per day (5-A-Day). The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for understanding 5-A-Day intentions and behavior and to determine whether any of the TPB relationships were moderated by ethnicity or gender. A total of 413 participants completed a baseline TPB questionnaire and a fruit and vegetable consumption measure 2 weeks later. Path analyses showed that affective attitude and perceived behavioral control significantly predicted intention for blacks, whites, males and females (R(2) ranged from .32 to .40), whereas subjective norm was a significant predictor for blacks, males, and females only. Intention significantly predicted 5-A-Day (R(2) ranged from .17 to .22) for all groups. Follow-up invariance analyses showed that the subjective norm/intention relationship was significantly stronger for black compared to white students. Finally, several key beliefs were identified for all four demographic groups. Therefore, the current results suggest that the TPB may be a useful framework to utilize when developing 5-A-Day interventions.     

Understanding physical activity behavior of Chinese female college students with/without vulnerable conditions: a theory of planned behavior perspective

Guided by the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study examined the relationships between three constructs of TPB (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control [PBC]) and physical activity intention and behavior among Chinese female college students, and evaluated whether the relationships differed between healthy and vulnerable individuals within this population. Participants included 436 female college students (301 healthy and 135 vulnerable; Mean age = 19.24 years; SD = 0.97 years) recruited from five universities in China, and the data collection was completed in Fall 2015. Path analysis supported the direct and indirect relations of TPB constructs to physical activity intention and behavior among female college students, and the path model was invariant across the two groups. The vulnerable group reported significantly lower attitude, subjective norm, intention, and physical activity behavior than the healthy group but not for PBC. These findings suggest fostering positive attitudes and intention toward physical activity are important among Chinese female college students, regardless of their health status.     

基于计划行为理论的女性性工作者安全套使用行为影响因素的分析

目的运用计划行为理论来探索低档娱乐场所女性性工作者(FSWs)安全套使用行为的主要影响因素,以期为今后预防艾滋病的行为干预工作提供有针对性的指导。方法按计划行为理论设计问卷,对随州和武汉地区低档场所FSWs进行调查,采用结构方程模型来分析安全套使用行为的影响因素。结果行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制对于行为意向的总体影响分别为0.517、0.127和0.086。知觉行为控制、行为意向、行为态度、主观规范对于行为的总体影响分别为0.654、0.183、0.095和0.023。结论行为态度是影响FSWs安全套使用行为意向的最主要因素。知觉行为控制相比行为意向对FSWs人群安全套使用行为的影响更大。     

Applying the theory of planned behavior to predict dairy product consumption by older adults

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explain intention to consume dairy products and consumption of dairy products by older adults using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The factors examined were attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control.

Design: A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered.

Setting: Community centers with congregate dining programs, group classes, and recreational events for older adults.

Subjects: One hundred and sixty-two older adults (mean age 75 years) completed the questionnaire. Subjects were mostly women (76%) and white (65%), with about half having less than a high school education or completing high school.

Variables Measured: Variables based on the TPB were assessed through questionnaire items that were constructed to form scales measuring attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention to consume dairy products. Dairy product consumption was measured using a food frequency questionnaire.

Analysis: Regression analyses were used to determine the association between the scales for the 3 variables proposed in the TPB and intention to consume and consumption of dairy products; the level was set at .05 to determine the statistical significance of results.

Results: Attitudes toward eating dairy products and perceived behavioral control contributed to the model for predicting intention, whereas subjective norms did not. Attitudes toward eating dairy products were slightly more important than perceived behavioral control in predicting intention. In turn, intention was strongly related to dairy product consumption, and perceived behavioral control was independently associated with dairy product consumption.

Conclusions and Implications: These results suggest the utility of the TPB in explaining dairy product consumption for older adults. Nutrition education should focus on improving attitudes and removing barriers to consumption of dairy products for older adults.     

Integrating life skills into a theory-based drug-use prevention program: effectiveness among junior high students in Taiwan

BACKGROUND: Drug use has been noted among students in Taiwan during the past decade and schools have a role in preventing or delaying students' drug use. We developed and evaluated a school‐based, drug‐use prevention program integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and life skills for junior high school students. METHODS: We recruited 441 seventh graders from randomly selected schools: N = 143 experimental groups, N = 142 conventional groups, and N = 156 control groups. The experimental group received ten 45‐minute sessions of theory‐based interventions. The conventional group got traditional didactic teaching and drug refusal skills. The control group received no intervention. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, experimental group students showed greater improvement in attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, life skills, and intention not to use drugs. Compared to the conventional group, the experimental group had significantly higher posttest scores for 4 of the 5 outcomes, including life skills (96.53 vs. 90.92, p < .001), attitude (27.43 vs. 24.40, p = .012), subjective norm (29.51 vs. 28.06, p = .002), and perceived behavioral control (18.59 vs. 16.81, p < .001). The conventional group scored significantly higher in behavioral intention than did the control group. CONCLUSION: Study results demonstrated the effectiveness of a drug‐use prevention program integrating the TPB and life skills.     

基于计划行为理论的托幼儿童家长EV71疫苗接种意愿影响因素分析

目的 研究深圳市托幼机构中3～5岁儿童家长对手足口病EV71型疫苗接种意愿的影响因素。方法 基于计划行为理论（TPB）,使用自编式问卷对深圳市3～5岁托幼儿童家长开展问卷调查,分析家长对EV71疫苗接种意愿的影响因素。结果 61.92%的家长意愿给孩子接种EV71疫苗,logistic回归分析显示文化程度高、居住在城镇小区（OR=1.889,95%CI: 1.374～2.597）,TPB模型行为态度（OR=3.051,95%CI: 2.037～4.570）、主观规范（OR=2.035,95%CI: 1.503～2.757）和知觉行为控制（OR=4.834,95%CI: 3.367～6.929）得分高是家长愿意给孩子接种EV71疫苗的保护因素（P＜0.05）。模型方程显示行为态度（路径系数=0.36）、主观规范（路径系数=0.25）和知觉行为控制（路径系数=0.65）均对接种意愿有正向影响（P＜0.001）,其中知觉行为控制影响最大。结论 EV71疫苗接种意愿TPB模型能较好解释家长的接种TPB疫苗的意愿,应重点关注家长的知觉行为控制。     

Predicting physical activity intention and behaviour among children in a longitudinal sample

We examined predictors of leisure-time physical activity intention and behaviour in children, and the potential direct and moderating effects of gender and ethnicity. Participants were 364 (230 Asian; 134 Caucasian) 9-11-year-old children who completed measures of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and physical activity behaviour (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children) across three, 3-month intervals (i.e., two prediction time-periods) in Canada. The TPB explained 35-50% of the variance in physical activity behaviour and 74-76% of the variance in intention using structural equation modelling. An autoregressive longitudinal path model showed that the TPB predicted changes in physical activity and physical activity predicted changes in TPB constructs (p<.05). Overall, intention and perceived behavioural control were significant (p<.05) contributors to the direct prediction of behaviour and subjective norm and perceived behavioural control were significant (p<.05) predictors of intention. Gender did not show a robust relationship with physical activity or intention, but the effect of ethnicity on physical activity was mediated through perceived behavioural control (Asians less active than Caucasians). Finally, gender and ethnicity did not moderate TPB and physical activity relations (p<.05). These data suggest that childhood may be a formative stage for the development of physical activity cognitions and that promoting physical activity in children may require normative and control-based intervention.     

Predicting Intentions to Continue Exclusive Breastfeeding for 6 Months: a Comparison Among Racial/Ethnic Groups

The purpose of this study was to explore how mothers of different races/ethnicities make decisions to continue exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months under the Theory of Planned Behavior. Participants were recruited from hospitals and WIC clinics in Central Indiana and Southern New Jersey from 2008 to 2009. Mothers (N = 236: 93 non-Hispanic African American, 72 non-Hispanic white, 71 Hispanic/Latina) completed a self-administered questionnaire that measured theoretical constructs and beliefs related to their intention to practice EBF for 6 months. Intentions to continue EBF for 6 months were similar (P = 0.15) across racial/ethnic groups. Significant proportions of the intention (P < 0.001) were explained by the three theoretical constructs (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control). The relative importance of each construct in predicting the intention varied by group. The most influential predictors (P < 0.001) were attitude for white mothers, subjective norm for African American mothers, and perceived behavioral control for Latina mothers. Latent beliefs strongly associated with attitude in white mothers were ‘bonding with the baby’ and ‘easy feeding.’ Beliefs held by family members and the general public contributed to the subjective norm of African American mothers. Perceived behavioral control in Latina mothers was highly correlated with ‘pumping breast milk’. Development of policy and intervention programs that focus on shaping strong predictors and beliefs within racial/ethnic groups could reduce disparities in EBF rates and establish EBF for 6 months as a cultural norm.     

Entertainment-education and recruitment of cornea donors: the role of emotion and issue involvement

This study examined the role of emotional responses and viewer's level of issue involvement to an entertainment-education show about cornea donation in order to predict intention to register as cornea donors. Results confirmed that sympathy and empathy responses operated as a catalyst for issue involvement, which emerged as an important intermediary in the persuasion process. Issue involvement also was found to be a common causal antecedent of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, the last two of which predict intentions unlike attitude, which does not. The revised path model confirmed that involvement directly influences intention. The findings of this study suggest that adding emotion and involvement in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) enhances the explanatory power of the theory in predicting intentions, which indicates the possibility of combining the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and the TPB in the prediction of human behaviors.     

Vaccination Intention and Behavior of the General Public in China: Cross-sectional Survey and Moderated Mediation Model Analysis

BackgroundPromoting vaccination and eliminating vaccine hesitancy are key measures for controlling vaccine-preventable diseases.ObjectiveWe aimed to understand the beliefs surrounding and drivers of vaccination behavior, and their relationships with and influence on vaccination intention and practices.MethodsWe conducted a web-based survey in 31 provinces in mainland China from May 24, 2021 to June 15, 2021, with questions pertaining to vaccination in 5 dimensions: attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior. We performed hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling based on the theory of planned behavior—in which, the variables attitude, subjective norms, and intention each affect the variable intention; the variable intention mediates the relationships of attitude and subjective norms with behavior, and the variable perceived behavioral control moderates the strength of this mediation—to test the validity of the theoretical framework.ResultsA total of 9924 participants, aged 18 to 59 years, were included in this study. Vaccination intention mediated the relationships of attitude and subjective norms with vaccination behavior. The indirect effect of attitude on vaccination behavior was 0.164 and that of subjective norms was 0.255, and the difference was statistically significant (P<.001). The moderated mediation analysis further indicated that perceived behavioral control would affect the mediation when used as moderator, and the interaction terms for attitude (β=–0.052, P<.001) and subjective norms (β=–0.028, P=.006) with perceived behavioral control were significant.ConclusionsSubjective norms have stronger positive influences on vaccination practices than attitudes. Perceived behavioral control, as a moderator, has a substitution relationship with attitudes and subjective norms and weakens their positive effects on vaccination behavior.     

Use of online health information to manage children’s health care: a prospective study investigating parental decisions

Background

The use of the internet to access information is rapidly increasing; however, the quality of health information provided on various online sites is questionable. We aimed to examine the underlying factors that guide parents’ decisions to use online information to manage their child’s health care, a behaviour which has not yet been explored systematically.

Methods

Parents (N?=?391) completed a questionnaire assessing the standard theory of planned behaviour (TPB) measures of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intention as well as the underlying TPB belief-based items (i.e., behavioural, normative, and control beliefs) in addition to a measure of perceived risk and demographic variables. Two months later, consenting parents completed a follow-up telephone questionnaire which assessed the decisions they had made regarding their use of online information to manage their child’s health care during the previous 2 months.

Results

We found support for the TPB constructs of attitude, subjective norm, and PBC as well as the additional construct of perceived risk in predicting parents’ intentions to use online information to manage their child’s health care, with further support found for intentions, but not PBC, in predicting parents’ behaviour. The results of the TPB belief-based analyses also revealed important information about the critical beliefs that guide parents’ decisions to engage in this child health management behaviour.

Conclusions

This theory-based investigation to understand parents’ motivations and online information-seeking behaviour is key to developing recommendations and policies to guide more appropriate help-seeking actions among parents.

     

Predicting Participation in Group Parenting Education in an Australian Sample: The Role of Attitudes, Norms, and Control Factors

We examined the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting intentions to participate in group parenting education. One hundred and seventy-six parents (138 mothers and 38 fathers) with a child under 12 years completed TPB items assessing attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and two additional social influence variables (self-identity and group norm). Regression analyses supported the TPB predictors of participation intentions with self-identity and group norm also significantly predicting intentions. Editors’ Strategic Implications: These findings provide preliminary support for the TPB, in conjunction with additional sources of social influence, as a predictive model for participation in parent education and other prevention programs.     

Beliefs,Attitudes, Intentions,and a Smoking-Cessation Program: A Planned Behavior Analysis of Communication Campaign Development

This study combines insights from research on communication campaigns with a social psychological theory of planned behavior and the Purdue stepped approach model of health-care delivery. This synthesis is applied in a study of beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intentions and interests with respect to participation in a smoking-cessation program. A telephone survey based on a probability sample of 191 student smokers indicates moderate prepromotional interest in a stepped cessation program. The strongest predictor of intention to participate is attitude toward participation, followed by perceived normative expectation and control belief. Analysis of attitude-relevant beliefs indicates that program promotion must target both expectancies for healthful outcomes of program participation and evaluations of those outcomes. We also discuss the instability of student smoking, self-perceptions of smoking, and self-reports of smoking.     

Examining community pharmacists’ intention to provide pharmacist-driven vaccination services: A structural equation modelling

BackgroundThe evidence of pharmacists' current involvement in vaccination services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is uncertain. This study would be a first step to develop vaccination services by investigating community pharmacists’ intention to be involved in PDV services not just during COVID-19 pandemic but also during standard service provision in Turkey which can be taken as an example across LMICs.ObjectiveConsidering the efforts to empower community pharmacists in service provision, the goal of the present study was to develop a structural equation model to explain the “Pharmacist-Driven Vaccination Service Intention Model (PDV-SIM)” by using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).MethodsBased on the constructs of TPB, a measurement tool was developed. Sub-factors of PDV service intention was determined by conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In the second step, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to prove the theoretical structure of the tool. Finally, a model explaining the relationship between observed variables, latent constructs from TPB was developed by SEM analysis.ResultsIn the proposed PDV-SIM, patient related attitude toward PDV services, attitude toward negative consequences of PDV services, and subjective norm about PDV services had an impact on the behavioral intention of community pharmacists. Nevertheless, professional development attitude toward PDV services and perceived behavioral control were not evaluated as determinants of the behavioral intention.ConclusionResults of this study revealed that TPB is appropriate for modelling PDV service intention of community pharmacists. This model can be utilized as a guide to potential pharmacy regulatory bodies and policy makers in their efforts to enable community pharmacists as vaccinators across LMICs.