锁定加压钢板置入内固定治疗胫骨骨折的力学分析

背景：锁定加压钢板结合了传统钢板和支架原理,即头部有锁定螺纹的螺钉和钢板锁钉孔构成的内固定支架锁定单元,又有传统螺钉和动力加压孔构成的内固定支架加压单元,在骨折的内固定治疗方面具有很多优势。 目的：分析锁定加压钢板置入内固定治疗胫骨骨折的生物力学特点,以及在胫骨骨折治疗中的疗效。 方法：锁定加压钢板是依靠钢板与螺钉的成角稳定性和螺钉与骨之间的把持力来实现骨折内固定的。骨髓腔细小时应避免螺钉尖端损伤近端皮质的骨螺纹,应更换为双皮质自攻螺钉至少在对侧骨皮质获得把持力。骨质疏松植入螺钉,由于单皮质骨螺钉产生的工作长度减少,在所有骨折块均使用双皮质自攻螺钉,以提高螺钉工作长度。当长骨轴线与钢板对线不良时,要么打入长自攻螺钉,要么改变角度打入标准螺钉。锁定加压钢板应选择适宜的长度,钢板的长度取决钢板跨越比和钢板螺钉密度,钢板与螺钉间的应力还受螺钉数量和位置的影响。 结果与结论：锁定加压钢板置入内固定可应用于骨干或干骺端的简单骨折、粉碎性骨折、关节内及关节周围骨折、骨折延迟愈合、闭合或开放截骨术和不适合髓内钉固定的骨干骨折,对于骨质疏松骨折和假体周围骨折的内固定有很好的成角稳定性和把持力。锁定加压钢板置入内固定治疗胫骨骨干骨折均取得满意的疗效,符合生物力学固定原理。需要术者熟练掌握锁定加压钢板的内固定技术,避免由于失误导致内固定的失败。     

骨水泥和纳米骨浆强化椎弓根螺钉植入固定骨质疏松椎体的生物力学特点

背景：纳米骨浆和骨水泥注入是强化椎弓根螺钉固定的两种常用方法,但目前关于两种加强方法的强化效果比较的报道相对较少。 目的：对比骨水泥或纳米骨浆强化椎弓根螺钉植入固定骨质疏松椎体的生物力学特点。 方法：取24个人尸体椎弓根,均符合骨质疏松标准,随机均分为3组,对照组仅植入椎弓根螺钉,骨水泥组在钉道内注入骨水泥后植入椎弓根螺钉,纳米骨浆组在钉道内注入纳米骨浆后植入椎弓根螺钉。植入2 h后,检测各组标本最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩。 结果与结论：骨水泥组、纳米骨浆组的最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩均大于对照组(P < 0.05),并且骨水泥组的最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩大于纳米骨浆组(P < 0.05)。表明骨水泥和纳米骨浆强化可有效提高椎弓根螺钉植入固定骨质疏松椎体的最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩,且骨水泥强化效果更明显。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

Pedicle screw cement augmentation. A mechanical pullout study on different cement augmentation techniques

Pedicle screws with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) cement augmentation have been shown to significantly improve the fixation strength in a severely osteoporotic spine. However, the efficacy of screw fixation for different cement augmentation techniques remains unknown. This study aimed to determine the difference in pullout strength between different cement augmentation techniques. Uniform synthetic bones simulating severe osteoporosis were used to provide a platform for each augmentation technique. In all cases a polyaxial screw and acrylic cement (PMMA) at medium viscosity were used. Five groups were analyzed: I) only screw without PMMA (control group); II) retrograde cement pre-filling of the tapped area; III) cannulated and fenestrate screw with cement injection through perforation; IV) injection using a standard trocar of PMMA (vertebroplasty) and retrograde pre-filling of the tapped area; V) injection through a fenestrated trocar and retrograde pre-filling of the tapped area. Standard X-rays were taken in order to visualize cement distribution in each group. Pedicle screws at full insertion were then tested for axial pullout failure using a mechanical testing machine. A total of 30 screws were tested. The results of pullout analysis revealed better results of all groups with respect to the control group. In particular the statistical analysis showed a difference of Group V (p = 0.001) with respect to all other groups. These results confirm that the cement augmentation grants better results in pullout axial forces. Moreover they suggest better load resistance to axial forces when the distribution of the PMMA is along all the screw combining fenestration and pre-filling augmentation technique.     

后凸成形和传统钉道骨水泥强化对骶骨钉松动的生物力学作用

背景：后凸成形骨水泥强化可应用于骨质疏松患者的腰椎椎弓根钉固定。 目的：评价松动的骶骨钉经后凸成形和传统钉道骨水泥强化后的固定强度。 方法：纳入9具骨质疏松症患者的新鲜尸体标本。在同一骶骨标本上,分别测试单皮质和双皮质骶骨椎弓根钉最大拔出力后,分别建立传统钉道骨水泥强化与后凸成形骨水泥强化椎弓根钉固定模型。在MTS材料试验机上,对螺钉尾部施加2 000次周期性压力载荷后,进行螺钉最大拔出力测试。 结果与结论：9个标本的骨密度均值为  0.71 g/cm²(0.61~0.77 g/cm²)。4种骶骨钉固定技术单皮质、双皮质、传统钉道骨水泥强化和后凸成形骨水泥强化骶骨钉的平均最大拔出力分别为203,325,437及565 N。双皮质骶骨钉的拔出力显著高于单皮质钉(P < 0.05);但此2固定均显著低于骨水泥强化组(P < 0.05)。后凸成形骨水泥强化组的拔出力显著高于传统钉道骨水泥强化组(P < 0.05)。此外,4种骶骨钉固定技术的最大拔出力与骨密度值均呈现显著的正相关(P < 0.05)。结果证实,传统钉道骨水泥强化技术和后凸成形骨水泥强化技术均可做为骶骨椎弓根钉松动的补救手段,但后凸成形骨水泥强化可获得更为坚强的锚定。     

The effect of screw insertion angle and thread type on the pullout strength of bone screws in normal and osteoporotic cancellous bone models

Screw fixation can be extremely difficult to achieve in osteoporotic (OP) bone because of its low strength. This study determined how pullout strength is affected by placing different bone screws at varying angles in normal and OP bone models. Pullout tests of screws placed axially, and at angles to the pullout axis (ranging from 10° to 40°), were performed in 0.09 g cm^?3, 0.16 g cm^?3 and 0.32 g cm^?3 polyurethane (PU) foam. Two different titanium alloy bone screws were used to test for any effect of thread type (i.e. cancellous or cortical) on the screw pullout strength. The cancellous screw required a significantly higher pullout force than the cortical screw (p < 0.05). For both screws, pullout strength significantly increased with increasing PU foam density (p < 0.05). For screws placed axially, and sometimes at 10°, the observed mechanism of failure was stripping of the internal screw threads generated within the PU foam by screw insertion. For screws inserted at 10°, 20°, 30° and 40°, the resistance to pullout force was observed to be by compression of the PU foam material above the angled screw; clinically, this suggests that compressed OP bone is stronger than unloaded OP bone.     

骨水泥加固椎弓根螺钉的生物力学特性

背景：由于骨质原因及结构特点导致椎弓根螺钉经常出现把持力下降,从而发生松动、拔出,导致内固定失败,因此提高椎弓根螺钉的稳定性显得尤为重要。 目的：检测可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉椎弓根螺钉生物力学稳定性,为优化骨水泥使用量提供参考。 方法：选取7具新鲜成人尸体T₁₁-L₄椎体标本共40个椎体,随机分为可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉及DTPS^TM椎弓根螺钉组,各20个,置钉后分别注入1,2,3,5 mL骨水泥,通过影像学观察骨水泥弥散分布情况,并测得最大轴向拔出力进行比较。 结果与结论：骨水泥用量为1-3 mL时,可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉组螺钉平均最大轴向拔出力显著高于DTPS^TM组(P < 0.05)。骨水泥用量为5 mL时,2组平均最大轴向拔出力差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉组的直线回归方程为Y=25.269X+133.681(R²=0.837),DTPS^TM椎弓根螺钉组的直线回归方程为Y=32.039X+99.251(R²=0.936)。骨水泥用量在1-5 mL时,2组螺钉最大轴向拔出力与骨水泥量高度正相关(|R| > 0.8)。说明骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉可显著提高螺钉稳定性,椎弓根螺钉最大轴向拔出力与骨水泥使用量呈高度正相关,可注射骨水泥空心椎弓根螺钉在达到满意的内固定强化效果同时,减少骨水泥使用量,降低了骨水泥泄漏风险,相比DTPS^TM椎弓根螺钉更具有优势。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

羟基磷灰石复合聚乳酸可吸收螺钉的力学及生物降解性

背景：将聚乳酸与羟基磷灰石复合可提升植入体的力学性能、理化性能。 目的：应用犬股骨外髁骨折内固定模型,观察羟基磷灰石复合聚乳酸骨折内固定螺钉修复股骨外髁松质骨骨折的效果。 方法：手术制备42只比格犬双侧股骨外髁骨折模型,左侧采用羟基磷灰石复合聚乳酸可吸收螺钉内固定作为实验组,右侧采用单纯聚乳酸螺钉内固定作为对照组。置入后2,4,8,12,24,36,48周获取标本,X射线观察骨折恢复情况,取股骨和螺钉标本进行病理组织学观察,检测螺钉质量、抗弯强度和重均分子质量,计算生物吸收率、强度衰减率和生物降解率。 结果与结论：置入后2-48周,双侧骨折区内固定良好,新骨生长良好,实验组螺钉生物吸收率低于对照组    (P ≤ 0.01)。实验组置入后2,4周螺钉抗弯强度高于对照组(P ≤ 0.05),置入后2-48周螺钉生物降解率低于对照组(P ≤ 0.05或P ≤ 0.01)。两组标本病理变化相似,置入后48周,骨折均愈合,骨组织重建良好。表明羟基磷灰石复合聚乳酸可吸收螺钉具备良好的内固定疗效和生物相容性,其力学性能和生物降解性能优于单纯聚乳酸螺钉。     

In vivo response of bioactive PMMA-based bone cement modified with alkoxysilane and calcium acetate

The use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement is popular in orthopedics for the fixation of artificial joints with bone. However, it has a major problem with prostheses loosening because of coverage by fibrous tissue after long-term implantation. Recently, a bioactive bone cement has been developed that shows direct bonding to living bone through modification of PMMA resin with gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) and calcium acetate. The cement is designed to exhibit bioactivity, through incorporation of silanol groups and calcium ions. Thus, it has the potential to form a layer of bone-like hydroxyapatite, which is essential for achieving direct bonding to living bone. This type of modification allows the cement to show spontaneous hydroxyapatite formation on its surface in a simulated body fluid after one day, and there is evidence of osteoconduction of the cement in rabbit tibia for periods of more than three weeks. However, the influence of the dissolved ions from the modified cement has not yet been clarified. Thus, the authors focused on the dissolution of the modified PMMA-based bone cement and its tissue response in muscle and bone by comparison with the behavior of non-modified PMMA-based bone cement. One week after implantation in the latissimus dorsi of a rabbit, the modified PMMA-based bone cement showed more inflammatory width than the commercial cement. However, four weeks after implantation, the inflammatory width of both cements was essentially the same. The osteoconductivity around the modified cement was higher than that for the conventional cement after four weeks implantation. These results indicate that the initial dissolution of calcium acetate from the modified cement to form the hydroxyapatite induced the acute inflammation around tissue, but also developed the osteoconductivity. It is suggested that the initial inflammation can be effective for inducing osteoconduction through a bone healing reaction when the material provides an environment that promotes bone formation.     

Biomechanical study of expandable pedicle screw fixation in severe osteoporotic bone comparing with conventional and cement-augmented pedicle screws

Pedicle screws are widely utilized to treat the unstable thoracolumbar spine. The superior biomechanical strength of pedicle screws could increase fusion rates and provide accurate corrections of complex deformities. However, osteoporosis and revision cases of pedicle screw substantially reduce screw holding strength and cause loosening. Pedicle screw fixation becomes a challenge for spine surgeons in those scenarios. The purpose of this study was to determine if an expandable pedicle screw design could be used to improve biomechanical fixation in osteoporotic bone. Axial mechanical pull-out test was performed on the expandable, conventional and augmented pedicle screws placed in a commercial synthetic bone block which mimicked a human bone with severe osteoporosis. Results revealed that the pull-out strength and failure energy of expandable pedicle screws were similar with conventional pedicle screws augmented with bone cement by 2 ml. The pull-out strength was 5-fold greater than conventional pedicle screws and the failure energy was about 2-fold greater. Besides, the pull-out strength of expandable screw was reinforced by the expandable mechanism without cement augmentation, indicated that the risks of cement leakage from vertebral body would potentially be avoided. Comparing with the biomechanical performances of conventional screw with or without cement augmentation, the expandable screws are recommended to be applied for the osteoporotic vertebrae.     

骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉在骨质疏松性胸腰椎中的生物力学进展

椎弓根螺钉内固定系统为治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎退行性疾病的主要装置。然而,骨密度的严重丢失造成骨质疏松性椎体对椎弓根螺钉的固定强度下降,内固定失败的发生率显著增加。骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉技术是一种改善骨质疏松性胸腰椎术后内固定生物力学稳定性的有效方法,大量研究证明其能显著增加椎弓根螺钉的固定强度,但存在骨水泥渗漏等风险。本文从骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉技术展开分析,对骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉的适应证、骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉的生物力学变化、骨水泥增强材料、注入体积及分布进行介绍,并对新型骨水泥材料及螺钉设计做了展望。     

长骨干钻孔深度对接骨螺钉固定强度的影响

目的　研究钢板螺钉固定中的钻孔类型对钉道微观结构和螺钉固定强度的影响。 方法　取8根防腐尸体股骨，每根股骨均布10个钻孔标记并随机分通孔、半通孔两组，钻取通孔、半通孔两种孔型并置入螺钉测试拔出力。两组螺钉置入深度一致，截取骨段量取两组孔型孔位的骨皮质厚度，最后用体视显微镜观察比较孔道骨组织微观结构。 结果　通孔、半通孔组的骨皮质厚度分别为（0.687±0.046）cm、（0.706±0.014）cm，两组间骨皮质厚度无统计学差异；通孔、半通孔组的螺钉拔出力分别为（3.495±0.345）kN、（4.008±0.548）kN，两组间的螺钉拔出力存在统计学差异；通孔、半通孔组钻孔出口侧外环骨板表面撕裂区的平均高度分别为（0.256±0.045）cm、（0.078±0.035）cm，两组间有统计学差异。 结论　钢板螺钉固定钻取孔道时采用半通孔，螺钉置入深度不变，在满足与通孔同样的骨-螺钉接触面积的同时，因出口侧外环骨板破坏较轻，可提供更强的螺钉固定强度。     

新型低弹性模量脊柱椎弓根螺钉的研制及生物力学特性

BACKGROUND: Bone cement is commonly used to strengthen pedicle screws that can improve the ability of screw fixation, but the bone cement leakage and difficulty of screw out remain to be resolved.     

骨水泥、钉道植骨强化动力髋螺钉固定修复老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折

背景：对于老年骨质疏松性髋部骨折的动力髋螺钉固定,如能避免使用过程中造成的骨量丢失,或是采用其他手段增加固定螺钉把持力,将改善动力髋螺钉固定的治疗效果。 目的：对比研究3种固定方式修复老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的效果。   方法：回顾性分析近5年来采用常规动力髋螺钉内固定、骨水泥强化后动力髋螺钉固定及主钉道压配植骨配合动力髋螺钉固定3种固定方式治疗老年骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折患者的资料,分别设为对照组、骨水泥组和植骨组。 结果与结论：经固定后2年随访,植骨组、骨水泥组和对照组Harris髋关节功能评分优良率分别为95%,80%,70%。植骨组骨折临床愈合时间明显缩短(P < 0.05),出现螺钉固定失败情况与骨水泥组相当。对照组较其他2组相对更多出现退钉等内固定失败情况。结果表明,与其他常规动力髋螺钉内固定、骨水泥强化后动力髋螺钉固定方式相比较,主钉道压配植骨配合动力髋螺钉内固定的疗效及安全性更好。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

Investigation of a hybrid method of soft tissue graft fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

To increase knee stability following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, development of increasingly stronger and stiffer fixation is required. This study assessed the initial pullout force, stiffness of fixation, and failure modes for a novel hybrid fixation method combining periosteal and direct fixation using porcine femoral bone. A soft tissue graft was secured by combining both an interference screw and an EndoButton (Smith and Nephew Endoscopy, Andover, MA). The results were compared with the traditional direct fixation method using a titanium interference screw. Twenty porcine hindlimbs were divided into two groups. Specimens were loaded in line with the bone tunnel on a materials testing machine. Maximum pullout force of the hybrid fixation (588+/-37 N) was significantly greater than with an interference screw alone (516+/-37 N). The stiffness of the hybrid fixation (52.1+/-12.8 N/mm) was similar to that of screw fixation (56.5+/-10.2 N/mm). Graft pullout was predominant for screw fixation, whereas a combination of graft pullout and graft failure was seen for hybrid fixation. These results indicate that initial pullout force of soft tissue grafts can be increased by using the suggested novel hybrid fixation method.     

The effect of screw taper on interference fit during load to failure at the soft tissue/bone interface

The effect of screw geometry on the pullout strength of an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is well documented. The effect of a truly tapered screw has not been previously investigated. Thirty bovine knees in right and left knee pairs were collected. Superficial digital flexors from the hind legs of sheep were harvested to form a quadruple tendon graft. For each knee pair, one tendon graft was fixed using a tapered screw (n=15) and the other with a non-tapered screw (n=15). Interference screws were manufactured from stainless steel, and apart from the tapered or non-tapered profile were identical. The screws were inserted into a tibial tunnel already containing the tendon graft. The interference fit was tested by extensile load to failure tests. The insertion torque of the screws and first sign of load to failure (by pullout) of the interference fit were recorded. Results were analysed using paired t-tests. The results indicated that tapered screws have significantly higher resistance to interference failure (p=0.007) and insertion torque (p<0.001) than non-tapered screws. The improved biomechanical performance of tapered screws demonstrated in this study may translate into superior clinical results, particularly at the tibial attachment of hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and also of hamstring fixation to the medial femoral condyle for patella instability.     

geneX®骨水泥强化椎弓根螺钉体内的实验研究

目的　通过动物实验,评估新型带负电荷硫酸钙/β-磷酸三钙复合骨水泥（geneX®）用于强化体内椎弓根螺钉的生物力学性质变化及可行性。 方法　选取 6只健康山羊腰椎L1～5双侧共 30个椎弓根随机分为 3组: geneX® 组, 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥（Polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA）组, 空白对照组, 每组 10个椎弓根。术后3个月处死动物取材行Mirco-CT检查、组织学检查及生物力学实验。 结果　轴向拔出力实验：geneX® 组 ( 803±155) N, PMMA组为( 994 ±122 ) N, 两者差异无统计学意义 (P >0.05)。两组均明显高于对照组的 ( 524±118) N,差异具有统计学意义 (P<0.05)。组织学观察及Mirco-CT显示geneX® 组中螺钉周围骨水泥已经完全降解、吸收, 骨小梁排列致密, 成熟骨小梁附近可见大量新生骨组织, 明显优于对照组及PMMA组。 结论　geneX® 骨水泥可有效强化椎弓根螺钉内固定的强度,其强化作用随时间推移而增强,对防止骨质疏松症患者内固定的拔出发生率有重要意义。     

异种生物骨钉界面的成骨能力

背景：牛皮质骨作为异种皮质骨材料应用最为广泛,但其免疫原性反应严重,从而可能导致内固定失败。 目的：观察3种不同皮质骨螺钉在动物体内的转归,及不同材料骨钉的生物力学性能以及免疫原性反应差异。 方法：脱脂、脱细胞、灭菌及诱导活性修饰处理制备牛皮质骨生物界面螺钉及普通方式处理后的消毒牛骨钉及消毒羊骨钉。再将3种骨钉植入健康18只山羊股骨中段进行生物学性能观察。 结果与结论：Lane组织学评分生物界面骨螺钉>消毒羊骨钉>消毒牛骨钉(P < 0.01)。生物力学实验行初始界面刚度载荷及界面刚度比较,3组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);12周时,生物界面骨螺钉>两组消毒钉(P< 0.05);24周时,生物界面骨螺钉>消毒羊骨钉>消毒牛骨钉(P < 0.01)。提示,生物界面骨螺钉的初始力学性能不低于消毒牛骨,且能较长时间保持稳定的力学性能;生物界面骨螺钉具有一定的成骨作用,与宿主骨组织结合后,产生了更强的界面力学性能。     

The effect of screw length and position on fixation of four-stranded hamstring grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The aim of this study was to examine interference screw fixation of four strand hamstring grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in vitro. Bovine tibiae and cannon tendons were used. Screws were introduced from 'outside-in'. The tendons were loaded cyclically to 150 N to simulate walking and 450 N to simulate jogging. Slippage of the tendon from the anchorage was recorded after 100, 300 and 1000 cycles. Cortico-cancellous and cancellous only fixations were compared using a 7-mm screw in an 8-mm tunnel with a 7-mm graft. The effect of screw length was studied by comparing 8 x 25 and 8 x 45 mm screws. Graft slippage with cancellous only fixation was significantly greater than with cortico-cancellous screw fixation (P0.105), the longer screws gave more consistent behaviour. We concluded that the screw should be placed so that its head engages the cortex, while increasing screw length within cancellous bone did not significantly improve graft fixation. Cyclical load testing reflects the repetitive forces imposed in the early post-operative period following hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and is important for the evaluation of graft fixations.     

腰椎皮质骨钉道螺钉内固定技术的研究进展

如何对骨质疏松性腰椎疾病患者实施可靠的腰椎内固定技术,是脊柱外科医生共同面临的难题。皮质骨钉道(cortical bone trajectory,CBT)螺钉内固定技术是近几年出现的一种新型的腰椎椎弓根螺钉技术,通过椎弓根皮质骨钉道,使螺钉与皮质骨最大化接触,增加了螺钉固定强度,减少了螺钉松动。本文从腰椎CBT螺钉内固定技术的技术特点、生物力学研究、临床应用状况、优缺点等方面进行综述,并对该技术的未来作一简略展望。     

Comparison of Bioabsorbable Suture Anchor Fixation on the Tibial Side for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Free Soft Tissue Graft: Experimental Laboratory Study on Porcine Bone

Purpose

The use of graft tissue fixation using bioabsorbable interference screws (BISs) in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction offers various advantages, but limited pullout strength. Therefore, additional tibial fixation is essential for aggressive rehabilitation. We hypothesized that additional graft tissue fixation using bioabsorbable suture anchors (BSA) would provide sufficient pull-out strength.

Materials and Methods

Twenty four fresh frozen porcine distal femur and patellar tendon preparations were used. All specimens were divided into three groups based on additional fixation methods: A, isolated BIS; B, BIS and BSA; and C, BIS and post cortical screw. Tensile testing was carried out under an axial load. Ultimate failure load and ultimate failure load after cyclic loading were recorded.

Results

The ultimate failure loads after load to failure testing were 166.8 N in group A, 536.4 N in group B, and 438 N in group C; meanwhile, the ultimate failure loads after load to failure testing with cyclic loading were 140 N in group A, 466.5 N in group B, and 400 N in group C. Stiffness after load to failure testing was 16.5 N/mm in group A, 33.5 N/mm in group B, and 40 N/mm in group C. An additional BSA fixation resulted in a significantly higher ultimate failure load and stiffness than isolated BIS fixation, similar to post screw fixation.

Conclusion

Additional fixation using a BSA provided sufficient pullout strength for ACL reconstruction. The ultimate failure load of the BSA technique was similar to that of post cortical screws.