先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压的药物治疗进展

肺动脉高压（PAH）是一种少见的预后不良的疾病,以肺动脉压力和阻力增高为特征。当肺动脉平均压（mPAP）〉25mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,或运动时mPAP〉30mmHg,并且肺毛细血管嵌压≤15mmHg,肺血管阻力（PVR）〉3Wood（1wood=80dyne·s/cm^5）时诊断为PAH。     

心电图对肺动脉高压的诊断价值探讨

目的 参照右心导管检查结果,评价常规12导联心电图在肺动脉高压诊断中的应用价值.方法 入选超声心动图估测肺动脉收缩压≥36 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的64例疑诊肺动脉高压患者为研究对象,右心导管检查前30 min行12导联心电图检查.根据右心导管检查结果排除肺动脉高压者26例,确诊肺动脉高压者38例(特发性肺动脉高压23例,结缔组织病相关性肺动脉高压15例).比较两组间心电图参数差异.通过ROC曲线计算心电图各指标诊断肺动脉高压的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值.采用Spearman相关性计算肺动脉高压组心电图参数与血液动力学指标相关性.结果 心电图诊断右心室肥大的各指标在肺动脉高压组中的发生率显著高于排除肺动脉高压组.Ⅰ导联S波振幅＞0.21 mV、QRS电轴＞87°、R_(v1) + S_(v5)＞0.76 mV诊断肺动脉高压的敏感性分别为89%、86%、84%,特异性分别为81%、92%、83%.采用Spearman相关性分析显示,QRS电轴与肺动脉平均压的相关性最高(r=0.75,P＜0.001);R_(v1) + S_(v5)与肺血管阻力的相关性最高(r=0.74,P＜0.001);R_(v1) + S_(v5)和I导联S波振幅与心指数相关性较高(r=-0.62,P＜0.001).结论 常规12导联心电图检查在肺动脉高压筛查中有重要价值,Ⅰ导联S波振幅＞0.21 mV、QRS电轴＞87°、R_(v1) + S_(v5)＞0.76 mV等右心室肥大征象时应考虑到肺动脉高压可能.QRS电轴、R_(v1) + S_(v5)以及Ⅰ导联S波振幅对评估肺动脉高压患者血液动力学受损的严重程度有临床意义.     

心电图P波和QRS波时限、振幅与二尖瓣狭窄患者左房和肺动脉压力的相关分析

回顾性分析35例风心病单纯二尖瓣狭窄患者的6个肢体导联ECG的P波和QRS波时限、振幅与左房和肺动脉压力的关系。发现二尖瓣狭窄患者PBMV前、后6个肢体导联的P波时限总和与左房压力、QRS波振幅总和与肺动脉压力均有良好的相关性(r=0.89～0.94和r=0.82～0.84,P<0.001)。提示:6个肢体导联P波时限总和与QRS波振幅总和是估价左房与肺动脉压力较为可靠的指标。     

成人继发孔房间隔缺损伴肺动脉高压的影响因素分析

目的 探讨成人继发孔房间隔缺损(ASD)伴肺动脉高压(PH)的影响因素。方法纳入成功接受ASD封堵术的患者167例，根据平均肺动脉压(mPAP)将其分为PH组(mPAP≥25 mmHg)56例和对照组(mPAP<25 mmHg)111例。比较两组患者的一般临床资料、右心导管检查(RHC)、超声心动图检查及十二导联心电图检查结果。相关性分析采用pearson相关分析和二元logistic回归分析。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估ASD直径与V1-QRSt诊断ASD伴PH的价值。结果 PH组年龄、肺动脉收缩压(PSAP)、肺动脉舒张压(PADP)、mPAP、ASD直径、V1导联QRS波群时限(V1-QRSt)、右束支阻滞(RBBB)及原发性高血压病患者比例均高于对照组(P<0.05)。二元logistic回归分析结果显示，ASD直径为ASD患者发生PH的独立影响因素，ASD直径越大，肺动脉压升高的风险越大(P=0.004)。Spearman相关分析结果显示，ASD直径与V1-QRSt呈正相关(P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析结果显示，V1-QRSt及ASD直径诊断AS...     

P波振幅与心率变异的关系

体表心电图中,P波振幅一般为右心房电压大小的指标,主要与心房大小及压力变化有关,少提及P波振幅与心率的关系.我们在117例动态心电图资料中,观察到最高心率时P波振幅比最低心率时P波振幅明显增高,P波振幅与心率成正相关,现报道如下.1.资料:最近本院117例完整的动态心电图资料,其中男80例,女37例,年龄21～80岁(平均56±13岁).临床诊断冠心病61例,肺心病2例,心肌病3例,脑梗塞8例,高血压病11例,其它疾病和体检32例.2.仪器和方法:仪器为美国GP6000型动态心电图仪,全部采用MV_1、V_3、V_5 三导联同时记录,取其中基线稳定,P波较清晰的MV_5导联测量P波振幅.主要测量最高心率(Max HR)和最低心率(MinHR)时P波振幅,计算每份图中最高、最低心率时P波振幅差(P差),最大心率差.将年龄分为55岁以上和55岁以下(含55岁)两组,并进行统计学检验,结果如下.     

心电图QRS振幅对房,室间隔缺损和动脉导管未闭患者右心压力的估价

观察89例 ASD、VSD 和 PDA 患者心电图 QRS 振幅与右心压力的关系。发现除右房平均压外,与右室、肺动脉压均具有良好的相关性(r=0.51-0.89),认为心电图∑9导联 QRS 振幅是估价右室和肺动脉压力较可靠指标。     

心电图aVR导联R波改变在肺栓塞诊断中的价值

目的　探讨心电图aVR导联中R波振幅变化在急性肺栓塞诊断中的价值。方法　对 3 6例确诊的急性肺栓塞患者不同发病时期和溶栓后的心电图及超声心动图进行分析 ,测量aVR导联中R波幅度和相应时期的肺动脉压力及二者之间的关系。结果　急性肺栓塞病人 ,随着肺动脉压升高 ,RaVR振幅增高 ,溶栓治疗后 ,肺动脉压下降 ,RaVR振幅降低。结论　RaVR振幅变化 ,反应了肺动脉压的高低 ,可以作为急性肺栓塞诊断的间接依据     

三种判断流出道室性心律失常起源部位的心电图方法比较

目的 比较3种判断流出道室性心律失常起源部位方法的准确性.方法 入选来自北京3家三甲医院2008年1月1日至2010年9月30日共110例（首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院65例,阜外心血管病医院36例,北京军区总医院9例）成功消融的室性心律失常患者,标准12导联心电图均表现为左束支阻滞图形伴电轴下偏.3种心电图判断方法包括：①胸前导联移形区指数;②V2导联移形指数;③V2导联R波时限指数及R波振幅指数.结果 总体患者中,V2导联移形指数敏感性最高（92.3％）,V2导联R波时限指数及R波振幅指数特异性最高（93.9％）,并且其ROC曲线下面积最大（0.925）;心电图提示心脏转位的患者中,V2导联移形指数敏感性最高（94.1％）,V2导联R波时限指数及R波振幅指数特异性最高（87.5％）,V2移形指数ROC曲线下面积最大（0.892）.结论 3种方法中,V2移形指数敏感性最高,V2导联R波时限指数及R波振幅指数特异性最高.总体患者中,V2导联R波时限指数及R波振幅指数ROC曲线下面积最大;心电图提示心脏转位的患者中,V2移形指数ROC曲线下面积最大.     

Nehb导联与常规导联心电图P波对比分析

目的 对比观察Nehb导联和常规导联心电图P波的差异。方法 对80例健康体检人员进行Nehb导联和常规导联两种心电图检查,对P波的振幅、时限进行对比。结果Nehb导联心电图D、A导联较常规导联心电图Ⅰ、Ⅱ、aVF导联各P波振幅明显增高,有显著性差异,（P〈0.05）。两种导联P波时限比较无显著性差异,P〉0.05。结论Nehb导联较常规导联心电图P波显示清楚。     

122例气胸患者的心电图特征分析

目的观察气胸患者的心电图特征性改变。方法对122例经X线胸片证实为气胸的患者心电图进行回顾性分析,根据气胸部位分为左侧气胸组72例,右侧气胸组50例,并对两组气胸患者的心电图特征进行分析。结果122例气胸患者心电图出现异常107例（87．70％）,正常心电图15例（12．30％）。左、右侧气胸共有的心电图特征性改变是窦性心动过速,左侧50％（36／72）,右侧46％（23／50）;左侧气胸心电图特征性改变：V3-V6导联R波递增不良66．67％（48／72）、胸导联低电压25％（18／72）和顺时针转位20．83％（15／72）。右侧气胸心电图特征性改变：V1～V3导联QRS波振幅随呼吸呈规律性改变30％（15／50）和R波递增不良26％（13／50）。结论左、右侧气胸心电图有各自特征性改变,对气胸患者进行心电图检查,有助于临床医师进行诊断和鉴别诊断。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.