慢性坏死性肺曲霉病与肺曲霉球临床病理比较分析

目的 了解慢性坏死性肺曲霉病(CNPA)与肺曲霉球的临床表现、影像学和病理学特点.方法 回顾性分析2000至2004年浙江大学附属第一医院手术和病理证实的8例CNPA和26例肺曲霉球患者的临床表现、影像学和病理资料.结果 CNPA和肺曲霉球在发病年龄上差异无统计学意义,且都好发于陈旧性肺结核与肺脓肿患者.8例CNPA患者均有咳嗽、咳痰,7例咯血,5例伴全身中毒症状.26例肺曲霉球患者中,最常见的症状为咯血,有25例,咳嗽、咳痰17例,2例伴有全身中毒症状.影像学上,CNPA和肺曲霉球均可出现空气新月征,有提示性诊断意义,但前者空洞周围有浸润阴影、洞壁较厚和洞壁不规则等特征.病理学上,CNPA和肺曲霉球都可见锐角分支、有隔膜的曲霉菌丝,但前者的特点是肺组织内有曲霉菌丝侵袭、组织坏死和肉芽形成,曲霉菌只在空洞或扩张成囊的支气管内生长,不侵犯肺组织.结论 组织病理检查是鉴别CNPA和肺曲霉球的金标准,临床和影像学检查也有一定价值.     

肺曲霉病53例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲霉病的诊断与治疗.方法 回顾性分析2008-01～2010-12经肺切除术后病理证实的53例肺曲霉病(曲霉球24例,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病21例,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病合并曲霉球8例)患者的病历资料.结果 53例中有基础疾病39例,最常见为肺结核,其次为支气管扩张症,临床表现无特异性.影像学检查病变部位以上肺最常见,共37例;病灶特点以肺叶、肺段浸润阴影伴空洞最多见,共43例;新月征7例,空洞内附壁结节影或不规则块状致密影27例.所有患者均经肺切除术后病理检查确诊,50例患者未行抗真菌治疗.术后复发的5例为慢性坏死性肺曲霉病、双肺多叶病变且术后未行抗真菌治疗者.结论 慢性坏死性肺曲霉病与曲霉球临床表现无特异性,易误诊为肺结核,出现新月征有提示性诊断意义,确诊需要病理依据.曲霉球首选手术治疗,慢性坏死性肺曲霉病可予药物治疗或手术治疗,病灶切除完全、无基础病和免疫功能抑制者可不用抗真菌治疗.     

肺癌合并慢性坏死性肺曲霉病

目的 掌握无免疫抑制肺癌合并慢性坏死性肺曲霉病(chronic necrotizing pulmonaryAspergillosis,CNPA)的临床特点.方法 报道1例初诊无免疫抑制肺癌患者合并CNPA病例并对相关文献进行复习.结果 无免疫抑制肺癌合并CNPA病例较少,临床表现、肺部影像学表现缺乏特异性,常导致某一诊断的延迟及漏诊.结论 无免疫抑制肺癌患者可合并CNPA,诊断肺癌或CNPA的同时,要注意另外一种疾病存在的可能性.     

侵袭性肺曲霉病1例并文献复习

目的提高对侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床、胸部影像学、病原学和病理改变的认识。方法对1例经病理证实的侵袭性肺曲霉病患者的职业、临床表现、胸部X线、CT、气管镜和病理资料并结合文献进行回顾性分析。结果侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床表现缺乏特异性，典型的影像学检查显示胸膜下单发或多发结节状或斑片状阴影，并呈动态变化。GM试验用于诊断侵袭性肺曲霉病具快速灵敏的特点；侵袭性肺曲霉病的病理可见由大小规范，呈两分叉（Y形）的分隔菌丝引起的特征性的血管侵害，也可以表现为局限性肉芽肿或广泛化脓性肺炎。结论侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床表现和影像学改变非常复杂，在诊断中需要综合患者的各种临床资料（包括临床症状、放射学、血清学检查和病理）。     

17例肺曲霉病临床分析

目的探讨肺曲霉病的临床特征、诊断及治疗方法。方法收集武汉大学人民医院和中南医院呼吸科和胸外科2003年-2009年间17例肺曲霉病确诊病例,对其病例特点进行分析。结果 17例患者中男性13例,女性4例,平均年龄44.3岁。确诊方法：手术病检确诊8例,经纤维支气管镜病检确诊9例。基础疾病：肺癌4例,急性白血病1例,支气管扩张2例,空洞性肺结核1例,AIDS 1例,肺大疱1例,肺囊肿1例。症状方面：咯血8例（痰中带血丝或少量咯血7例,日咯血量大于100 m l1例）,咳嗽咳痰6例,干咳3例,胸痛3例,呼吸困难4例,发热4例（高热1例,低热3例）。1例是在健康体检时胸片发现左上肺占位手术后确诊。X线影像学表现：占位性病变7例（其中4例与肺癌并存）,肺实变5例,多发结节4例,空洞形成3例,典型＂新月征＂仅1例。手术前均被误诊为肺结核或肺癌。结论肺曲霉病临床表现无特异性,痰培养阳性率不高,高分辨率CT检查在诊断中起重要作用,确诊需要病理依据。肺曲霉病患者易被误诊为肺结核、肺癌或并发于肺结核或肺癌。手术既可确诊又可切除病灶。     

慢性坏死性肺曲霉病

慢性坏死性肺曲霉病是曲霉菌引起的一种慢性肺组织坏死的过程,常发生于原有基础肺病和轻度免疫抑制的患者。其临床表现无特异性,与肺结核和肺曲霉球非常相似,确诊依赖于组织病理检查和真菌培养。药物治疗可选择两性霉素B和伊曲康唑,手术治疗仅有部分患者获益。     

无基础疾病及免疫缺陷的慢性坏死性肺曲霉病三例

曲霉(aspergillus)广泛存在于自然界,因机体的免疫状态、肺脏结构基础及孢子吸入量的不同,导致临床表现各异的肺曲霉病.临床上通常将肺曲霉病分为变应性支气管肺曲霉病(allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis,ABPA)、侵袭性肺曲霉病(invasive pulmonary aspergillosis,IPA)和曲霉球 (aspergilloma,fungal ball)[1].慢性坏死性肺曲霉病(chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis,CNPA)又称为半侵袭性肺曲霉病(semi-invasive pulmonary aspergillosis),20世纪80年代由Gefter等[2 ]和Binder等[3]首先报道.目前认为是一种局限性侵袭性肺曲霉病,常发生于原有肺部基础疾病的患者,如尘肺、COPD、肺癌、肺结核、肺叶切除术后、肺囊性纤维 化或轻度免疫功能缺陷的患者,如长期服用糖皮质激素、糖尿病、嗜酒、高龄、营养不良及慢性肉芽肿[1.3].现报道3例无基础疾病及免疫功能缺陷的CNPA病例.     

原发于肺的淋巴瘤六例临床分析并文献复习

目的：探讨原发于肺的淋巴瘤的临床特点、诊断、治疗方法，以提高其诊断率。方法：回顾性地总结算1989年－2000年收住北京协和医院的原发于肺的淋巴瘤6例，并结合文献对其临床表现、影像学特点、支气管镜下表现、诊断及治疗方法进行分析。结果：原发于肺的淋巴瘤为少见的淋巴瘤，临床表现不特异，很难确诊。原发于肺的淋巴瘤主要症状为咳嗽（4／6）、发热（2／6）等。影像学可表现为单发或多发的结节或团块影、实变影等，早期无肺门和纵隔淋巴结肿大。支气管镜检查可见支气管狭窄，慢性炎症或大致正常。最终确诊需通过开胸手术、胸腔镜及经皮肺穿获取病灶组织，并结合病理及免疫组化检查。主要治疗手段为手术切除辅以放化疗。预后取决于淋巴瘤的恶性程度。结论：原发于肺的淋巴瘤临床表现不典型，易误诊，及时行必要的有创检查获取组织病理标本有利于早期诊断。     

显微镜下多血管炎1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨显微镜下多血管炎的诊断与治疗。方法本研究包括1例我院呼吸科收治的显微镜下多血管炎住院病例，结合文献分析其临床表现、影像学、诊断和治疗方法。结果显微镜下多血管炎是少见的一种原发性血管炎，最常见的症状是发热、高血压、肾功能不全、咳嗽、咯血、气短、肺功能下降等，诊断主要有赖于动脉造影和病理活检，显微镜下多血管炎的病理学特点是坏死性小血管炎，以肾、肺受累多见。结论显微镜下多血管炎的临床表现无特异性，影像学检查在其诊断中起重要作用，肾活检是显微镜下多血管炎区别于其它血管炎的鉴别要点，早期皮质激素和免疫抑制剂的应用能显著改善患者的预后。     

侵袭性肺曲霉病的分级诊断和治疗

侵袭性肺曲霉病（invasive pulmonary aspergillosis，IPA）是肺曲霉病中最严重的类型，诊断困难，治疗棘手，区别于曲霉寄植（肺曲霉球）和过敏（变应性支气管肺曲霉病）所致者。IPA除肺部病变外，尚可合并曲霉败血症和其他器官受累，也称播散性或系统性曲霉病。近年来IPA发病率上升，而一些抗曲霉新药问世也为治疗带来希望，这就对诊断提出了新的要求。IPA的确诊需要从病肺组织同时获取病理学和微生物学的证据。按此要求，临床上势必造成多数患者失去治疗机会。因此，从临床实际和客观需要出发，应当建立IPA的分级诊断，分别给予相应处理，以避免和减少漏诊，使需要治疗的患者及时得到治疗，又防止过诊和抗曲霉新药的滥用。根据IPA发病危险因素、临床特征、微生物检查和组织病理学检查，其诊断分为3级（表1），治疗亦应区别对待。     

Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis as a complication of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: To investigate the characteristic clinical features of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) as a complication of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease. METHODS: Clinical analysis of nine cases without a history of old pulmonary tuberculosis in whom CNPA was found to be a complication during the follow-up period for MAC disease. RESULTS: The average duration from the diagnosis of pulmonary MAC disease to the diagnosis of CNPA was 36.0 months. Five patients received antituberculous therapy including clarithromycin for pulmonary MAC disease, but this treatment was ineffective in most. A positive culture for Aspergillus spp. from sputum and a bronchoscopic specimen and clinical evidence of a chronic infective process were recognized in all cases at the time of detection of CNPA. Serological fungal examinations for anti-Aspergillus IgG antibody were initially negative and became positive in all cases during the follow-up period of pulmonary MAC disease. The presence of CNPA surrounding the cavity previously caused by MAC was characterized by local thickening of the cavity with a fungus ball and the appearance of an infiltration shadow surrounding the cavity. In most of the cases, CNPA was at first treated with oral itriconazole and then with i.v. infusion of micafungin, but the clinical efficacy was generally poor. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that during the long follow-up period of patients with pulmonary MAC disease it is important to not only carry out serological examinations, but also perform radiological examinations using chest CT.     

Pulmonary aspergilloma, diagnosis and treatment

Pulmonary aspergilloma is a saprophytic form of aspergillosis, and the diagnosis is usually based on radiological findings such as thickened cavitary wall and fungus ball, and on positive serum antibody. Up to 58% of the patients with aspergilloma in Japan have medical history of tuberculosis. Serum anti-Aspergillus antigen is almost always positive in aspergilloma patients but aspergillus antigen is usually negative. Massive hemoptysis can be a fatal complication of aspergilloma, and the most common complication was respiratory failure according to our study. Surgical resection is the only promising intervention to cure the aspergilloma, however, low pulmonary function does not allow operation. Antifungal treatment is chosen for those who are out of operation indication, but the efficacy of antifungal treatment against aspergilloma is controversial. Some patients with aspergilloma show progressive form, and we define such aspergillosis as CNPA, chronic necrotizing aspergillosis, although the original entity of CNPA by Binder et al. is different. We make a diagnosis of CNPA only if all the following entity meets, 1; progressive shadows in radiological findings regardless of the presence of aspergilloma, 2; have some symptoms such as cough, sputum, hemosputum, hemoptysis or fever, 3; proof of Aspergillus attribution by mycological or pathological examination, 4; positive systemic inflammatory reaction, 5; neglect of other etiology of pulmonary diseases. Since CNPA is usually progressive, patients with CNPA should be treated with antifungals.     

非粒细胞缺乏患者肺曲霉菌病 16 例临床研究简

目的 探讨非粒细胞缺乏肺曲霉菌病患者的临床表现、影像学特点及诊断治疗方法.方法回顾性分析16例确诊的肺曲霉菌病患者的临床资料.结果 曲霉菌球菌病3例,变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病1例,侵袭性肺曲霉菌病12例.主要症状为咳嗽、咯痰、发热、咯血、胸闷和气喘,肺部体征不明显.胸部CT表现：双肺多发病灶13例,单病灶3例.所有患者均接受抗真菌药物治疗,死亡6例皆为侵袭性肺曲霉菌病患者.结论 曲霉菌球菌病病情发展缓慢,部分病人需要手术切除病灶;变态反应性支气管肺曲霉菌病情时轻时重,早期常误诊为支气管哮喘;侵袭性肺曲霉菌病情进展迅速,死亡率高,降低病死率有赖于早期诊断及抢先治疗.     

Treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis by voriconazole in nonimmunocompromised patients

BACKGROUND: There is no recognized medical treatment for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) apart from surgery in patients with simple aspergilloma. To evaluate the efficacy of voriconazole in this setting, we conducted a retrospective multicenter study over a 3-year period. METHODS: For inclusion in the study, patients had to have received voriconazole for treatment of confirmed or probable CPA with a follow-up of at least 6 months. Clinical, radiologic, and mycologic data were collected at baseline, every 2 to 3 months, and at the end of treatment or at the date point. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were included in the study, among which 9 patients presented with chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis and 15 presented with chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA). Voriconazole was given as a first-line treatment to 13 patients. The median duration of treatment and follow-up were 6.5 and 10 months, respectively. Three patients had to stop treatment with voriconazole because of toxicity. Symptoms and imagery findings were improved in 16 of 24 patients and 17 of 24 patients, respectively, at the end of follow-up. Mycology, which was positive at baseline in 21 of 23 patients, was negative in 18 of 19 patients at the end of follow-up; serologic test results were also negative in 6 of 19 evaluable patients, all of whom had CNPA. Improved radioclinical findings and mycologic eradication were observed at the end of follow-up in 11 of 19 patients (58%). Patients in whom the disease was controlled had a significantly longer median duration of treatment than patients in whom it was uncontrolled (9 vs 6 months, respectively; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Voriconazole provides effective treatment of CPA with an acceptable level of toxicity.     

Analysis of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) cases complicated with non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM)

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical feature of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) complicated with non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-one CNPA cases underlying NTM were analyzed according to their clinical backgrounds. RESULTS: Concerning the radiological type of prior NTM, CNPA cases were classified into two groups; 1) resembling pulmonary tuberculosis that usually shows cavitary lesion and 2) micronodule and bronchiectasis pattern, and more than half of cases (61.0%) were classified as the latter type. Average duration between prior NTM and CNPA was 1354 days. Isolation of Aspergillus spp. from sputum was 15 out of 41 (36.6%). Positive rates for Aspergillus galactomannan antigen and anti-aspergillus antibody were 58.5%, 46.3% respectively. With regard to subspecies of mycobacteria, M. avium was most frequent (82.9%). Since 6.8% of NTM cases develop CNPA within 10 years, careful observation of CNPA was required for the management of NTM.     

Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis in pneumoconiosis: clinical and radiologic findings in 10 patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical, radiographic, and CT findings of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) in patients with pneumoconiosis. METHODS: We studied 10 patients with pneumoconiosis who were seen at Asahi Rosai Hospital and received a clinical diagnosis of CNPA during a 15-year period, and detailed the long-term clinical and radiologic courses of four cases. RESULTS: All patients were men, ranging in age from 48 to 77 years (mean, 60.1 years). Their occupational histories included pottery making (n = 9) and coal mining (n = 1). Chest radiographic findings by the International Labor Organization profusion grading system were greater than category 2. All patients were symptomatic, with a productive cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea. Serum findings were positive for the Aspergillus antibody in seven patients. The radiologic findings consisted of parenchymal infiltrates and cavities mostly containing mycetoma, which generally involved the upper lobes. The disease progressed slowly; in one patient, broad destruction of the lung was observed after > 10 years without antifungal administration. Most of the patients experienced clinical and radiologic improvement after receiving antifungal therapy, by oral, inhaled, or intracavitary administration. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic persistent or progressive upper-lobe infiltrates and cavities in patients with pneumoconiosis should raise the possibility of CNPA. Early diagnosis and initiation of effective therapy are recommended to achieve a better outcome.     

Chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis: a rare complication in a case of silicosis

Chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA) is a rare complication of silicosis whose diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion as it mimics tuberculosis. We report a case of a 52-year-old male with a long history of silica dust exposure and progressively increasing dyspnoea for the past eight years, productive cough, fever, weight loss for past three months and hemoptysis for preceding three weeks. Based on the clinical, radiological and microbiological evidence, he was diagnosed to be a case of CNPA with aspergilloma complicating silicosis.     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Aspergillus spp. cultured in specimens from the airways of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are frequently considered as a contaminant. However, growing evidence suggests that severe COPD patients are at higher risk of developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), although IPA incidence in this population is poorly documented. Some data report that COPD is the underlying disease in 1% of patients with IPA. Definitive diagnosis of IPA in COPD patients is often difficult as tissue samples are rarely obtained before death. Diagnosis is therefore usually based on a combination of clinical features, radiological findings (mostly thoracic computed tomography scans), microbiological results and, sometimes, serological information. Of 56 patients with IPA reported in the literature, 43 (77%) were receiving corticosteroids on admission to hospital. Breathlessness was always a feature of disease and excess wheezing was present in 79% of patients. Fever (>38 degrees C) was present in only 38.5%. Chest pain and haemoptysis were uncommon. Six out of 33 (18%) patients had tracheobronchitis observed during bronchoscopy. The median delay between symptoms and diagnosis was 8.5 days. The mortality rate was high: 53 out of 56 (95%) patients died despite invasive ventilation and antifungal treatment in 43 (77%) of them. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis currently carries a very poor prognosis. Outcome could perhaps be improved by more rapid diagnosis and prompt therapy with voriconazole.