腹腔镜胃癌手术病人围手术期护理探讨

1910年瑞典的Jacobeus首次将腹腔镜技术运用于人体腹腔器官的观察,即标志着腹腔镜临床诊断阶段的开始.20世纪80年代中期,在微创外科的启迪下,腹腔镜手术被誉为“钥匙孔手术”[1].随着外科技术的飞跃发展,腹腔镜应用领域也越来越广泛,许多以前用开腹才能完成的手术,目前已渐渐被腹腔镜手术所代替.腹腔镜胃癌根治术已成为治疗早期胃癌的标准术式之一[2-3].我院于2000年开展腹腔镜胃癌手术,现将效果报道如下.     

经自然腔道手术:引领下一个微创泌尿外科时代

微创外科和基因生物治疗、器官移植一起被认为是21世纪外科的发展方向.腹腔镜外科技术不断成熟并成为微创外科历史发展的重要阶段.目前泌尿外科几乎所有的传统手术都可在符合现代外科技术要求的前提下在腹腔镜下完成,并已取代了部分传统开放手术成为某些外科疾病的"金标准".     

腹腔镜在胰腺手术中的应用

腹腔镜外科问世以来,历经20余年发展,已成为外科领域的前沿及热点.腹腔镜手术因其视野清晰、切口小、患者创伤轻、术后恢复快等优点,被推广应用,几乎涵盖了所有的外科手术领域.自20世纪60年代开始,腹腔镜技术开始被应用于胰腺肿瘤的诊断治疗.但由于胰腺本身解剖结构的特殊性、生理功能的复杂性以及组织结构的特性,相对于在胆道外科和胃肠外科的蓬勃发展,腹腔镜在胰腺外科领域的发展相对缓慢.近年来随着手术技术的成熟以及手术器械的发展,腹腔镜胰腺手术才得以快速发展.目前,腹腔镜微创技术已广泛应用于各类胰腺手术,如胰腺肿物剜除术、胰体尾切除术(保脾或联合脾脏切除)、胰腺中段切除术、胰腺假性囊肿引流术、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术,晚期胰腺癌的姑息治疗(胆囊空肠吻合,胃空肠吻合)以及胰十二指肠切除术等.本文结合我们自身经验就腹腔镜在胰腺手术中的应用与进展作一综述.     

经自然腔道取标本的微创结直肠手术

腹腔镜胃肠道手术是目前微创外科技术进展和应用的主要领域,腹腔镜胃肠道手术的疗效和优势已得到业界的公认.我国结直肠肿瘤发病率逐年上升,每年开展的腹腔镜结直肠手术达数万例,乙状结肠和直肠肿瘤占结直肠肿瘤的80％以上.目前国内外学界都在为进一步减小手术创伤,降低手术并发症发生率,向更高层次提升微创外科疗效和手术技术而努力,微创外科观念也已扩展至关注患者社会心理学质量的高度.     

腹腔镜胃肠手术中各类吻合技术的应用

l 前言 腹腔镜作为一门微创外科技术,正被广泛运用于胃肠外科的各类手术中.大型随机对照研究已证实在多种胃肠管良、恶性疾病的外科治疗中,腹腔镜手术能达到与传统手术相似的临床疗效,并具有创伤小、恢复快的优点.而进一步想要通过降低手术干扰、减少并发症的发生来完善腹腔镜胃肠手术,如何顺利且合理完成各类消化管吻合口的重建是影响其成败的关键之一,随着近年来各类辅助器械如切割吻合器的普及,重建方式已变得多样化和简便化.本文将就这一专题作相关探讨.     

肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的腹腔镜手术进展

腹腔镜技术目前已广泛应用于肾上腺外科领域,技术日趋成熟,对手术风险大的嗜铬细胞瘤,采用腹腔镜技术治疗也有一定的优势.本文就肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的腹腔镜手术进展作一综述.     

腹腔镜胰腺手术临床经验

正尽管存在争议,微创外科的出现被认为是和麻醉术的发明一样具有里程碑意义的创举~([1])。随着腹腔镜微创技术的进步,腹腔镜手术的禁忌(如粘连、分离困难、急诊手术及肥胖等)被一项一项推翻,胰腺微创外科作为微创外科领域的最后堡垒也正在被攻克,在目前条件下腹腔镜胰腺手术的指征是什么?我们认为腹腔镜胰腺外科的适应证是进化的,也是因中心及因人而异的,结合近年胰腺疾病微创外科治疗的进展及本中心的实践,就腹腔镜胰腺手术治疗的经验进行深入探讨~([2-3])。     

腹腔镜胃肠管恶性肿瘤根治手术的现状和展望

腹腔镜外科技术已发展20余年,自1991年Ja.cobs等[1]报道世界首例腹腔镜右半结肠切除术,Kitano等[2].施行首例腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术以来,目前腹腔镜胃肠管恶性肿瘤根治术已在世界各地得到迅速发展.通过腹腔镜与常规开腹手术的对比研究,腹腔镜胃肠管恶性肿瘤根治术因其具有创伤小、术后疼痛反应轻、胃肠管功能恢复快、住院时间短等优点而被广大外科医师认可.     

老年病人腹腔镜手术围手术期的有关问题

随着社会人口的老龄化和医疗条件的改善,老年病人接受择期手术的比例逐年增多,例如老年胆囊疾病等手术病人的增多就较为明显.因此,老年人外科疾病的手术治疗己受到普遍重视.腹腔镜手术具有创伤小、恢复快、住院时间短等优点,目前已成为胆囊良性疾病的首选术式.其他腹部疾病的腹腔镜手术治疗也已广泛开展应用.由于腹腔镜手术的微创优势已逐渐被医息双方共同认识,老年病人可能更希望选择腹腔镜微创手术来治疗自己的外科疾病.但由于老年病人各脏器代偿功能减退,并且多并发高血压、冠心病、糖尿病和慢性呼吸道等疾病,腹腔镜手术时气腹所引起的腹腔压力升高、膈肌抬高等因素有可能会在某种程度上影响高危病人的呼吸循环功能增加老年病人腹腔镜手术的风险 [1].     

腹腔镜直肠癌手术的研究现状

通过复习近年国际上针对腹腔镜和机器人辅助腹腔镜直肠癌手术的文献报道,特别是中低位直肠癌手术的随机和非对随机对照试验,讨论当前腹腔镜直肠癌手术的研究现状。虽然腹腔镜直肠癌根治术已被证实安全可行,且与传统开腹手术有相同的肿瘤学疗效,但目前为止,关于腹腔镜直肠癌手术的多中心随机对照研究有限。当前,开腹手术仍是直肠癌外科治疗的标准术式。近年来。机器人手术在其他外科领域被成功应用,但在直肠癌手术中正处于探究阶段。     

Abdominal surgery and vascular surgery

Vascular surgery itself developed for the surgical treatment for the vascular lesions such as occlusion and/or aneurysm. But recently the fine vascular surgical technique has been applied also to the treatment of malignancy affected the abdominal visceral organs. For instance, it is for the curative operation, when the malignant lesion such as bile duct carcinoma involves the main portal system because the resection with reconstruction of the portal vein is nowadays feasible. In this paper I would like to describe the technique of vascular reconstruction for the general surgeons and to report the current status of introduction of vascular surgery into the abdominal surgery in Japan.     

Clinical outcomes in cardiac surgery: conventional surgery versus bloodless surgery

Bleeding during and after cardiac operations and the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass hemodilution commonly result in blood transfusions. Excessive microvascular bleeding can result in re-exploration and prolonged hospitalization. Nearly 20% of all blood transfusions in the United States are associated with cardiac surgery. The risks associated with the use of allogeneic blood product transfusion include mistransfusion, immunologic complications, and transmission of infectious diseases. The large demand for blood products places significant pressure on the national blood supply, resulting in frequent shortages. The variability in transfusion practice of cardiac surgery patients suggests that sound blood management and a conservative approach to this population can result in reduced transfusions without increasing morbidity or mortality and avoiding complications associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.     

Digestive surgery and varicose vein surgery

The thromboembolic risk related to surgery may be considered as low for varicose vein surgery and non major digestive surgery. It could be defined as moderate in case of large dissection, long duration of procedures and emergency cases. The risk may be considered as high for major abdominal surgery involving cancer surgery or not and bariatric surgery. The absence of prophylaxis can be proposed for low risk surgery (grade B). However, elastic compression stocking are effective for all cases of digestive surgery and suggested to be used (grade A). There are no data concerning the moderate risk situation. Therefore, experts recommend the use of elastic compression stockings or low doses of LMWH (grade D). High-risk surgery requires the use of high doses of LMWH recommended for reasons of efficacy, tolerance, and easiness to use (grade A). Associated elastic stockings is efficious (grade B). The duration of prophylaxis lasts generally 7-10 days. Extension to 1 month is recommended for major abdominal cancer surgery (grade A).