肾损伤因子-1在肾上皮性肿瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的 明细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌、肾嫌色细胞癌、Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌和转移性透明细胞癌中的表达率分别是77.8%(49/63)、90.9%(20/22)、1/13、7/7和87.5%(21/24),7例嗜酸细胞腺瘤均阴性.在原发性肾透明细胞癌中,KIM-1弥漫阳性表达更易发生于Furhman细胞核Ⅲ/Ⅳ级的病例(P=0.010).肾特异性钙黏蛋白主要表达于嫌色细胞癌和嗜酸细胞腺瘤.结论 KIM-1仅表达于损伤的近曲小管和由其起源的肿瘤,对原发性和转移性肾透明细胞癌、乳头状肾细胞癌及Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌具有高度的特异性和敏感性,与肾特异性钙黏蛋白合用可以提高原发性肾脏上皮性肿瘤组织学分类的准确性和转移性肾透明细胞癌的诊断率.     

肾细胞癌的临床病理与免疫表型研究

目的 研究肾细胞癌的临床病理特征、预后及免疫表型特点.方法 复习114例肾细胞癌的临床病理资料、HE切片,按2004年WHO肾肿瘤分类标准重新分类、随访并进行免疫组织化学染色.结果 114例.肾细胞癌包括5个类型,肾透明细胞癌77例(67.5%)、乳头状肾癌11例(9.6%)、肾嫌色细胞癌14例(12.3%)、Xp11.2易位_/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌10例(8.8%)、未能分类肾肿瘤2例(1.8%).免疫组织化学结果,肾透明细胞癌主要表达CK(93.5%,72/77)、CD10(93.5%,72/77)、波形蛋白(75.3%,58/77),乳头状肾癌主要表达α-甲酰基辅酶A消旋酶(AMACR,11/11),肾嫌色细胞癌主要表达CD117(11/14),Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌TFE3、AMACR、CD10和CK的阳性率分别为10/10、10/10、9/10和7/10.结论 肾癌是一组形态学上各有特征的异质性肿瘤,在形态学基础上,CD10、波形蛋白、CD117、AMACR、CK7、TFE3有助于亚型的诊断.     

青少年肾细胞癌的临床病理及分子遗传学研究

目的 探讨青少年肾细胞癌的临床病理特征、遗传学改变、鉴别诊断及预后.方法 对46例青少年肾细胞癌进行光镜观察及免疫组织化学染色,随访并复习相关文献.对46例肿瘤进行von Hippel-Lindau(VHL)基因区域杂合性缺失(LOH)及VHL基因突变筛查.结果 共诊断19例Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(Xp11 RCC)、9例透明细胞癌、17例乳头状肾细胞癌(PRCC)和1例不能分类肾细胞癌.19例Xp11 RCC均TFE3阳性,而TFEB阴性.8例肿瘤具有巢状和乳头状结构形态类似t(X;17)ASPL-TFE3型肾癌,6例肿瘤组织学类似t(X;1)PRCC-TFE3型肾癌,4例肿瘤形态像透明细胞癌,1例肿瘤组织学形态文献中未被检索到,表现为细胞核呈毛玻璃样,核仁不明显,可见核沟,肿瘤间质见大量黏液.LOH及VHL突变检测结果显示,仅1例透明细胞癌和1例2型PRCC存在LOH,并且该2型PRCC的VHL基因的一个剪切位点存在胚系突变,553+5 G→C.其余45例均未检测出VHL突变.统计学分析表明TFE3阳性肾细胞癌比TFE3阴性肾细胞癌更倾向于高病理分期(pT3/pT4),并且预后较差(P=0.035).结论 青少年肾细胞癌表现出不同的组织学形态以及分子遗传学背景.其中Xp11 RCC为最常见的肾癌亚型.TFE3阳性肾细胞癌的预后要差于TFE3阴性肾细胞癌.     

Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床病理学特点

目的 探讨Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床病理学特点.方法 对4例Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌进行临床资料分析、组织学观察和免疫组化研究,并复习相关文献.结果 4例患者年龄自6～20岁,均具有腰痛的症状和较高的临床分期.肿瘤最大径2.5～10 cm,切面灰黄间灰红色.组织学上,肿瘤显示乳头状和腺泡状2种生长方式, 间质可见钙化.肿瘤细胞界限清楚,胞质淡红染至透亮,染色质呈泡状,核仁易见.4例肿瘤均弥漫高表达TFE3和CD10,不同程度表达CK、EMA和vimentin.结论 Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌是最近被定义的一种罕见肿瘤,好发于年轻患者,预后较差.其诊断主要依靠特征性的组织病理学改变和免疫标记TFE3阳性.     

肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌伴Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌1例并文献复习

目的探讨肾黏液样小管状和梭形细胞癌(mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma,MTSCC)伴Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(renal carcinomas associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions,Xp11.2 RCC)的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例MTSCC伴Xp11.2 RCC的影像学、组织学及免疫表型特点,并复习相关文献。结果患者女性,60岁,增强CT检查示左肾中极见一直径约2.3 cm的圆形低密度区,界淸。镜下见肿瘤呈浸润性生长,由两种不同的形态组成:梭形细胞区和乳头状区。梭形细胞区肿瘤细胞梭形,胞质红染,可见紧密排列的小管结构;乳头状区肿瘤细胞乳头状排列,可见大量透明细胞及砂粒体。免疫表型:两种区域肿瘤细胞均表达vimentin、CK7、CK19、RCC、CD10,乳头状区肿瘤细胞表达TFE3。结论 MTSCC及Xp11.2 RCC均是临床少见的肿瘤,两种肿瘤组成的混合型肾细胞癌罕见。诊断依据组织学形态及免疫表型。     

成人Xp11.2异位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌1例临床病理分析

目的探讨1例成人Xp11. 2异位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床病理学特征。方法采用免疫组化及荧光原位杂交检测1例Xp11. 2易位/TFE3基因融合相关肾细胞癌,分析其影像学特点、组织学特征,并复习相关文献。结果CT示右肾下极占位,考虑为透明细胞型肾癌可能;行机器人辅助腔镜下右肾肿瘤切除,显微镜下见肿瘤境界清楚,有纤维组织包膜;肿瘤细胞上皮样胞质嗜酸性,由大小两种细胞组成,肿瘤组织中见散在钙化及砂粒体形成,少数细胞含有色素。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞vimentin、E-cadherin、P504S均呈强阳性,TFE3部分阳性,其他标志物均为阴性。FISH检测:(1)可见TFE3基因断裂;(2) TFE3基因断裂阳性。结论Xp11. 2异位性肾细胞癌属于罕见的恶性肾肿瘤,诊断主要依靠组织病理学特征和免疫表型及基因检测,以手术治疗为主,部分可辅助靶向治疗。     

Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的病理特征与临床分析

目的探讨Xp11．2易位／TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床病理特征、免疫表型、鉴别诊断及预后。方法对11例Xp11．2易位／TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌进行光镜观察和免疫组织化学研究及随访10～112个月,并复习相关文献。结果11例肿瘤中女性7例,男性4例。年龄8～26岁,平均16、3岁。肿块直径2．5～6．0cm。光镜下癌组织呈两种结构,一种为腺管状、乳头状、巢状分布。细胞界限清楚,有大量透明或嗜酸性胞质。泡状染色质、核仁明显,沙砾体多见。另一种结构更加紧密,多见实性巢状结构,癌细胞缺乏大量的胞质,核仁不明显,沙砾体少见。免疫表型：本组11例均TFE3、CD10、a-甲酰基-CoA消旋酶（P504s）弥漫表达,细胞广谱角蛋白（CK—pan）、上皮细胞膜抗原（EMA）、波形蛋白仅部分病例表达,所有病例CK7、肾脏特异性钙黏蛋白（Ksp—cadherin）、CD117阴性表达。结论Xp11．2易位／TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌是一种少见肿瘤,诊断主要依据患者的年龄。病理学形态和免疫组织化学TFE3阳性。     

儿童肾细胞癌3例临床病理分析

目的：探讨儿童肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)的临床病理特征、分类、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法：收集2003年~至今湖南省儿童医院3例儿童RCC病例,其中男性2例,女性1例,年龄5.5~9岁。进行光镜及免疫组化检测重新分类。结果：1例镜下以乳头状结构排列胞浆透亮的癌细胞为主,乳头间可见纤维、血管及炎细胞浸润,伴有较多钙化小体结构;其余2例镜下均以实性巢索状、腺管状排布的嗜酸性颗粒癌细胞为主,灶性区域有少量透明癌细胞排列成不典型乳头状结构,未见钙化小体;免疫组化结果：其中1例表达TFE3、Vimentin、CK-pan和CEA;第2例表达Vimentin、CK-pan、CEA及p53;第3例表达Vimentin、CK-pan、CEA、NSE、CgA、Syn及Ki-67。结论：儿童RCC较少见,HE形态下以乳头状结构排列的透明癌细胞类型需结合TFE3免疫组织化学或基因检测等手段明确诊断。术前采用静脉化疗能提高肿瘤完整切术率。儿童RCC整体预后与成人相比较好,但Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(Xp11 RCC)预后较透明细胞性肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)差,由于其在儿童期多表现为惰性进展,需长期的随访观察。     

Cyclin D1与claudin7联合检测在肾上皮性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨Cyclin D1和claudin7在常见肾上皮性肿瘤中的表达及鉴别诊断中的价值。方法采用组织芯片技术联合免疫组化染色检测Cyclin D1和claudin7蛋白在309例常见肾上皮性肿瘤及20例正常肾组织中的表达,比较分析两种抗体对肾肿瘤诊断及鉴别诊断的价值。结果 Cyclin D1在肾嗜酸细胞瘤(renal oncocytoma,RO)、嫌色细胞癌(chromophobe renal cell carcinoma,ChRCC)、透明细胞肾细胞癌(clear cell renal cell carcinoma,CCRCC)、乳头状肾癌(papillary renal cell carcinoma,PRCC)、Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌和透明细胞管状乳头状肾癌(clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma,CCTPRCC)中的阳性率分别为86.2%(50/58)、8.2%(4/49)、70.0%(98/140)、8.8%(3/34)、42.9%(6/14)和71.4%(10/14)。RO分别与ChRCC、PRCC相比(χ~2=64.72、52.56,P0.000 1),CCRCC与ChRCC(χ~2=55.87,P0.000 1),PRCC与Xp11.2易位性肾细胞癌(χ~2=4.28,P=0.039),CCTPRCC与ChRCC(χ~2=21.69,P0.000 1)各组间比较,差异均具有统计学意义。claudin7在RO、ChRCC、CCRCC、PRCC、Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌和CCTPRCC中的阳性率分别为20.7%(12/58)、87.8%(43/49)、8.6%(12/140)、50%(17/34)、14.3%(2/14)、57.1%(8/14)。RO与ChRCC(χ~2=47.82,P0.000 1)、CCRCC与CCTPRCC(χ~2=26.57,P0.000 1)、PRCC与Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌(χ~2=5.29,P0.05),各组间相比差异均有统计学意义。Cyclin D1阳性/claudin7阴性对于RO的敏感性和特异性分别为69.0%和95.9%,而Cyclin D1阴性/claudin7阳性对ChRCC诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为83.7%和96.6%。Cyclin D1阳性/claudin7阴性对CCRCC的敏感性和特异性分别为65.7%和71.4%,而Cyclin D1阳性/claudin7阳性对CCTPRCC的敏感性和特异性分别为42.9%和95.0%。结论 Cyclin D1和claudin7在不同组织类型肾肿瘤中的表达有差异,联合检测对RO与ChRCC、CCRCC与ChRCC、PRCC与Xp11.2易位性肾细胞癌的鉴别诊断具有重要作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.