Ischemia-modified albumin predicts short-term outcome and 1-year mortality in patients attending the emergency department for acute ischemic chest pain

The primary study aim was to determine whether ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) predicts adverse outcome in patients attending the emergency department (ED) with acute chest pain. Ischemia-modified albumin is a sensitive marker of myocardial ischemia. However, little is known about its ability to predict outcome in patients presenting to the ED with acute chest pain. We prospectively studied 207 patients who presented to the ED with acute chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome within 3 h of the onset of symptoms. Blood samples for IMA assessment were obtained on admission. We evaluated a 30-day combined end point (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, recurrent angina) and 1-year all-cause mortality. A total of 31 (15%) patients experienced the 30-day composite end point and 16 patients (7.7%) died during the 1-year follow-up. Short-term combined end point (9.6% vs 20.4%, P = 0.03) and 1-year mortality rate (11.7% vs 3.8%, log rank 3.978, P = 0.046) were significantly higher in patients with IMA levels >93.3 U/ml compared to patients with lower IMA. On multivariate analysis, IMA remained an independent predictor of both 30-day combined end point (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.07, P = 0.01) and 1-year mortality (hazard ratio 1.038, 95% CI 1.006–1.070, P = 0.018). Ischemia-modified albumin is an independent predictor of short-and long-term adverse outcomes in patients presenting to the ED with typical acute chest pain. These authors contributed equally to this study.     

Ischemia Modified Albumin for the assessment of patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain but normal or non-diagnostic 12-lead electrocardiograms and negative cardiac troponin T

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in patients with acute chest pain at rest but non-diagnostic electrocardiograms (ECG) is problematic. Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA) is a new biochemical marker of ischemia, which may be useful to characterise acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. METHODS: We studied 131 patients (mean age 58.5 years; 95 male) presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of ACS but with normal or non-diagnostic ECGs. Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and IMA were measured within 3 h of last chest pain episode. Based on hospital diagnostic test results, patients were classified as having ACS or non-ischemic chest pain (NICP), by two independent cardiologists unaware of IMA results. RESULTS: Mean IMA levels (U/ml) were higher in patients with ACS (98.3+/-11) compared to patients with NICP (85.5+/-15); p<0.0001. IMA levels >93.5 U/ml demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 75% for the diagnosis of ACS; area under the receiver operator characteristic curve 0.78 (95% CI: 0.70-0.85). If we applied the manufacturer cutoff point of 85 U/ml, the sensitivity of IMA increased to 90.6% with a specificity of 49.3% (negative predictive value=84.6%). In combination with cTnT (6-12 h) (>0.05 ng/ml), the sensitivity increased to 92.2%. After multivariate analysis, IMA levels >85 U/ml (odds ratio=14.6 [95% CI 4.4-48.4]; p<0.0001), age and prior myocardial infarction were independent predictors of ACS. CONCLUSION: IMA may be a useful biomarker for the identification of ACS in patients presenting with typical acute chest pain but normal or non-diagnostic ECGs.     

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes: comparison with markers of systemic inflammation, platelet activation, and myocardial necrosis

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). BACKGROUND: Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is a zinc-binding matrix metalloproteinase abundantly expressed in eroded and ruptured plaques and may serve as a marker of plaque destabilization. METHODS: In 547 patients with angiographically validated ACS and in a heterogeneous emergency room population of 644 patients with acute chest pain, respectively, PAPP-A as well as markers of myocardial necrosis (troponin T [TnT]), ischemia (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]), inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), anti-inflammatory activity (interleukin [IL]-10), and platelet activation (soluble CD40 ligand [sCD40L]) were determined. Patients were followed for the occurrence of death or myocardial infarction. RESULTS: In patients with ACS, elevated PAPP-A levels (>12.6 mIU/l) indicated an increased risk (odds ratio 2.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43 to 4.15]; p = 0.001). When the analysis was restricted to TnT-negative patients, PAPP-A still identified a subgroup of high-risk patients (odds ratio [OR] 2.72 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25 to 5.89]; p = 0.009). In a multivariable model, PAPP-A (OR 2.01; p = 0.015), sCD40L (OR 2.37; p = 0.003), IL-10 (OR 0.43; p = 0.003), and VEGF (OR 2.19; p = 0.018) were independent predictors. Prospective validation in patients with chest pain confirmed that PAPP-A levels reliably identify high-risk patients (adjusted OR 2.32 [95% CI 1.32 to 4.26]; p = 0.008). Patients negative for all three markers (TnT, sCD40L, and PAPP-A) were at very low cardiac risk (30 days: 3.0% event rate; no death). CONCLUSIONS: The PAPP-A level as a marker of plaque instability is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with ACS. Simultaneous determination of biomarkers with distinct pathophysiological profiles appears to remarkably improve risk stratification in patients with ACS.     

Efficacy of multi-detector coronary computed tomography angiography in comparison with exercise electrocardiogram in the triage of patients of low risk acute chest pain

Objectives

To compare the safety and diagnostic efficacy of coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) with exercise electrocardiography (XECG) in triaging patients of low risk acute chest pain.

Background

Noninvasive assessment of coronary stenosis by CTA may improve early and accurate triage of patients presenting with acute chest pain to the emergency department (ED).

Methods

Low risk patients of possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were included in the study. The patients in CTA arm with significant stenosis (≥50%) underwent catheterization, while those with no or intermediate stenosis (<50%) were discharged from ED and followed up periodically for six months for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The same protocol was applied for XECG arm. Outcomes included: safety and diagnostic efficacy.

Results

A total of 81 (41 CTA and 40 XECG) patients were enrolled. In this study CTA was observed to be 100% sensitive and 95.7% specific in diagnosing MACE in low risk patients of chest pain presenting to the ED, with a PPV of 94.7% and an NPV of 100%.The overall diagnostic efficacy was 97.6%. XECG was observed to be 72.7% sensitive and 96.6% specific in diagnosing MACE with a PPV of 88.9% and NPV of 90.3% in low risk chest pain patients presenting to the ED. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 90%.

Conclusion

CTA is an excellent diagnostic tool in ED patients with low risk of ACS, with minimum time delay as compared to XECG, and also is safe for triaging such patients.     

Prognostic usefulness of white blood cell count on admission and one-year outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute chest pain

Little is known about the prognostic value of leukocyte count on admission for patients with chest pain. In total, 1,461 patients who presented to the emergency department with non-ST-segment elevation chest pain were studied by clinical history, electrocardiography, serial troponin I determination, and leukocyte count on admission. End points were 1-year mortality and major events (mortality or infarction). Overall patient distribution by quartiles of leukocyte count showed increased mortality (6%, 7%, 6%, and 17%, p = 0.0001) and major events (13%, 13%, 15%, and 24%, p = 0.0001) in the fourth quartile. After adjustment for other risk factors, the fourth quartile cut-off value (>10,000 cells/ml) predicted mortality (hazard ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 2.8, p = 0.0001) but not major events (p = 0.07). When analysis was performed to assess troponin status, in the subgroup with increased troponin (n = 634, 16% mortality), a leukocyte count >10,000 cells/ml was related to mortality (hazard ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.5 to 3.4, p = 0.0001). However, in the subgroup with normal troponin levels (n = 827, 4.2% mortality), there were no differences in mortality between patients with or without a leukocyte count >10,000 cells/ml (4.4% vs 4.2%, p = 0.8), with survival curves showing a tight overlap (p = 0.9). Further, in the subgroup with normal troponin levels, leukocyte count was not significantly different between patients with or without ST depression (7,969 +/- 2,171 vs 8,108 +/- 2,356 cells/ml, p = 0.6) and was not associated with mortality in patients with ST depression (p = 0.7). In conclusion, leukocyte count on admission is predictive of mortality in patients with chest pain and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. However, in the absence of myocardial necrosis, leukocyte count lacks prognostic value.     

Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular mortality is increased in rheumatoid arthritis. Possible reasons include an increased incidence of ischaemic heart disease or worse outcome after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OBJECTIVES: To assess the outcome of ACS in rheumatoid arthritis compared with case matched controls in the context of underlying cardiac risk factors, clinical presentation, and subsequent management. METHODS: 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ACS identified from coronary care admission registers between 1990 and 2000 were case matched as closely as possible for age, sex, classical cardiovascular risk factors, type and severity of ACS, and admission date (+/-3 months) with 40 controls. A standardised proforma was used for detailed case note review. RESULTS: Age, sex, other cardiovascular risk factors, and type and severity of presenting ACS were not significantly different between cases and controls. Recurrent cardiac events were commoner in rheumatoid arthritis (23/40, 57.5%) than controls (12/40, 30%) (p = 0.013); there were 16/40 deaths in rheumatoid arthritis (40%) v 6/40 (15%) in controls (p = 0.012). Recurrent events occurred earlier in rheumatoid arthritis (log rank survival, p = 0.05). Presentation with chest pain occurred in all controls compared with 33/40 rheumatoid patients (82%) (p = 0.006); collapse occurred in one control (2.5%) v 7/40 rheumatoid patients (17.5%) (p = 0.025). Treatment during the ACS was not significantly different in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent ischaemic events and death occur more often after ACS in rheumatoid arthritis. Atypical presentation is commoner in rheumatoid arthritis. There is an urgent need to develop identification and intervention strategies for ACS specific to this high risk group.     

高敏C反应蛋白结合血脂可以更好预测急性冠脉综合征患者的长期预后

目的: 评价高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）及其联合血脂对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者长期预后的预测价值。方法: 连续入选ACS患者246名,测定其入院时的hs-CRP和肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）水平以及基线的血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）等指标。观察住院及随访期间（40±6）个月主要心血管事件的发生情况,据此将患者分为事件组和对照组。根据两组中有显著差异的临床指标,筛选对终点事件有独立预测价值的指标。依据所筛选独立预测指标的不同水平,对患者进行危险分层,观察不同危险组患者的主要心血管事件发生率。所有资料均采用SPSS13.0软件进行分析。结果: 完成随访241例,失访率2.0%,其中121例发生心血管事件。事件组和对照组患者的年龄、白细胞计数、hs-CRP、LDL-C/HDL-C和cTnT阳性率均有显著差异（P<0.05）,行Logistic回归分析后只有hs-CRP和LDL-C/HDL-C进入回归方程（P<0.01）。分别根据hs-CRP和LDL-C/HDL-C的三分位数对患者进行危险分层,发现随着hs-CRP和LDL-C/HDL-C的升高,患者的心血管事件发生率均呈上升趋势（均P＜0.05）。对于LDL-C/HDL-C<2.75的患者,hs-CRP可进一步分层,识别出危险性相对较高者。结论: hs-CRP可以独立预测ACS患者长期再发心血管事件的危险;结合血脂,其危险分层作用更强。     

Proton pump inhibitors for patients with coronary artery disease associated with reduced chest pain, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations

BACKGROUND: Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) presenting to an emergency department (ED) with chest pain are likely to undergo hospitalization as clinicians attempt to elucidate the etiology. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is associated with reduced chest pain events and evaluations in patients with CAD. METHODS: A patient population from a veterans medical center with documented CAD was identified retrospectively, and chest pain episodes, ED visits, and hospitalizations for chest pain were prospectively followed over 2 years. Comparison of patient outcomes between PPI (+PPI) and nonuse of PPI therapy (-PPI) was determined. RESULTS: Of 415 male patients, average age 73.4 years, 23% utilized a PPI and 77% did not. Proton pump inhibitor therapy was associated with reduced chest pain episodes (11.8 vs. 26.2%, p = 0.002), ED visits (12.3 vs. 24.3%, p = 0.044), and hospitalizations (12.8 vs. 23.9%, p = 0.086). Relative reductions were 55, 49, and 46%, respectively, after 2 years. Numbers of adverse events were also decreased in the +PPI group of patients: 70% fewer occurrences of chest pain (p = 0.002, relative risk [RR] = 3.3), 55% fewer ED visits (p = 0.049, RR = 2.2), and 53% fewer hospitalizations (p = 0.064, RR = 2.1). By multivariate analysis, PPI therapy independently predicted reduced prevalence of patients experiencing chest pain, ED visits, or hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.09 [0.04-0.21]; 0.15 [0.06-0.40]; 0.14 [0.05-0.40]; all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Proton pump inhibitor therapy for male patients with CAD from a veterans medical center was associated with reduced prevalence of chest pain, ED visits, and hospitalizations for chest pain and reduced incidence of these events.     

A population-based evaluation of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score for unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction risk score (TIMI-RS) for unstable angina/non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI) was developed in patients presenting with unstable angina accompanied by high-risk features or non-ST elevation MI to determine early risk stratification. HYPOTHESIS: The validity in patients presenting for emergency care with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has not been well established, and the present study sought to do so by evaluating the TIMI-RS in a prospective fashion. METHODS: A prospective TIMI-RS using seven variables was calculated in 245 patients admitted to the hospital with symptoms suggestive of ACS: (1) age > 65, (2) three or more cardiac risk factors, (3) ST deviation, (4) aspirin use within 7 days, (5) two or more anginal events over 24 h, (6) history of coronary stenosis, and (7) elevated troponin. Patients were contacted at 30 days and data were collected concerning major adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: In patients presenting with chest pain, a higher TIMI-RS was associated with an increase in major adverse cardiac events within 30 days. We found that the 30-day event rate was 0% for a score of 1, 20% for a score of 2, 24% for a score of 3, 42% for a score of 4, 52% for a score of 5, and 70% for a score of 6 or 7 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The TIMI-RS successfully differentiates early risk for major adverse cardiac events in a general population presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. A simple bedside calculation of the TIMI-RS provides rapid risk stratification, allowing facilitation of therapeutic decision making in patients with symptoms suggestive of ACS.     

Elevated leukocyte count and adverse hospital events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)

Objective

To examine the association between elevated leukocyte count and hospital mortality and heart failure in patients enrolled in the multinational, observational Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE).

Background

Elevated leukocyte count is associated with adverse hospital outcomes in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The association of this prognostic factor with hospital mortality and heart failure in patients with other acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is unclear.

Methods

We examined the association between admission leukocyte count and hospital mortality and heart failure in 8269 patients presenting with an ACS. This association was examined separately in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI, non-ST-segment elevation AMI, and unstable angina. Leukocyte count was divided into 4 mutually exclusive groups (Q): Q1 <6000, Q2 = 6000-9999, Q3 = 10,000-11,999, Q4 >12,000. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between elevated leukocyte count and hospital events while accounting for the simultaneous effect of several potentially confounding variables.

Results

Increasing leukocyte count was significantly associated with hospital death (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.8, 95% CI 2.1-3.6 for Q4 compared to Q2 [normal range]) and heart failure (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.2-3.4) for patients presenting with ACS. This association was seen in patients with ST-segment elevation AMI (OR for hospital death 3.2, 95% CI 2.1-4.7; OR for heart failure 2.4, 95% CI 1.8-3.3), non-ST-segment elevation AMI (OR for hospital death 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.0; OR for heart failure 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.5), or unstable angina (OR for hospital death 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.5; OR for heart failure 2.0, 95% CI 0.9-4.4).

Conclusion

In men and women of all ages with the spectrum of ACS, initial leukocyte count is an independent predictor of hospital death and the development of heart failure.     

Glycemia and inflammatory markers in acute coronary syndrome: association with late post-hospital outcomes

BACKGROUND: Glycemia and inflammatory markers were associated with clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of glycemia and inflammatory markers as predictors of late cardiovascular outcomes after ACS. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-nine ACS patients of a Coronary Care Unit were included, from March to November 2002. They were reassessed clinically after approximately 3 years. Clinical variables, glycemia, CRP and fibrinogen were evaluated as event and mortality predictors. Statistical analyses included Cox multivariate analysis and survival curves (Kaplan-Meier). RESULTS: At admission, 16.7% had normal glycemia. After 3 years, this proportion increased to 55.2%; the 40.6% who belonged to the borderline category decreased to 27.1%; the 42.7% with elevated glycemia decreased to 17.7%. Glycemia was not associated with the development of major cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality at follow-up ( approximately 3 years). Considering MACE, CRP (p<0.001), but not fibrinogen, was predictive in bivariate analysis. Regarding mortality, both fibrinogen (p=0.020) and CRP (p=0.008) were predictive in bivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Glycemia was not associated with late mortality after ACS, but inflammatory markers were, suggesting that these are more sensitive markers to predict events in long-term. Moreover, glucose intolerance prevalence is lower in the follow-up after the ACS episode.     

Incremental prognostic value of C-reactive protein and N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide in acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin-I (Tn-I), have been associated with an adverse outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Thus, in the present study the incremental prognostic value of these cardiac biomarkers was evaluated for risk stratification of ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS: The baseline levels of hs-CRP, NT-proBNP and Tn-I were measured in 215 patients (140 males; 65+/-46 years) with ACS: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): 56; non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): 98; unstable angina (UA): 61. The patients were retrospectively followed up for a mean of 246 days. There were 24 cardiac events: STEMI: 1, NSTEMI: 6, UA: 6, chronic heart failure: 1, death: 10. The baseline levels of hs-CRP and NT-proBNP were significantly higher in the patients with cardiac events than in those without events. After adjustment for major clinical prognostic factors, hs-CRP and NT-proBNP remained significantly independent predictors for cardiac events. Patients with hs-CRP level >3.5 mg/L and NT-proBNP level >500 pg/ml had an 11-fold higher risk for cardiac events than those with hs-CRP level 相似文献   

Relation of markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and leukocyte count) and statin therapy to long-term mortality in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease

We evaluated a possible interaction between statins and inflammation in 1,246 patients with angiographically diagnosed coronary artery disease. Four different inflammatory markers were determined: high, sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p = 0.001), fibrinogen (p = 0.006), von Willebrand factor (p = 0.006), and leukocyte count (p = 0.03); these levels were significantly higher among the 88 patients who died of cardiac causes during follow-up (median 2.9 years) than among survivors. In a multivariate backward stepwise Cox regression mode, only hs-CRP was evaluated to be a significant predictor of death from coronary artery disease. This prediction was lost in statin-treated patients. Compared with patients receiving statin medication, patients without statins did not have increased cardiac mortality (even when low-density lipoprotein [LDL] levels were >125 mg/dl) when hs-CRP levels were not elevated. In contrast, patients without statins and elevated hs-CRP (top quartile) had a 2.3-fold increase in risk for fatal coronary events, independent of LDL levels. In conclusion, only elevated hs-CRP was selected as an independent predictor of death. Statin therapy is associated with elevated hs-CRP, with a risk reduction for fatal coronary events, independent of LDL levels; this, in part, may be explained by the anti-inflammatory effects on atherosclerosis.     

血氨基末端脑钠素前体对急性冠状动脉综合征远期预后的评估价值

目的:观察血氨基末端脑钠素前体(NT-proBNP)对急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的远期预测价值。方法:将85例发病24h以内的ACS患者,分为ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死、非ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛3组。所有病例既往均无明显心功能不全。于入院即刻、24h及1周测NT-proBNP,高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP),7～10d查超声心动图,记录随访1年的病死率和心血管事件住院率。结果:所有ACS患者的NT-proBNP峰值均高于正常,高峰见于入院24h。随访中病死率、所有心血管事件住院率和心力衰竭住院率分别为5.9%、17.6%、和10.6%。多因素回归分析显示hs-CRP峰值、肌酸激酶-同工酶、恶性心律失常、左室射血分数及NT-proBNP峰值是远期心血管死亡的主要危险因子,而后两者又是心力衰竭事件的预测因子。结论:NT-proBNP峰值是ACS的独立危险因子,它对ACS的远期预测价值可能要优于hs-CRP。     

Risk scores for patients with chest pain: evaluation in the emergency department

Chest pain is a common reason for presentation to the emergency department (ED). Absolute criteria for Acute Coronary Syndrome without ST elevation (NSTE-ACS) are lacking. An acute coronary syndrome (ACS) needs to be distinguished from a variety of other cardiac and non-cardiac diseases that may cause chest pain.For patients with confirmed ACS, several scoring methods can be applied in order to distinguish patients in the coronary care unit who may benefit most from therapies. The PURSUIT, TIMI, GRACE and FRISC risk scores are well validated with this respect. However, none of these risk scores has been used in the identification of an ACS in the emergency setting. The vast majority of patients with chest pain due to causes other than ACS were not evaluated in these trials. An evidence-based systematic stratification and policy for these patients does not currently exist.The more recently developed HEART score is specifically designed to stratify all chest pain patients in the ED. The HEART score was validated in a retrospective multicenter study and proved to be a strong predictor of event free survival on one hand and potentially life threatening cardiac events on the other hand. The HEART score facilitates risk stratification of chest pain patients in the ED.     

Cardiac CT in the emergency department

Current triage strategies are not effective in correctly identifying patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The diagnostic workup of patients presenting with acute chest pain continues to represent a major challenge for emergency department (ED) personnel. This statement holds especially true for patients with a low to intermediate likelihood for ACS. Taking current concepts for the diagnosis and management of patients presenting with acute chest pain to the ED into account, this article discusses the evidence and potential role of coronary computed tomography angiography to improve management of patients with possible ACS.     

血清尿酸、肌钙蛋白I和高敏C反应蛋白对急性冠状动脉综合征患者预后的预测价值

目的:观察急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血清尿酸(UA)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)含量并探讨对其临床预后的预测价值。方法:入选确诊ACS的住院患者592例,收集入院24h内UA、cTnI和hs-CRP的数值,并对患者出院后的心血管事件进行随访,分为心血管事件组和无心血管事件组。结果:UA、cTnI和hs-CRP在2组之间的差异均有统计学意义;校正了年龄、职业、吸烟史、BMI、高血压、糖尿病等相关因素后,血清UA、cTnI和hs-CRP能独立预测ACS患者再发心血管事件。结论:血清UA、cTnI和hs-CRP水平升高与ACS患者的再发心血管事件显著相关,具有较强的预测价值。     

Risk stratification of emergency department patients with acute coronary syndromes using P-Selectin

OBJECTIVESWe compared the predictive properties of P-selectin to creatine kinase, MB fraction (CK-MB) for detecting acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and serious cardiac events upon emergency department (ED) arrival.BACKGROUNDPractioners detecting early diagnosis of ACS have focused on cardiac markers of myocardial injury. Plaque rupture/platelet aggregation precedes myocardial ischemia. Therefore, markers of platelet aggregation may detect ACS earlier than cardiac markers.METHODSConsecutive patients with potential ACS presenting to an urban university ED were identified by research assistants who screened all ED patients between November 12, 1997 and January 31, 1998. Whole blood was drawn at presentation and 1 h later and rapidly stained and fixed for membrane P-selectin assay and plasma was separated for soluble P-selectin assay. Creatine kinase, MB fraction values were determined using standard immunoassay techniques. Clinical history and hospital course were followed daily. Outcomes were AMI, ACS (AMI and unstable angina) and serious cardiac events. Receiver operator characteristic curves were derived for CK-MB, and soluble and membrane-bound P-selectin to determine the optimal cutoff values. Predictive properties were calculated with 95% confidence intervals.RESULTSA total of 263 patients were enrolled. They had a mean age of 56.5 ± 14 years; 52% were male. There were 22 patients with AMI; 87 patients with ACS and 54 patients with serious cardiac events. Creatine kinase, MB fraction had a higher specificity for detection of AMI, ACS and serious cardiac events than both soluble and membrane-bound P-selectin. At the time of ED presentation, the specificity of CK-MB, and soluble and membrane-bound P-selectin for AMI was 91% versus 76% versus 71%; for ACS, 95% versus 79% versus 71%, and for serious cardiac events, 91% versus 76% versus 72% (p < 0.05). The sensitivities for AMI were 50% versus 45% versus 32%; for ACS, 26% versus 35% versus 30%, and for serious cardiac events, 29% versus 35% versus 36%.CONCLUSIONSAlthough theoretically attractive, the use of soluble and membrane-bound P-selectin for risk stratification of chest pain patients at the time of ED presentation does not appear to have any advantages over the use of CK-MB.     

缺血修饰白蛋白对急性心肌缺血早期诊断价值的探讨

目的探讨缺血修饰白蛋白（IMA）测定对急性心肌缺血的早期诊断价值。方法采用白蛋白钴结合试验检测830例健康体检者（健康对照组）、492例急性冠状动脉综合征患者（ACS组）、74例单纯性高血压病患者（高血压组）、78例病毒性心肌炎患者（病毒性心肌炎组）、395例急性胸痛者（急性胸痛组,包括急诊ACS患者133例与随诊胸痛患者262例）和68例接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术患者（PCI组）血清或血浆IMA水平,并对其中急诊ACS患者进行IMA水平动态观察及血清肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）和心电图检测。结果根据ROC曲线,当临界值为0．45时综合评价最佳。ACS组和病毒性心肌炎组IMA水平分别为（0．55±0．11）吸光度单位（ABSU）和（0．38±0．11）ABSU,高于健康对照组[（0．34±0．08）ABSU,P〈0．05],且ACS组和病毒性心肌炎组之间IMA差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。急性胸痛组中急诊ACS患者IMA水平及阳性率分别为（0．54±0．12）ABSU和77．4％,高于随诊者的（0．44±0．12）ABSU和39．3％（P〈0．01）。在133例急诊ACS患者中,首诊1h内IMA阳性率为82．O％,高于同期cTnI阳性率40．6％（P〈0．01）,就诊后6—24hIMA与cTnI水平及阳性率较首诊1h内显著升高（P〈0．01）。在72例急性胸痛发作3h内入院且cTnI均为阴性的ACS患者中,首诊IMA阳性率为86．1％,心电图阳性率为72．2％,两者联合测定阳性率为93．1％。PCI术后即刻患者动脉血浆IMA水平较术前IMA明显升高（P〈0．05）。首诊ACS患者IMA水平高于临界值,于入院1天达峰值,且持续升高,后缓慢下降,入院14天IMA均值接近正常水平。结论IMA早期诊断急性心肌缺血具有临床应用价值。     

Rate and mode of death during five years of follow-up among patients with acute chest pain with and without a history of diabetes mellitus

In order to determine the effect of diabetes on the mortality rate and mode of death during 5 years of follow-up among patients who came to the emergency department with acute chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), all patients thus presenting to one single hospital during a period of 21 months were followed for 5 years. In total 5230 patients were included, of whom 402 (8 %) had a history of diabetes. Patients with diabetes differed from those without by being older, having a higher prevalence of previously diagnosed cardiovascular diseases, having less symptoms of chest pain and more symptoms of acute severe heart failure, and more electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities on admission. Diabetic patients had a 5-year mortality of 53.5 % as compared with 23.3 % among non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001; adjusted risk ratio 1.60; 95% confidence limits 1.35–1.90). Among diabetic patients the following appeared as independent predictors of death: age (p < 0.001), ST-segment elevation on admission (p < 0.001), a history of myocardial infarction (p < 0.05), and a non-pathological ECG on admission (p < 0.001). We conclude that among diabetic patients admitted to the emergency department with acute chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of AMI more than 50 % are dead 5 years later. Future research should focus on interventions in order to reduce their mortality. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.