2009-2010年北京市登记复治肺结核患者的耐药状况研究

目的 了解北京地区复治肺结核患者的耐药状况,为结核病防治对策的制定提供依据。 方法 收集2009-2010年北京市复治肺结核患者276例,对分离出的同时有一、二线药物敏感度试验结果的结核分枝杆菌菌株195株进行抗结核药品耐药情况检测并进行分析。耐药率之间的差异性比较采用χ²检验,显著性水平设定为α=0.05。 结果 195株结核分枝杆菌菌株对一线抗结核药品的耐药率为56.4%（110/195）,对二线抗结核药品的耐药率为63.6%（124/195）,耐多药率28.2%（55/195）,广泛耐药率3.1%（6/195）;在检测的9种抗结核药品中,耐药率顺位前5位依次为丙硫异烟胺57.9%（113/195）、异烟肼42.6%（83/195）、乙胺丁醇36.4%（71/195）、链霉素34.9%（68/195）和利福平33.8%（66/195）;耐药率在性别［男性78.8%(119/151),女性79.5%(35/44)］、年龄分布［“15～岁”82.9%（34/41）,“30～岁”83.8%（57/68）,“45～岁”79.2%（38/48）,“60～岁以上”65.8%（25/38）］、地区［北京市79.2%（103/130）、外地78.5%（51/65）］和登记分类［复发77.7%（122/157）,初治失败84.6%（11/13）,其他复治84.0%（21/25）］等方面比较,差异均无统计学意义（χ²值分别为0.011、5.328、0.015、0.824;P值均>0.05）。 结论 北京地区复治肺结核患者耐药状况比较严重,应加强对现有治疗管理方法的研究。     

宁波地区流动人口耐多药肺结核二线抗结核药物耐药状况及耐药基因突变特征分析

目的 了解宁波地区流动人口耐多药肺结核(multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MDR-TB)患者临床分离菌株二线抗结核药物耐药状况及耐药基因突变特征。方法 以2017—2019年浙江省宁波地区结核病耐药监测收集的133例MDR-TB患者作为研究对象(流动人口占42.11%,56/133;户籍人口占57.89%,77/133),采用1%比例法对患者临床分离菌株进行卡那霉素(kanamycin,KAN)、阿米卡星(amikacin,AMK)、卷曲霉素(capreomycin,CAP)、氧氟沙星(ofloxacin,OFX)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin, LVX)5种二线抗结核药物的耐药检测。同时采用PCR DNA直接测序法检测rrs、tlyA、eis、gidB、gyrA、gyrB 6个二线抗结核药物耐药相关基因的突变特征。结果 56株流动人口MDR-TB 患者临床分离菌株KAN 耐药率(7.14%,4/56),AMK耐药率(5.36%,3/56),CAP耐药率(1.79%,1/56),OFX耐药率(28.57%,16/56),LVX耐药率(33.93%,19/56)与77株户籍人口患者临床分离菌株KAN 耐药率(7.79%,6/77),AMK耐药率(6.49%,5/77),CAP耐药率(3.90%,3/77),OFX耐药率(31.37%,24/77),LVX耐药率(25.97%,20/77)比较差异无统计学意义(X²_KAN=0.020,P=0.888; X²_AMK =0.074,P=0.786; X²_CAP =0.036,P=0.850; X²_OFX =0.104,P=0.747; X²_XLV =0.990,P=0.320)。56株流动人口MDR-TB 患者临床分离菌株准广泛耐药率(Pre-XDR)(33.93%,19/56),广泛耐药率(XDR-TB)(3.57%,2/56)与77株户籍人口患者临床分离菌株准广泛耐药率(Pre-XDR)(24.68%,19/77),广泛耐药率(XDR-TB)(7.79%,6/77)比较差异无统计学意义(X²_Pre-XDR=1.360,P=0.243;X²_XDR-TB=0.411,P=0.521)。56株流动人口MDR-TB患者临床分离菌株rrs突变率(8.93%,5/56)、tlyA突变率(1.79%,1/56)、eis突变率(3.57%,2/56)、gidB突变率(5.36%,3/56)、gyrA突变率(39.29%,22/56)和gyrB突变率(3.57%,2/56)与77例户籍人口患者临床分离菌株rrs突变率(5.19%,4/77)、tlyA突变率(11.69%,9/77)、eis突变率(0.00%,0/77)、gidB突变率(2.60%,2/77)、gyrA突变率(31.17%,24/77)和gyrB突变率(2.60%,2/77)比较差异无统计学意义(X²_rrs=0.247、X²_tlyA=3.259、X²_eis=0.901、X²_gidB=0.133、X²_gyrA=0.944、X²_gyrB=0.000,均P>0.05)。6个基因的突变类型中,rrs 2种、tlyA 1种、eis 2种、gidB 2种,gyrA 5种、gyrB 4种,均以点突变为主。结论 尽管本地区流动人口MDR-TB患者临床分离菌株二线抗结核药物耐药形势较为严峻,但流动人口可能不是MDR-TB二线抗结核药物耐药防控的重点人群。     

初治活动性肺结核患者耐药性分析

目的了解初治活动性肺结核患者耐药状况,为初治活动性肺结核的临床诊治提供依据。方法收集2013年8月至2014年2月广东省佛山市禅城区结核病控制项目登记的初治活动性肺结核患者203例,对分离出结核分枝杆菌菌株84例进行一线抗结核药物(Sm、INH、RFP、EMB)耐药情况检测并进行分析。耐药率之间的差异性比较采用SPSS16.0统计软件的χ2检验,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 84株结核分枝杆菌的总耐药率为16.67%(14/84),初治涂阳肺结核患者耐药率为20%(11/55),初治涂阴肺结核患者耐药率为10.34%(3/29);总耐多药率为5.95%(5/84),初治涂阳肺结核患者耐多药率为7.27%(4/55),初治涂阴肺结核患者耐多药率为3.45%(1/29)。初治涂阳肺结核患者抗结核药物耐药率顺位为SmINHRFPEMB[Sm 16.36%(9/55)、INH 14.55%(8/55)、RFP 7.27%(4/55)、EMB 3.64%(2/55)],初治涂阴肺结核患者顺位为INHSmRFP=EMB[Sm 6.90%(2/29)、INH 10.34%(3/29)、RFP 3.45%(1/29)、EMB3.45%(1/29)]。男性耐药率为22.64%(12/53)、女性耐药率为(6.45%(2/31)。初治涂阳与涂阴肺结核患者总耐药率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.674,P0.05);初治活动性肺结核患者不同性别耐药率差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.691,P0.05)。结论初治活动性肺结核患者耐药状况不容乐观,应加强对现有临床诊治方法的研究。     

湖南省肺结核四种一线抗结核药物耐药特征及影响因素研究

目的 分析湖南省肺结核四种一线抗结核药物耐药特征及其影响因素,为防治耐药结核病提供科学依据。方法 收集2012-2016年湖南省胸科医院住院诊疗的所有肺结核患者病历信息,以菌型鉴定证实为结核分枝杆菌且进行了一线4种抗结核药物(异烟肼、利福平、链霉素、乙胺丁醇)敏感度测试者为研究对象,运用单因素和多因素分析方法研究肺结核的耐药特征及其影响因素。结果 2012-2016年共有11 486例患者纳入研究,其中,男性8 081例(70.4%),女性3 405(29.6%);平均年龄(44.6±14.5)岁;户籍以农村患者为主,共7 816例(68.0%),城市3 670例(32.0%);职业以农民为主,7 183例(62.5%)。肺结核总耐药率为30.6%,其中单耐药率为7.0%、耐多药率(MDR-TB)16.4%和多耐药率为7.2%;对利福平、异烟肼、链霉素和乙胺丁醇的总耐药率分别为22.3%、20.8%、8.5%和15.8%;对利福平、异烟肼、链霉素和乙胺丁醇单耐药率分别为1.9%、1.9%、1.4%和1.8%。湘西、湘北、湘中等地区的耐药率及耐多药率高于其他地区(χ²=36.295,P=0.000 1;χ²=50.970,P=0.000 1)。2012-2016年各年份耐药率分别为35.2%、32.0%、34.4%、27.7%、24.7%,总体呈下降趋势(χ²=91.792,P=0.000 1),耐多药率分别为18.9%、17.1%、18,5%、13.8%、14.3,总体呈下降趋势(χ²=60.933,P=0.000 1)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,影响结核病耐药及耐多药产生的因素包括男性、21~60岁、农村、复治、职业为农民、湘西、湘北、湘中等。最主要的因素是治疗分类,复治患者发生耐药和耐多药的危险性是初治的4.231倍(95%CI: 3.855-4.643)和5.608倍(95%CI: 5.040-6.240)。结论 加强对农村地区、男性、职业为农民、年龄在21~60岁之间、复治的患者的治疗与管理,是预防和控制耐药及耐多药结核病产生的关键。     

1996-2001年住院复治肺结核患者结核分枝杆菌耐药性的调查

目的 探讨住院复治肺结核患者的耐药情况.方法 对1996-2001年培养阳性的1385例住院肺结核患者中440例复治肺结核患者的耐药情况按年龄分组进行回顾性分析.结果 总耐药率以青年组最高.耐2药及以上者比例较耐1药比例高,青年组耐R率明显高于老年组;耐2药中,以耐HR占首位.总的耐多药率为49.5%,青年组高达73.9%.结论 复治肺结核患者的高耐药率应引起足够重视,需采取更多措施降低耐药率.     

常用抗结核二线药物耐药机制研究进展

结核病(tuberculosis,TB)仍是全球最严重的传染病之一.随着结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)对一线抗结核药物耐药性增强,二线抗结核药物如氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和硫代酰胺类等在临床应用中越来越受到重视.近年来MTB对二线药物耐药性不断增加,使得其耐药机制成为诸多学者的研究热点.常见的耐药机制有MTB基因突变导致耐药、细胞壁结构及通透性改变和药物外排泵等,但仍有部分机制不甚清楚.本文就MTB对常用抗结核二线药物的耐药机制进行综述,为改善结核病的治疗提供理论参考.     

深圳市结核病一线抗结核药的耐药监测结果分析

目的了解深圳市结核分枝杆菌耐药情况,为深圳市结核病控制提供科学依据。方法依据(WHO/IUALD)结核病耐药指南,将深圳市1999-2008年间所有新涂阳和新登记的复治涂阳的肺结核作为监测对象,对6702例成功分离的结核分枝杆菌菌株,用比例法进行药物敏感实验。结果总耐药率37.8%,初始耐药率22.1%,获得性耐药率37.8%;耐多药率4.7%,初始和获得性耐多药率分别为3.8%和16.3%;初治和复治患者的耐单药率和单药耐药频率均以S和H为主,复治组R的耐单药率显著高于初治组;初治患者含耐R的病例共333例,其中耐HR211例,占60%;复治患者含R耐药的患者共99例,其中耐HR78例,占79%。结论深圳市耐药结核病的发生率较高,耐药现状应该引起高度重视。 更多还原…     

2009年上海市耐药肺结核患者二线抗结核药物耐药状况调查

目的 了解上海地区耐药结核病患者二线抗结核药物的耐药现状,为制定耐药结核病控制策略提供依据.方法 对上海市各区(县)结核病定点医院2009年1-12月诊治的肺结核患者4380例的痰培养阳性菌株,进行常规菌种鉴定和一线抗结核药物敏感性检测,对其中耐药肺结核患者431例进行二线抗结核药物敏感性检测.结果 431例耐药肺结核患者中120例(27.8%)对6种二线抗结核药物中任何一种具有耐药性,其中耐药率最高为氧氟沙星(68/431,15.8%),注射类药物中耐药率最高为卡那霉素(37/431,8.6%),其次为卷曲霉素(28/431,6.5%)和阿米卡星(23/431,5.3%),对氨基水杨酸钠的耐药率为8.1%(35/431),丙硫异烟胺的耐药率最低(8/431,1.9%).二线抗结核药物的耐药类型以单药耐药为主,耐利福平、耐异烟肼、其他耐药和耐多药组单药耐药例数分别为2/2、20/36、22/24和43/58例.结论 上海地区耐药肺结核患者对二线抗结核药物的耐药率较高,提示在常规检测一线抗结核药物敏感性的基础上,应开展二线抗结核药物敏感性检测,以早期发现耐药肺结核患者并给予合理治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the pattern of resistance to second-line drugs(SLDs) in patients with tuberculosis(TB) in Shanghai, China. Methods All sputum culture positive patients detected at each district/county TB hospital/clinic in Shanghai during January to December 2009 were enrolled. First-line drug susceptibility testing was routinely performed for each clinical isolate. All clinical isolates with any resistance to first-line anti-TB drug were tested for second-line drug susceptibility. Results Of the 431 TB patients with any resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs included in this study, 27.8%(120/431) were resistant to any SLDs tested. The rank of drug resistance was as follows: ofloxacin(68/431, 15.8%) > kanamycin(37/431, 8.6%) > para-aminosalicylic acid(35/431, 8.1%) > capreomycin(28/431, 6.5%) > amikacin(23/431, 5.3%) > prothionamide(8/431, 1.9%). Mono-resistance to SLD was the most predominant pattern. Among patients with resistance to SLD, the percentages of mono-resistance were 2/2, 20/36, 22/24 and 43/58 for rifampin-resistant group, isoniazid-resistant group, other-resistant group, and MDR group, respectively. Conclusion The high prevalence of resistance to SLDs in TB patients suggests the necessity to strengthen the TB control program for drug-resistant TB in Shanghai.     

波兰肺结核患者耐药结核分枝杆菌分子流行病学研究

目的：描述波兰耐药结核分枝杆菌分离株的特征，估计人群中近期传播的数量。 设计：应用间隔区寡核苷酸分型及IS6110DNA指纹图谱法对2000年波兰251名耐药肺结核患者分离株进行分析。对部分菌株进行rpoB、katG和，或inhA基因调节区测序分析。 结果：应用间隔区寡核苷酸分型BS6110-RFLP相结合的成簇定义，29％的菌株成簇，提示存在近期传播。成簇菌株中某些病例的传播联系得到了流行病学资料证实，多数分离株的突变与利福平和异烟肼耐药相关。年龄、性别、移民身份、用药史和戍簇没有关系，耐多药病例更容易成簇。在波兰，也发现了北京基因型分离株，但频率较邻国偏低。 结论：证实了耐药结核菌的传播及其对波兰发生耐药结核病的作用。     

惠州市肺结核患者耐药谱分析

目的分析惠州市肺结核患者耐药谱,了解其耐药程度及耐药趋势。方法选择本所结核科2009年1月—2014年5月收治的肺结核患者1 810例,其中初治者1 020例(初治组),复治者790例(复治组)。对所有患者的菌株进行11种体外药敏试验,包括:异烟肼(INH,H)、链霉素(SM,S)、利福平(RFP,R)、乙胺丁醇(EMB,E)、卡那霉素(KM)、丁胺卡那(AM)、卷曲霉素(CM)、左氧氟沙星(LOF)、氧氟沙星(OFX)、对氨基水杨酸(PAS)、丙硫异烟胺(TH1321),并分析患者耐药谱。结果 1 810例肺结核患者分离菌株对一线抗结核药物耐药率为50.8%(920/1 020),对二线抗结核药物耐药率为20.3%(367/1 020)。初治组患者耐多药率〔7.2%(73/1 020)〕和7种二线抗结核药物耐药率〔20.2%(206/1 020)〕均低于复治组〔31.1%(246/790)、20.4%(161/790)〕(P0.05)。耐多药肺结核患者的耐药菌株对S、E的初始耐药率和获得耐药率较高,复敏率较低;对AM、CM、PAS、TH1321的初始耐药率和获得耐药率较低、复敏率较高;KM、LOF、OFX有较高的复治耐药率。结论惠州市肺结核患者对一线抗结核药物耐药率较高,需进一步加强对耐药肺结核的防控。复治肺结核患者耐药率仍处于较高水平,对耐药肺结核的临床治疗和管理应给以足够的重视。建议耐多药治疗方案中推广使用AM、CM、PAS、TH1321。实时监测耐多药肺结核患者的耐药谱,获取更新更全面的药敏资料,有助于合理制定个体化治疗方案,减少广泛耐药肺结核的产生。     

Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among new and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Cotonou, Benin.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the current anti-tuberculosis drug resistance situation in Cotonou, at the largest anti-tuberculosis centre of Benin. METHODS: A total of 470 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients were analysed: 244 from new cases and 226 from previously treated cases. Drug susceptibility testing of isolates against first-line drugs was performed using the proportion method. RESULTS: Primary multidrug resistance (MDR) depends on the patients' origin: MDR in new cases is relatively high (1.6%) when all patients are considered, but low (0.5%) and comparable to 1994 national survey results when only patients residing in Benin are considered. MDR in previously treated patients (11.1%) remains comparable to the study performed in Benin in 1994. No relation was found between human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and anti-tuberculosis drug resistance. CONCLUSION: This study shows the great importance of correct patient identification in epidemiological surveys, where results may vary according to the population(s) studied.     

印度既往接受过抗结核治疗患者的一线和二线抗结核药耐药谱

本文对2001-2004年间,全印度2816例复治失败结核病患者的痰培养和药物敏感试验结果,在Chennai的结核病研究中心进行了回顾性分析。其中1498例(53%)被确诊为患有耐多药结核病(MDR-TB),671例(44.8%)至少耐一种二线抗结核药,分别为:490例(32.7%)耐乙硫异烟胺,245例(16.4%)耐氧氟沙星,169例(11.3%)耐卡那霉素;69例(4.6%)为广泛耐药结核病(XDR-TB)。尽管本结果是从高度选择的、不具代表性的患者人群中获得,但耐多药结核病患者中的二线抗结核药耐药率(包括XDR率)如此之高仍值得关注。因此,以高质量的DOTS服务来预防M/XDR-TB的产生,仍是目前的首要任务。此外,也需要尽快扩展在修改后的国家结核病控制规划(RNTCP)下的高质量的规划管理,以及更加规范规划之外对二线抗结核药的使用。     

Non tuberculosis mycobacteria isolates among new and previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Nigeria

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of non tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) among new and previously treated tuberculosis (TB) patients in Nigeria.MethodsIt was a retrospective study. A total of 102 sputum smear positive samples/culture isolates from pulmonary TB patients (41 new smear positive and 61 smear positive retreatment cases) were sent to the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp Belgium between 2007-2009. Data on patients' characteristics were retrieved from their treatment cards.ResultsAmong the 102 samples, 25 isolates results (20 were culture negative while 5 were contaminated) were excluded from the study. Data were available for 77 mycobacterium isolates. 70 (90.9%) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 7 (9.1%) as atypical mycobacteria. Among the atypical mycobacteria, three of them were Mycobacterium fortuitum, two Mycobacterium intracellulare and two Mycobacterium chelonae. Of the seven isolates with atypical mycobacteria, 4 (57.1%) were from previously treated patients, while 3 (42.9%) were new sputum positive patients. There was no statistically significant difference in NTM infection between new and previously treated pulmonary TB patients (P =0.97).ConclusionsThe study shows the involvement of atypical mycobacterium in pulmonary infection in both new and previously treated TB patients. Therefore, there is a need to carry out culture and drug susceptibility testing in all pulmonary TB patients especially those who had failed conventional DOTS treatment to rule out NTM infections.     

广西壮族自治区涂阳肺结核患者的耐药性分析

目的 通过对广西壮族自治区（简称“广西”）涂阳肺结核患者耐药性的监测,了解该地区肺结核患者耐药谱构成,阐明其对不同药物的耐药分布和规律。 方法 对广西30家结核病防治机构门诊收集的1765例涂阳肺结核患者的痰标本进行痰培养,对鉴定为结核分枝杆菌复合群的1545株菌株进行药敏试验,根据药敏结果分析患者耐药谱组成特点及其意义。 结果 初治涂阳患者组对一线药物任一耐药率高低顺位依次为异烟肼7.93%（94/1186）、链霉素6.24%（74/1186）、利福平3.20%（38/1186）和乙胺丁醇1.85%（22/1186）;复治患者组对一线药物任一耐药率依次为异烟肼25.91%（93/359）、利福平25.07%（90/359）、乙胺丁醇13.65%（49/359）和链霉素11.98%（43/359）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=43.174,P＜0.01）。共发现25种耐药谱组合,耐多药患者耐一线药组合中,初治组以HRS（8例）、HRE（5例）和HR（5例）组合为主;复治组以HRE（17例）和HR（15例）组合为主。除耐一线药物外,初、复治患者都有耐二线药物的患者,其中初治患者耐卡那霉素1例、耐氧氟沙星12例;复治患者耐卡那霉素6例、耐氧氟沙星31例。 结论 广西初治、复治患者任一耐一线药率高低排序不同;广西结核病患者耐药谱组合形式多样,初治患者以HRS、HRE和HR组合为主,复治患者以HRE和HR组合为主。     

Study of drug resistance in previously treated tuberculosis patients in Gujarat, India.

SETTING: Department of Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases and State Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Training Centre (STDTC), a DOTS centre in Ahmedabad, Gujarat State, India. The study was carried out by retrospectively reviewing patient data between January 2000 and August 2001. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pattern of drug resistance among previously treated tuberculosis patients who remained symptomatic or smear-positive despite receiving anti-tuberculosis drugs under DOTS for a minimum of 5 months. DESIGN: A total of 1472 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who had taken anti-tuberculosis treatment were evaluated retrospectively with respect to their drug resistance pattern by sputum culture for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and sensitivity testing with isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol (E). RESULT: Of the 1472 patients evaluated, 804 (54.6%) were treatment failure cases and 668 (45.4%) were relapse cases; 822 patients (373 failure and 449 relapse) were culture-positive. Of these 822 patients, 482 (58.64%, 261 failure and 221 relapse) were resistant to one or more drugs. Resistance to one drug was observed in 86 patients (10.46%), to two drugs in 149 (18.13%), to three drugs in 122 (14.84%) and to four drugs in 125 (15.21%). Single drug resistance was most commonly seen with isoniazid (62 patients, 7.5%), followed by streptomycin (12 patients, 1.4%), rifampicin (eight patients, 0.97%) and ethambutol (four patients, 0.4%). Resistance to isoniazid plus rifampicin alone was seen in 76 patients (9.2%). CONCLUSION: Drug resistance is a major problem in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Detection of drug resistance patterns and treatment with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in appropriate regimens are necessary in the treatment of failure and relapse cases in order to reduce the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.     

Pattern of drug resistance among patients of pulmonary tuberculosis

BackgroundDrug resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), particularly multidrug resistance (MDR-TB) and extensive drug resistance (XDR-TB) pose a serious threat to public health. This study aimed to identify drug resistance in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and to see their association with diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), previous history of tuberculosis (TB) and family history of TB.MethodSputum specimens obtained from 11,874 pulmonary tuberculosis patients were subjected to smear microscopy, cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) and liquid culture (LC). Smear positive isolates were subjected to first line Line probe assay (FL-LPA) for isoniazid and rifampicin resistance. FL- LPA positive isolates were subjected to second line Line probe assay (SL-LPA) for fluoroquinolones and second line injectable drug resistance.ResultOut of 11,874 microbiologically confirmed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 976 (8.2%) had a drug resistant tuberculosis. Five patterns of drug resistance were identified monoisoniazid; 394 (3.32%), rifampicin; 461 (3.88%) (monorifampicin; 383 (3.22%)), multidrug; 73 (0.61), extensivedrug; 11 (0.09) and others; 37 (0.31). Previous history of tuberculosis was significantly associated with rifampicin resistance and MDR-TB. Family history of tuberculosis contact was strongly associated with rifampicin resistance, MDR-TB and XDR-TB.ConclusionThere has been an increasing trend in drug resistance in the recent years, particularly in retreatment cases. This study highlights the pattern of drug resistance and need to detect resistance among all tuberculosis cases, in order to interrupt transmission and control this emerging epidemic.     

Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in patients with HIV and tuberculosis in South India.

SETTING: Tuberculosis Research Centre clinics at Chennai and Madurai, Tamil Nadu, South India. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and pattern of drug resistance among patients with HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of HIV-positive patients with PTB between January 2001 and May 2003. Sputum mycobacterial culture and drug susceptibility testing were performed. RESULTS: A total of 204 patients with positive sputum cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were included; 167 of them were new cases, and 37 had a history of previous anti-tuberculosis treatment for > 1 month. Among the former, resistance to isoniazid (INH) was observed in 22 (13%) and MDR-TB in 7 (4.2%). Reported resistance rates in this geographic area among new cases ranged from 15% to 28% for INH and 2.8% to 3.4% for MDR (INH + rifampicin [RMP]). In contrast, among HIV-positive patients with a history of previous treatment, resistance was found to INH in 10 (27%) and to RMP in 7 (18.9%), while MDR-TB was seen in 5 (13.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: Among new TB patients, MDR-TB is marginally higher in HIV-positive patients than in the non-HIV-infected population in this region. Standard treatment guidelines should be followed. Higher rates of drug resistance are observed among previously treated patients.     

Outcome of tuberculosis retreatment in routine conditions in Cotonou, Benin.

SETTING: National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP), Cotonou, Benin. OBJECTIVE: To study the patient characteristics and outcome of tuberculosis retreatment cases in a well-functioning NTP. METHODS: A retrospective, register-based study of all smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases put on retreatment (2SERHZ/1ERHZ/5R3H3E3) between 1992 and 2001 in Cotonou. For comparison, information on new smear-positive cases in Cotonou in 1999 was entered and analysed. RESULTS: Of 8103 tuberculosis patients registered, 642 were put on retreatment. The analysis is mainly based on the 236 patients whose initial treatment regimen records were available (113 relapses, 84 failures, 39 returns after default). Most of the relapse (57%) and return after default (72%) cases were put on retreatment within 12 months after stopping their initial treatment. Overall, the retreatment results were satisfactory (78% success) and comparable with those of new cases (82%); the failure rates were low (3%), as were those for initial treatment (1%). There were more defaulters from retreatment among those who had already defaulted from initial treatment (21%). Treatment success rates were better among women than men. CONCLUSION: The standardised retreatment regimen is effective in Cotonou, probably because the NTP is functioning well, there are no drug shortages, drug taking is strictly supervised, and a good treatment plan is followed.     

Drug resistance trends among previously treated tuberculosis patients in a national registry in Peru, 1994-2001.

SETTING: National mycobacteriology reference laboratory in Peru conducting routine testing of susceptibility to isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from previously treated patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the percentage of isolates resistant to each of five anti-tuberculosis agents and to ascertain in these data the presence of trends of clinical relevance. DESIGN: Retrospective study of a national registry of M. tuberculosis isolates from patients referred for drug susceptibility testing between 1994 and 2001. RESULTS: Among 14,736 isolates tested, 10,837 (73.5%, 95%CI 72.8-74.3) demonstrated anti-tuberculosis resistance, and 8455 (57.4%, 95%CI 56.6-58.2) demonstrated resistance to at least both isoniazid and rifampin, by convention defined as multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). A significant increasing trend could be discerned for resistance to each of the drugs tested and in isolates classified as MDR-TB (P < 0.001 for trend). Additional clinically relevant trends were found in polyresistance and multidrug resistance percentages. CONCLUSIONS: Data from a national reference laboratory can be used to inform the design of retreatment regimens.