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1.
Prof. Ulrich Wahn 《Pediatric allergy and immunology》1998,9(3):116-124
There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis. 相似文献
2.
金宇 《中国实用儿科杂志》2012,27(6):412-415
孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%~5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相 相似文献
3.
EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vipul N. Mankad 《Fetal and pediatric pathology》2001,20(1):1-13
During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes. 相似文献
4.
Takechi T Maeda A Hisakawa H Wakiguchi H Takeuchi T Sonobe H Ohtsuki Y 《Pediatric hematology and oncology》2002,19(7):459-465
A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I. 相似文献
5.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Shao-Ming Wu Ellen Werber Leschek Owen M. Rennert Wai-Yee Chan 《Fetal and pediatric pathology》2000,19(1):21-40
Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (= 18 months) and those aged 16-20 years. The majority was unvaccinated (58/87). A proportion (11/87) demonstrated vaccine failure, most likely primary failures. CONCLUSION: This changing measles epidemiology suggests lowering of herd immunity. 'Catch up' vaccinations in July- October 1997 given to school children aged 12-18 years (200 000 individuals or 82% of cohort), may have helped contain the outbreak. These results substantiated the need for a two-dose policy and 'catch-up' immunization program. 相似文献
8.
E Olafsdottir B Ellertsen A Berstad G Fluge 《Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)》2001,90(6):632-637
The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children. 相似文献
9.
Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration. 相似文献
10.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the present level of metabolic control in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) attending Brisbane paediatric diabetes clinics with published overseas data. METHODOLOGY: Blood HbA1c concentrations, population characteristics, current treatment practices and short-term complications were recorded in all patients, aged 19 years and under, attending the diabetes clinics of the two Brisbane Children's Hospitals or the private practice of one of the authors (MJT) in the first quarter of 1998. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were assessed (M/F 142/126). Ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 11. 2 years); duration of IDDM was 0-16 years (mean 4.4 years); and 141 (53%) were pubertal. Of those aged less than 13 years, only 4% had more than two injections daily. Insulin doses (U/kg/day) rose with increasing age. Larger doses were required in regimens involving more than two injections per day than those involving one to two injections per day. Ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycaemia in the last 3 months were reported in eight (2.7%) and 17 (6.3%) of patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c (+/- SD) was 8.6 +/- 1.4% (range 5.2-14.0%), with 33% of children having a HbA1c concentration < 8%. HbA1c concentrations were significantly related (P < 0.05) to insulin dose and to duration of diabetes, but not to severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, age, frequency of injections, or number of clinic visits per year. Mean HbA1c concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those children in puberty (8.7 +/- 1.5%) than in those not in puberty (8.5 +/- 1.2%). CONCLUSION: Only 33% of patients had a HbA1C concentration less than 8% and 6.3% had a severe hypoglycaemic episode in the 3 months. These results are similar to published overseas data. 相似文献
11.
Donna Traves 《Paediatrics & Child Health》2019,29(9):384-388
The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations. 相似文献
12.
Linda W. Gonzales Sree Angampalli Susan H. Guttentag Mike F. Beers Sheldon I. Feinstein Anjaneyulu Matlapudi Philip L. Ballard 《Fetal and pediatric pathology》2001,20(5):387-412
We report a simplified culture system for human fetal lung type II cells that maintains surfactant expression. Type II cells isolated from explant cultures of hormone-treated lungs (18-22 wk gestation) by collagenase + trypsin digestion were cultured on plastic for 4 days in serum-free medium containing dexamethasone (Dex, 10 nM) + 8-bromo-cAMP (0.1 mM) + isobutylmethylxanthine (0.1 mM) or were untreated (control). Surfactant protein (SP) mRNAs decreased markedly in control cells between days 1 and 4 of culture, but mRNA levels were high in treated cells on day 4 (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D; 600%, 100%, 85%, 130% of day 0 content, respectively) . Dex or cAMP alone increased SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D mRNAs and together had additive effects. The greatest increase in SP-A mRNA occurred with cAMP alone. Treated cells processed pro-SP-B and pro-SP-C proteins to mature forms and had a higher rate of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis (2-fold) and higher saturation of PC (~34% versus 27%) than controls. Only treated cells maintained secretagogue-responsive phospholipid synthesis. By electron microscopy, the treated cells retained lamellar bodies and extensive microvilli. We conclude that Dex and cAMP additively stimulate expression of surfactant components in isolated fetal type II cells, providing a simplified culture system for investigation of surfactant-related, and perhaps other, type II cell functions. 相似文献
13.
Hugo W. Moser 《Fetal and pediatric pathology》1998,18(6):455-470
Twenty five human peroxisomal disorders have been defined at this time. They are subdivided into two major categories: 1) the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis, in which the organelle fails to form normally, and there are defects that involve multiple peroxisomal functions; and 2) disorders that affect single peroxisomal enzymes. During the last five years the molecular defects have been identified in nearly all. These recent advances have several important implications. They have facilitated diagnosis of affected patients. The improved capacity to provide prenatal diagnosis and heterozygote identification has been of great value for genetic counseling and disease prevention. Study of genotype-phenotype correlations has led to a new and more rational classification system. The identification of the molecular defects and the development of animal models have increased understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms, and have led to novel therapeutic approaches. 相似文献
14.
Repeated adverse fetal outcome in pregnancy complicated by uncontrolled maternal phenylketonuria 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kesby G 《Journal of paediatrics and child health》1999,35(5):499-502
Phenylketonuria in pregnancy carries with it an increased risk of spontaneous abortion and development of a fetus that is affected by the maternal phenylketonuria syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by low birthweight, congenital heart disease, microcephaly, childhood growth failure, and cognitive impairment. It is the result of the hyperphenylalaninemia that accompanies the phenylketonuric state, and may therefore be avoided by maintaining maternal serum phenylalanine levels within the normal range. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and may be controlled by dietary manipulation. Presented here is a case history of a woman with phenylketonuria who was unable to satisfactorily control her serum phenylalanine levels in each of her three pregnancies. All three children were adversely affected by the fetopathy of the maternal phenylketonuria syndrome, each with evidence of growth failure and impaired neurodevelopment. This patient illustrates the difficulties that may be encountered when providing obstetric care to the woman with phenylketonuria who is not able or not willing to restrict her dietary intake of phenylalanine. The discussion includes consideration of management strategies, including dietary therapy and legal intervention. 相似文献
15.
H. -R. Wiedemann 《European journal of pediatrics》1969,106(3):171-185
Summary The practical significance of the recently discovered syndrome of exomphalos, macroglossia, macrosomia and facultatively a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism is exemplified with some typical cases. Several clinical courses seem possible: Sudden death in the newborn period; survival with cerebral damage after multiple convulsions probably resulting from severe hypoglycemia in the first days or weeks of life; clinical picture simulating myxedema; survival without cerebral damage but with gigantism, genital hypertrophy and latent diabetes with hyperlipidemia.The EMG-syndrome is presented as a two-phases-syndrome. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis are discussed. The latter should include diabetic embryopathy and hypothyreoidism of the newborn and infant. The postnatal development with its possibly increased risk of local tumour formation in an exceptional case, the formal and causal pathogenesis are discussed.
Das EMG-Syndrom: Exomphalos, Makroglossie, Gigantismus und Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel-Störung
Zusammenfassung Erörterung des-inzwischen weithin bestätigten-Exomphalos-Makroglossie-Gigantismus-Syndroms mit (fakultativer) Kohlenhydratstoffwechselstörung. Die praktische Bedeutung der Affektion wird durch Beispiele typischer Verläufe belegt: Alsbaldiger Tod; Überleben nach gehäuften und schweren, wohl durch Hypoglykämie ausgelösten Krampfanfällen mit schwerem Cerebralschaden; Verkennung als Hypothyreose; Gigantismus mit Genitalhypertrophie und Prädiabetes im Schulalter.Das Krankheitsbild wird als Zweiphasen-Syndrom dargestellt. Diagnose und Differentialdiagnose (z. B. Abgrenzung gegen die Fetopathia diabetica und das Myxödem im Neugeborenen- und Säuglings-alter) werden besprochen. Die postnatale Entwicklung der betroffenen Kinder (mit vielleicht gesteigerter Disposition zur Malignombildung in Einzelfällen) wird dargelegt. Zu den Fragen der formalen und kausalen Pathogenese wird abschließend Stellung genommen.相似文献
16.
A large proportion of medicines used in children are actually prescribed off-label, which can place children at a direct risk of under- or overdosing and a delayed risk of long-term adverse effects, and children have often been denied access to new or innovative medications. Many generations of paediatricians and other physicians have learned to live with the situation. But because such situation is nowadays considered as unethical, the need to obtain paediatric information for medicines used in children seems a matter of consensus on a global basis. If the therapeutic effects of amphetamines in hyperactive children were first described in 1937, thus, preceding the major discoveries of adult psychopharmacology, since this little innovation has occurred in paediatric psychopharmacology. However, it is widely recognized that mental disorders in children and adolescents lead to a major burden for them and for their families. Over the past decade, under the impulsion of the US paediatric legislation, the number of high quality paediatric psychopharmacological studies has dramatically increased. Like what happened in the US, it was clear in European Union, that there was a need for a legal obligation for Pharmaceutical Companies to perform studies in paediatric populations, and a new Paediatric European Regulation came into force in 2007, opening a new era in the history of European regulation with the ambition of improving the health of children and adolescents. Therefore drug development is changing; the concern of protecting children against clinical research fading away, a new paradigm is now emerging, i.e. protecting children through clinical research. In Europe, paediatric development is no longer an option but needs to be truly integrated in clinical development plans with paediatric evaluations being a regular part of every drug development process. It seems reasonable to anticipate that more research may occur as well in paediatric psychopharmacology and more studies will be enrolling paediatric patients all over the world in the forthcoming years. But paediatric clinical development is difficult and the hurdles of conducting clinical trials in paediatric population are numerous. This article presents briefly the new European Paediatric Regulation, illustrates its purpose through the example of antidepressants in children and adolescents, and discusses new research challenges in paediatric psychopharmacology. Ultimately, it is through well-conducted research that children will gain access to new medications and receive safe and optimal drug therapy. 相似文献
17.
This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions. 相似文献
18.
Since the genetic basis of sickle cell anemia was discovered over 50 years ago, many therapies have been developed for the treatment of this disorder. Hematopoietic cell transplantation offers curative potential, but it is associated with a 5-10% risk of dying. Patients who undergo allografting but develop stable donor-host hematopoietic chimerism appear to experience a significant clinical benefit. Our paper discusses the risks and benefits of hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with sickle cell disease and summarizes the outcome of 147 patients who received allografts for sickle cell disease. We also review the development of new approaches to establish stable mixed chimerism after transplantation for sickle cell disease. 相似文献
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Abstract There have been changing attitudes to death and grief in Western society in recent centuries. During the twentieth century complex medical and social changes have resulted in changing attitudes to and experiences with death. Specifically, the impact of death in childhood is reviewed. In recent decades sudden and unexpected death associated with stillbirth, the newborn and infants appears to have a more profound affect on the bereaved parents than in the past when the overall death rates in childhood were higher. The evolution of parent support groups developed since the 1960s to alleviate the psychological trauma of unexpected and sudden death in childhood has been traced. These groups were founded initially for support with sudden infant death syndrome and later extended to include families with stillbirth and neonatal death. 相似文献