三维容积成像在甲状腺实性结节诊断中的应用

目的 探讨三维容积成像在甲状腺实性结节良恶性鉴别中的应用价值。方法 对119例甲状腺实性结节手术患者共144个结节行二维及三维超声检查,利用三维容积及断层技术行三维重建,分析良恶性结节的冠状面成像特征,评价其诊断价值。结果 144个结节中,良性结节75例,恶性结节69例。冠状面成像特征中,良恶性结节的形态、边界、边缘有无成角或毛刺、内部回声及有无微钙化差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。建立Logistic回归模型,最终进入模型的甲状腺恶性结节冠状面成像特征包括形态不规则、边缘成角或毛刺、低回声。三维超声诊断甲状腺恶性实性结节的敏感度为92.75%(64/69),特异度为85.33%(64/75),准确率为88.89%(128/144),均高于二维超声[89.86%(62/69),80.00%(60/75),84.72%(122/144)],但两者的诊断效能差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 在三维冠状面成像中,甲状腺良恶性结节的特征差异显著。三维容积成像在甲状腺实性结节的良恶性鉴别诊断中具有重要的价值。     

超声造影与增强CT鉴别诊断良恶性甲状腺结节

目的 对比超声造影（CEUS）与增强CT鉴别诊断良恶性甲状腺结节的价值。方法 纳入179例甲状腺结节患者、共229个结节,根据结节性质分为良性组（n=83）和恶性组（n=146）;观察结节CEUS和增强CT特征,以病理结果为金标准,对比2种影像学方法鉴别诊断良恶性甲状腺结节的效能。结果 良、恶性组甲状腺结节CEUS增强强度、增强模式及有无环绕增强差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;增强CT强化特点、边缘情况、甲状腺边缘有无中断及钙化性质差异亦均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。CEUS诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为89.73%、78.31%及85.59%;增强CT诊断分别为78.08%、71.08%及75.55%。结论 CEUS和增强CT鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节均有一定价值;CEUS的诊断效能总体优于增强CT。     

CEUS灌注模式鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨CEUS灌注模式鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 回顾性分析111例甲状腺结节患者（111个结节）的颈部CEUS图像及临床资料,通过评价造影灌注模式判断结节的良恶性。以病理结果为最终诊断标准,评价CEUS对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断效能。结果 病理诊断甲状腺良性结节14例,恶性结节97例。CEUS诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感度为92.78%（90/97）,特异度64.29%（9/14）,准确率89.19%（99/111）,阳性预测值94.74%（90/95）,阴性预测值56.25%（9/16）。结论 CEUS灌注模式对鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节具有一定价值。     

超微血管成像评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效

目的 探讨超微血管成像（SMI）评价甲状腺结节激光消融疗效的价值。方法 选取46例甲状腺结节患者（共56个结节）,进行激光消融治疗。分别采用二维超声、CEUS及SMI检查测量消融灶体积,采用CEUS及SMI判断有无未完全消融结节和二维超声低回声区边缘是否存在残余微血管,并进行统计学分析。结果 CEUS检出未完全消融结节11个（11/56,19.64%）,SMI检出未完全消融结节9个（9/56,16.07%）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.50）。二维超声、CEUS及SMI测量消融灶体积分别为（2.10±2.13）cm³、（1.75±1.67）cm³和（1.79±1.80）cm³,二维超声测量消融灶的体积大于CEUS及SMI（P均<0.05）,CEUS测量消融灶的体积与SMI差异无统计学意义（P=0.554）。SMI与CEUS对消融后二维超声低回声区边缘存在残余微血管的检出率差异无统计学意义（P=0.125）。20个单点消融患者中,CEUS及SMI测量消融灶长度、宽度与消融能量均呈线性正相关（r=0.82、0.78,0.80、0.80,P均<0.05）。结论 SMI对未完全消融结节的检出率及对消融灶大小的评估与CEUS具有较好的一致性。     

CEUS定性分析诊断不同大小甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨CEUS定性诊断不同大小甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 根据甲状腺结节的最大径,将255例甲状腺结节患者的329个结节分为小结节组（最长径≤ 1 cm,n=166）和大结节组（最长径>1 cm,n=163）。采用χ²检验分别比较2组甲状腺良恶性结节CEUS特征的差异,并对CEUS特征进行赋值评分,绘制ROC曲线评价CEUS特征评分对不同大小良恶性甲状腺结节的鉴别诊断效能。结果 小结节组甲状腺良恶性结节增强程度、增强方式、增强达峰时结节边界、增强达峰时结节形态及增强均匀性差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;大结节组甲状腺良恶性结节增强程度、增强方式、增强达峰时结节边界、形态、增强达峰时结节增强均匀性、增强达峰时结节是否完全充填、增强后结节大小差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。ROC曲线结果显示,小结节组CEUS评分鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的临界值为3.5分,AUC为0.889（P<0.001）,敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为77.90%、84.06%和78.66%;大结节组CEUS评分鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的临界值为2.5分,AUC为0.910（P<0.001）,敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为90.40%、76.60%和81.13%。结论 CEUS定性分析对鉴别诊断不同大小甲状腺良恶性结节均有较高价值。     

超微血管显像技术在鉴别诊断淋巴结良恶性中的应用

目的 探讨超微血管显像(SMI)技术对淋巴结良恶性鉴别诊断的临床应用价值。方法 回顾分析62例浅表淋巴结肿大患者的超声检查资料,并与病理结果对照,比较二维灰阶超声联合CDFI、二维灰阶超声联合SMI及CEUS鉴别诊断良性淋巴结、淋巴瘤及恶性肿瘤淋巴转移的准确率。并以CEUS为金标准,分析淋巴结内微血管分布类型。结果 62例患者共76枚浅表肿大淋巴结,其中良性淋巴结21枚,淋巴瘤32枚,恶性肿瘤淋巴结转移23枚。二维灰阶超声联合SMI与CEUS的诊断准确率均高于二维灰阶超声联合CDFI(χ²=7.91、14.04,P=0.021、0.005),而二维灰阶超声联合SMI与CEUS间差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.31,P>0.05)。CDFI及SMI与CEUS对淋巴结内微血管分布类型的一致性均较高(Kappa=0.672、0.793)。结论 SMI与CEUS对判断淋巴结内微血管分布类型具有较高的一致性,有助于提高浅表肿大淋巴结定性诊断的准确率。     

实时组织弹性成像在良、恶性甲状腺结节鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 评价实时组织弹性成像技术在良、恶性甲状腺结节鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 应用常规二维超声及彩色多普勒技术对63例甲状腺占位性病变的78个结节进行检测;应用实时组织弹性成像技术进行良、恶性结节鉴别诊断,与术后病理结果进行对照分析。结果 联合应用常规超声和超声弹性成像技术对良、恶性甲状腺结节鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为93.33%、92.06%和92.31%,显著高于常规超声(二维及彩色多普勒超声,分别为66.67%、80.95%和78.21%)。结论 实时组织弹性成像可显著提高超声对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断能力。     

甲状腺良恶性结节的弹性成像和常规超声特征及联合诊断效能

目的 探讨甲状腺良恶性结节的声像图诊断特点,及弹性成像联合常规超声诊断的价值。方法 分别对240例患者的280个甲状腺结节行常规超声和弹性成像检查,分析其超声特点。根据各诊断标准将所有结节进行良恶性归类,并与病理结果比较。结果 常规超声、弹性成像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为71.67%(43/60)、81.82%(180/220)、79.64%(223/280),85.00%(51/60)、88.18%(194/220)、87.50%(245/280)。弹性成像联合常规超声鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为91.67%(55/60)、98.18%(216/220)及96.78%(271/280),其诊断价值高于单纯弹性成像和常规超声检查(P<0.05)。结论 甲状腺良恶性结节的常规超声、弹性成像表现较具特征性,联合诊断对鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性有较高的效能。     

超声弹性分级与应变率比值鉴别诊断甲状腺微小结节

目的 评价超声弹性成像分级与弹性应变率比值法对直径≤1 cm甲状腺微小结节的诊断价值。方法 对手术病理证实的55例患者的72个直径≤1 cm甲状腺结节的超声弹性图像进行分析,弹性分级分为4级,计算甲状腺组织与结节的弹性应变率比值。分别绘制弹性分级法及弹性应变率比值法的ROC曲线,评价其诊断价值。结果 甲状腺良、恶性结节的超声弹性分级及弹性应变率比值差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。超声弹性分级及弹性应变率比值判断甲状腺占位性病灶的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.851、0.890(P=0.124)。甲状腺良、恶性小结节弹性应变率比值诊断界值为2.85。结论 超声弹性分级法同弹性应变率比值法均能够有效地鉴别诊断甲状腺微小结节的性质。     

甲状腺实性结节超声造影与免疫组织化学分析

目的 探讨甲状腺良恶性实性结节CEUS增强模式与CD34、VEGF、CK19和Ki-67免疫组织化学表达的相关性。 方法 采用低机械指数实时灰阶谐波CEUS技术,对80例甲状腺患者的82个实性结节进行CEUS,包括甲状腺乳头状癌结节38个、髓样癌3个,结节性甲状腺肿31个、腺瘤7个、桥本病结节3个。术后行CD34、VEGF、CK19和Ki-67免疫组织化学染色。比较良恶性结节CEUS增强模式和免疫组织化学表达水平差异,分析其相关性。 结果 甲状腺良恶性结节的增强模式存在差别(P<0.01),良性结节78.05%(32/41)表现为环状增强,恶性结节92.68%(38/41)表现为不均匀增强。恶性结节的CD34、VEGF、CK19和Ki-67表达显著高于良性结节(P<0.01)。非均匀增强与CD34、VEGF、CK19呈正相关(r=0.39,P<0.001;r=0.26,P=0.04;r=0.54,P<0.001);环状增强与CD34、CK19、Ki-67呈负相关(r=－0.38,P<0.001;r=－0.59,P<0.001;r=－0.25,P=0.03)。 结论 CEUS和CD34、VEGF、CK19和Ki-67免疫组织化学染色有助于鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.