HPLC法测定合胃口服液中橙皮苷含量

目的：建立合胃口服液中橙皮苷含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定本品中橙皮苷的含量。ODS柱（250mm×4.6mm×5μm）,甲醇-2%乙酸水溶液（39：61）为流动相,流速为1ml/min,检测波长为283nm。结果：橙皮苷在0.1344～1.6800μg含量呈线性关系,r=0.9998;加样回收率为98.44%,RSD=1.21%（n=6）。结论：本法灵敏、准确、重现性好,可作为合胃口服液的质量控制指标之一。     

薄层色谱鉴别胃苏颗粒中橙皮苷和柚皮苷

目的：摸索薄层色谱鉴别胃苏颗粒中橙皮苷和柚皮苷的方法。方法取橙皮苷和柚皮苷标准品以及胃苏颗粒样品溶液,点样,采用碱性硅胶G薄层板,以醋酸乙酯－丁酮－甲酸－水（10∶6∶2∶1）为展开剂展开,在紫外灯365nm下检测。结果橙皮苷和柚皮苷实现分离,其分离度R达到2．24（其中无糖型为2．23）,且主斑点Rf值在0．3～0．7之间,符合目标要求。结论薄层色谱法鉴别橙皮苷和柚皮苷,操作简单,费时较短,可以在快速检验中推广应用。     

HPLC法测定胆乐胶囊中橙皮苷的含量

目的：运用HPLC法测定中药制剂胆乐胶囊中橙皮苷的含量，方法：Kromasil C18色谱柱，流动相为0．1％磷酸溶液－乙腈（80：20），检测波长284nm，结果：样品中橙皮苷成分达到基线分离，橙皮苷线性范围，0．032－64μg，相关系数r=0.9999.平均加样回收率98．6％（RSD=1.5%，n=6)。结论：所建立的含量测定方法简便，准确，具实用性。     

通降胃灵对小鼠消化道功能的影响

目的：探讨通降胃灵治疗功能性消化不良的药理学基础。方法：采用胃排空，肠推进运动及离体平滑肌实验法测定消化道运动功能；用琼脂稀释法测定体外抗菌活性。结果：通降胃灵促进正常小鼠胃排空，拮抗多巴胺引起的胃排空抑制，增强小鼠小肠推进运动，兴奋大鼠离体胃底条，并能抑制幽门螺杆菌生长。结论：通降胃灵具有增强胃肠运动功能，改善胃动力和抗菌作用。     

脑络通胶囊质量标准的完善

目的：完善脑络通胶囊的质量标准，以更好控制产品质量。方法：用理化方法对脑络通胶囊中维生素B6和TLC法对丹参、黄芪、甲基橙皮苷、川芎进行鉴别；采用HPLC法测定原儿茶醛、甲基橙皮苷及维生素B6的含量。结果：理化方法能检出维生素取，用TLC法均能检出丹参、黄芪、甲基橙皮苷、川芎。原儿茶醛在0．08～0．49μg范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9999，平均回收率为101．6％，RSD为1．7％（n=6）；甲基橙皮苷在0．22～2．16μg范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9999，平均回收率为99．6％，RSD为1．6％（n=6）；维生素B6在0．04～0．4μg范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9999，平均回收率为99．9％，RSD为3．1％（n=6）。结论：方法操作简单，可以用来控制脑络通胶囊的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定胃利胶囊中橙皮苷的含量

目的：建立胃利胶囊中橙皮苷含量测定方法。方法：用高效液相色谱法测定。选用ＹＷＧ－Ｃ１８分析柱（４６ｍｍ×２５０ｍｍ,１０μｍ）,流动相：乙腈－水－甲醇－磷酸（２０∶７９６∶０４∶００１）,检测波长：２８３ｎｍ,流速：１５ｍＬ·ｍｉｎ－１,柱温：室温。结果：本法简便、灵敏、准确。线性范围：０２～１５μｇ（ｒ＝０９９９３）。平均回收率：９９３９％,ＲＳＤ＝３５％。结论：建立的定量方法可用于胃利胶囊的质量控制标准。     

二次薄层色谱荧光法部坤胶囊中橙皮苷含量

建立了培坤胶囊中橙皮苷的二次薄层色谱－荧光分析法。即选以醋酸乙酯－甲醇－水（１００：１７：１３）展开，再以甲苯－醋酸乙酯－甲醇－水（２０：１０：１：１）上层溶液展开；荧光测定条件为λｅｘ／３１０ｎｍ，λｅｍ／５１０ｎｍ。该法可有效地排除共存组分的干扰，并提高检测的灵敏度。橙皮苷在１μｇ￣１１μｇ范围具有良好的线性，ｒ＝０．９９７７。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定可舒胶囊中2种成分含量

目的建立可舒胶囊中葛根素与橙皮苷2种有效成分的定量分析方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,固定相：Zorbax SB C18（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：甲醇 水（40：60）;DVD检测器：葛根素和橙皮苷分别在250和283 nm波长处同时测定。结果葛根素与橙皮苷含量测定在50～1 000 ng范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为葛根素（250 nm）100.43%,RSD为1.73%;橙皮苷（283 nm）99.90%,RSD为1.61%。结论葛根素与橙皮苷的含量测定方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,适用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定伤风停胶囊中橙皮苷的含量

目的: 建立测定伤风停胶囊中橙皮苷含量的HPLC法。方法: 采用Waters C18 柱（5μ,150×4.6mm）,流动相为甲醇-1%磷酸（18:82）,流速：1.0ml﹒min-1,检测波长283nm。结果： 橙皮苷在9.58ug﹒ml-1-95.76ug﹒ml-1范围内,其峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系y=0.2319x－0.0217,R=0.9999,回收率为99.2%,RSD为0.60%。结论 :该方法结果准确,重现性好,可用于测定伤风停胶囊中橙皮苷的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定保和丸中橙皮苷的含量

目的探讨测定保和丸（浓缩丸）中橙皮苷含量的方法。方法用高效液相色谱法制定了制剂中橙皮苷的方法。色谱柱：Kromasil（4.6mm×150mm,5μm）;流动相：乙腈-水（20∶80）;检测波长：283nm;流速：1.0ml/min。结果橙皮苷与其他成分分离良好,在7.25～72.50μg/ml呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.9999）。平均回收率为99.80%,RSD为0.39%。结论本法操作简便、灵敏度高、结果准确,可用于保和丸中橙皮苷的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.