青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者骨密度变化的分析

目的 :探 讨青 少年 特 发性 脊柱 侧 凸患 者的 骨 密度 变化 规 律。方 法:应用 双 能 X 线骨 密 度吸 收仪 测 定 101例特 发 性 脊 柱侧 凸 患 者 腰椎 (L2￣L4)和 股 骨 近 端 (股 骨 颈 、大 转 子 、W ard's 三 角 )的 骨 密 度 ,结 合 脊 柱 侧 凸 严 重程度 进行 分 析,并 与 62名 同 年龄 段正 常 青少 年骨 密 度进 行比 较 。结 果:特发 性脊 柱 侧凸 患者 所 测各 部位 的 骨密度均 明显 低 于正 常对 照 组(P<0.05),腰 椎 骨 密 度的 降 低 比 股骨 明 显 ,股 骨 近 端 的三 个 部 位 ,以 W ard's 三 角的 骨密度 降低 尤 为显 著。有 75.2% 的 特发 性脊 柱 侧凸 患者 发生 骨 密度 降低 ,其 中 26.7% 发 生骨 量 减少 , 48.5% 符 合骨质疏 松症 的 诊断 标准 ;但 其骨 密 度的 降低 程 度与 侧凸 严 重程 度无 明 显相 关性 。 结论 :青 少年 特 发性 脊 柱 侧凸 患者存 在着 骨 密度 的降 低 ,其与 侧 凸的 严重 程 度无 关,可能 与 特发 性脊 柱 侧凸 的发 病 机理 有关 。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者骨密度的研究进展

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scol-iosis,AIS)是发生于青春发育期前后的脊柱结构性侧凸畸形,是一种最常见的脊柱侧凸畸形,     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸伴发骨密度减低

双能量Ｘ线吸收测量仪（ＤＥＸＡ）是目前临床测量骨矿物质密度（ＢＭＤ）及诊断骨质疏松症普遍应用的方法。本研究旨在用ＤＥＸＡ测量特发性脊柱侧凸患者的ＢＭＤ，总体比较特发性脊柱侧凸患者与同龄正常人ＢＭＤ的差别以及调查特发性脊柱侧凸患者ＢＭＤ异常的发生率。用ＤＥＸＡ测量了８１例１２～１４岁特发性脊柱侧凸患者及２２０名同年龄健康对照的腰椎及双侧近端股骨ＢＭＤ。结果显示，所有三个年龄组脊柱侧凸组ＢＭＤ值均低于正常对照组。４５％特发性脊柱侧凸患者ＢＭＤ水平在正常范围，５５％伴骨质稀少或骨质疏松。     

低骨密度对Lenke Ι型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者手术疗效的影响

目的:探讨低骨密度对LenkeⅠ型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者后路矫形内固定术后矫形疗效的可能影响。方法:选取2007年6月～2008年8月在南京鼓楼医院脊柱外科行后路椎弓根螺钉矫形内固定融合术的LenkeⅠ型AIS女性患者37例,年龄11~17岁(14.3±1.3岁),术前Cobb角40°~66°(48.9°±6.7°)。术后随访12~36个月,平均20.8±7.4个月。术前均接受双能X线吸收骨密度仪扫描测定骨密度,根据股骨颈骨密度Z值将AIS患者分为骨密度正常组(Z值>-1.0)与骨密度减低组(Z值≤-1.0),分别测量两组患者术前、术后早期(术后3个月)及末次随访时的主弯Cobb角、胸椎后凸角(TK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、冠状位顶椎偏移(AVT)、C7中垂线与骶骨中线的距离(C7-CSVL)和C7中垂线与骶骨后上缘的距离(SVA),比较两组间的差异。结果:37例患者中,15例骨密度正常(骨密度正常组),22例骨密度减低(骨密度减低组)。两组患者术前平均年龄、Risser征、内固定节段数、置入物密度及术后随访时间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两组术前平均Cobb角、AVT和C7-CSVL无显著性差异(P>0.05)。术后3个月及末次随访时两组平均Cobb角和平均矫正率、末次随访时平均矫正丢失及矫正丢失率无显著性差异(P>0.05);术后3个月及末次随访时两组平均AVT、C7-CSVL无统计学差异(P>0.05);C7-CSVL改变亦无显著性差异(P>0.05)。两组术前、术后3个及末次随访时的平均TK、LL、SVA均无显著性差异(P>0.05),SVA改变亦无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:低骨密度状态对LenkeⅠ型AIS患者后路矫形内固定融合术的疗效无明显影响。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸与骨密度

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis,AIS)是一种原因不明的发生于青春期的结构性脊柱侧凸,与基因多态性、生长发育等多因素发病机制可能有关。已有很多研究发现AIS患者全身多处骨密度降低,但具体机制阐释不多。本文拟从骨微观结构及生物力学、基因多态性、信号传导通路三方面对AIS疾病与低骨密度的相互关系进行深入探讨。增强骨密度可能对改善AIS患者的治疗有重要意义。     

青少年特发性和先天性脊柱侧凸患者的骨微结构及骨密度比较

目的探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescentidiopathicscoliosis,AIS)、先天性脊柱侧凸(congenitalscoliosis,CS)患者与同年龄正常人骨密度(BMD)的差异,并用高分辨率微焦点CT(microCT)扫描成像,定量研究AIS、CS患者的骨小梁形态计量学特征。方法AIS患者15例,均为女性,年龄12～19岁,Cobb角48°～104°。CS患者16例,男4例,女12例,年龄13～18岁,Cobb角40°～125°。正常对照组35例,均为女性,年龄13～16岁。正常组和术前AIS、CS患者均接受双能X线吸收骨密度仪(DEXA)扫描,评估腰椎和股骨颈BMD状况。对AIS与CS患者的髂骨进行骨形态计量学分析。结果AIS患者腰椎和股骨颈BMD低于正常人,CS患者BMD和骨量(BMC)均低于正常人。CS与AIS患者比较股骨颈BMD和BMC显著降低。microCT中的骨容积比与DEXA下的BMD显著相关。AIS骨组织体积比值(19.9%±3.4%)明显高于CS患者(13.3%±3.0%)。AIS患者骨小梁厚度和骨面积比值与CS患者比较,差异均有统计学意义,骨小梁厚度分别为(155.5±54.9)μm和(108.1±17.4)μm,骨面积比值分别为16.4%±3.3%和22.0%±3.4%。CS患者骨连接度和骨小梁数目低于AIS患者。结论AIS患者骨量低,髂骨骨小梁微结构异常,骨容积比低,骨小梁细小。CS患者BMD与骨小梁微结构均低于正常人和AIS患者。     

青少年脊柱侧凸畸形患者超声心动图异常分析:特发性脊柱侧凸与先天性脊柱侧凸的比较

背景:脊柱畸形患者可合并有超声心动图(ultrasonic cardiography,UCG)结果异常,但文献中缺乏特发性脊柱侧凸(idiopathic scoliosis,IS)与先天性脊柱侧凸(congenital scoliosis,CS)患者UCG异常的比较.目的:比较青少年IS患者与CS患者UCG结果异常的发...     

生长发育异常和青少年特发性脊柱侧凸

青少年特发性脊柱侧弯(AdolescentIdiopathicScoliosis ,以下简称AIS)是以脊柱在冠状面上的侧凸、矢状面上的胸椎后凸减少甚至前凸和脊椎在水平面上的旋转为特征的三维畸形,它是最常见的青少年脊柱畸形之一。如果将诊断标准定为Cobb角大于10°,其发病率是3%左右[1] ,邱勇等[1] 发现AIS占整个脊柱侧凸病因学诊断的80 %。目前AIS的发病机理以及进展机制还不明确,有各种不同的假设。由于AIS的发生发展和脊柱生长有着密切的联系,本文拟就AIS患者生长发育的相关研究进行综述。1AIS的生长发育AIS的出现及加重均在青春期生长发育的高峰期…     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者雌激素受体基因多态性与骨密度的关系

目的探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者雌激素受体基因多态性与骨密度的关系。方法取青少年特发性脊柱侧凸女性患者92例,年龄10～19岁,Cobb角25°～134°,应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态(PCRRFLPs)的方法分析雌激素受体基因型,同时用双能X线骨密度吸收仪分别对其腰椎(L24)和股骨近端(股骨颈、大转子、Wards三角)的骨密度进行测量。结果特发性脊柱侧凸患者雌激素受体基因型PvuⅡ多态性PP,Pp,pp型分别为19.6%,46.7%,33.7%,XbaⅠ多态性XX,Xx,xx型分别为22.8%,33.7%,43.5%;XX型的腰椎、股骨大转子和Wards三角的骨密度明显低于xx型(P<0.05),而PvuⅡ基因的各基因型与骨密度无关;联合分析PvuⅡ和XbaⅠ位点,PPXX基因型的腰椎、股骨大转子和Wards三角的骨密度明显低于Ppxx和ppxx型(P<0.05)。结论雌激素受体XbaⅠ基因多态性与特发性脊柱侧凸患者的骨密度有关,PPXX基因型的骨密度较低,有助于较早发现特发性脊柱侧凸的低骨量者。     

初诊骨密度对女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者早期支具治疗效果的预测价值

目的 探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸女性患者初诊时骨密度对短期支具治疗期间侧凸畸形进展的预测价值.方法 对接受规范化支具治疗1年以上的77例10～15岁龄的AIS女性患者,采用Logistic回归分析鉴定初诊骨密度与侧凸进展之间的关联,并运用多元回归分析探讨初诊骨密度状态是否是影响支具治疗期间侧凸进展的因素.结果 侧凸进展组16例(21%),非进展组61例(79%).进展组患者中以初潮未至、低Risser征、主胸弯、初诊大Cobb角者以及骨密度减低者居多.多元Logistic逐步回归分析表明,除了初潮未至(OR=4.606,P=0.020)、Cobb角31°～45°(OR=3.408,P=0.097)和主胸弯类型(OR=3.414,P=0.090)等因素外,骨密度减低(OR=5.362,P=0.022)也是支具治疗期间侧凸进展的危险因素.结论 初诊时较低的骨密度是独立影响特发性脊柱侧凸女性患者短期支具疗效的风险因素.分析支具治疗前患者的骨量状态有助于预测支具治疗效果.     

Spinal coronal profiles and proximal femur bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose

Although the occurrence and progression of AIS has been linked to low bone mineral density (BMD), the relationships between spinal curvature and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD are controversial. Few correlation studies have stratified patients by curve type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between spinal coronal profile and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

This study included 67 patients with AIS who underwent posterior correction and fusion surgery between January 2009 and October 2011. The mean age at the time of surgery was 17.4 ± 4.1 years. Bilateral proximal femur BMD was measured before surgery by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We compared the proximal femur BMDs by determining the bilateral BMD ratio (left proximal femur BMD divided by that of the right). We evaluated correlations between coronal parameters, obtained from preoperative radiographs, and the BMD ratio using Pearson’s correlation analysis.

Results

Patients with Lenke type 1 curve (48; all with a right convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 1.00 ± 0.04. Patients with Lenke type 5 curve (19; all with a left convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 0.94 ± 0.04, indicating that the BMD in the proximal femur on the right side (concave) was greater than that in the left (convex). Coronal balance was significantly correlated with the BMD ratio in both the Lenke type 1 and type 5 groups, with a correlation coefficient of 0.46 and 0.50, respectively.

Conclusions

The bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio was significantly correlated with the coronal balance in AIS patients. When the C7 plumb line was shifted toward one side, the BMD was greater in the contralateral proximal femur.     

Polymorphism in vitamin D receptor is associated with bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Low bone mass and osteopenia have been reported in the axial and peripheral skeleton of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Furthermore, several recent studies have shown that gene polymorphisms are related to osteoporosis. However, no study has yet linked polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and bone mass in AIS. Accordingly, the authors examined the association between bone mass and VDR gene polymorphisms in 198 girls diagnosed with AIS. The VDR BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228670) and Cdx2 (rs11568820) polymorphisms and bone mineral density at the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and femoral neck (FNBMD) were analyzed and compared to their levels in healthy controls. Mean LSBMD and FNBMD in AIS patients were lower than in age- and sex-matched healthy controls (P = 0.0022 and P = 0.0013, respectively). A comparison of genotype frequencies in AIS patients and controls revealed a significant difference for the BsmI polymorphism only (P = 0.0054). Furthermore, a significant association was found between the VDR BsmI polymorphism and LSBMD. In particular, LSBMD in AIS patients with the AA genotype was found to be significantly lower than in patients with the GA (P < 0.05) or GG (P < 0.01) genotypes. However, no significant association was found between LSBMD or FNBMD and the VDR FokI or Cdx2 polymorphisms. These results suggest that the VDR BsmI polymorphism is associated with LSBMD in girls with AIS.     

Elevated soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and reduced bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Generalized low bone mass and osteopenia in both axial and peripheral skeleton in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have been reported in literature. However, the exact mechanisms and causes of the bone loss in AIS are not identified yet. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between serum concentration of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), serum level of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and bone mass in 72 patients with AIS and compared to those of 64 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The mean lumbar spinal bone mineral density (LSBMD) and femoral neck BMD (FNBMD) in patients with AIS were decreased compared with that in control individuals, respectively (P = 0.0029 and P = 0.0192, respectively). The mean RANKL and RANKL to OPG ratio in patients with AIS were increased compared with that in control subjects, respectively (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0032, respectively). The RANKL and RANKL to OPG ratios were negatively correlated to the LSBMD and serum OPG levels in both groups. Serum OPG levels were positively correlated to the LSBMD and FNBMD in both groups. These findings mean that the imbalance and the disturbed interaction of RANKL and OPG may be an important cause and pathogenesis in reduced BMD in AIS.     

Decreased osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and reduced bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Generalized low bone mass and osteopenia in both axial and peripheral skeletons have been reported in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). However, the mechanism and causes of bone loss in AIS have not been identified. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation abilities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and bone mass in 19 patients with AIS and compared these with those of 16 age- and gender-matched patients with lower leg fracture. Mean lumbar spinal bone mineral density (LSBMD) in AIS patients was found to be lower than in controls (P = 0.037) and the osteogenic differentiation abilities and alkaline phosphatase activities of MSCs from patients were also found to be lower than those of controls (P = 0.0073 and P = 0.001, respectively), but the abilities of the MSCs of patients and controls to undergo adipogenic differentiation were similar. The osteogenic differentiation ability was found to be positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase activity in the AIS group. However, the osteogenic and adipogenic abilities were not found to be correlated with LSBMD in either patients or controls. These findings suggest that the decreased osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs might be one of the possible mechanisms leading to low bone mass in AIS. However, we did not determine definite mechanisms of low bone mass in AIS. Therefore, further study with large scale will be needed to identify the mechanism involved.     

Surgical assessment of the proximal thoracic curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Existing predictive signs as available in current literature may miss potential proximal thoracic (PT) curve deterioration and shoulder imbalance, following selective main thoracic (MT) curve correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The present study is an attempt to evaluate and complement these signs, through a retrospective study of 56 AIS patients who underwent correction and fusion from 1986 till 2003 with follow-up 4–16 years. Forty-nine had fusion of MT curve, 7 of MT and PT. Cotrel–Dubousset instrumentation in 45, Luque in 12. Preoperative data: MT 50° (40°–80°), PT 25° (0°–50°), shoulder elevation from −4 cm (right) to 2 cm (left), clavicle angle from −14° to 5°, PT bending correction from 0 to 100% and T1 tilt from −15° to 14°. We introduced the first rib index (FRI), i.e., the difference between the diameter of right and left first rib arch as a percentage of the sum of both diameters, averaging from −22.7 to 14.3%. (Minus signs refer to or predict right, while positive left shoulder elevation.) Evaluation included all predictive parameters as related principally to postoperative left shoulder elevation ≥1 cm, patient satisfaction and surgeon fulfillment. Postoperative correction MT curve 53% (23–83%) and PT 35% (0–100%). One progressive paraplegic started 40 min following normal wake-up test. Immediate decompression, full recovery. Three cases with wound infection recovered after late removal of instrumentation. Loss of correction ≥10° in five. Fifteen had postoperative persisting left shoulder elevation ≥1 cm. Seven of these expressed dissatisfaction. Statistically FRI proved valuable predictive factor always in combination with previously described signs. We concluded that a postoperative left shoulder elevation ≥2 cm is a potential cause of dissatisfaction and may be prevented with thorough validation of all predictive signs, principally the FRI. Part of this paper was presented at the 62nd annual meeting of the Hellenique Orthop. Society (October 2006) and received the 1st award for best clinical paper.     

特发性脊柱侧凸患者骨组织中唾液酸蛋白的表达

目的:检测青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者脊柱不同部位和髂骨松质骨骨唾液酸蛋白(bone sialo-protein,BSP)的表达量,并与先天性脊柱侧凸(CS)患者比较,探讨非胶原结构蛋白与AIS患者骨代谢异常的关系。方法:从12例平均年龄为13.8岁的AIS患者取7块髂骨(7例患者)、12对关节突和17个棘突,从10例平均年龄为11.2岁的CS患者中收集10块髂骨。骨组织块固定脱钙处理,石蜡包埋切片,片厚5!m,免疫组织化学染色,观察骨基质中BSP阳性面积比、骨基质总光密度/骨面积和阳性细胞比率。结果:BSP在骨细胞和骨基质中均有表达,AIS组和CS组患者髂骨骨基质总体光密度/骨面积(total OD/bone area)为0.0678±0.0003和0.0803±0.0013,差异有显著性(P<0.05),AIS患者顶椎区凹、凸侧关节突的骨基质BSP阳性面积比和骨基质BSP面积×平均光密度/骨面积分别为0.7363±0.0632、0.5552±0.0259和0.0761±0.0079、0.0632±0.0058,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。AIS患者上胸椎棘突与胸腰段棘突骨基质BSP染色阳性率分别为63.2%和65.5%,阳性细胞表达率分别为58.7%和61.2%,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:BSP对AIS患者骨异常代谢及骨量降低的影响不大,非胶原结构蛋白可能不是AIS患者骨代谢研究的首要考虑对象;脊柱侧凸异常应力影响脊椎骨骼塑型和代谢,脊柱侧凸畸形对脊椎各结构的影响是多方面的。