结节样周围型胆管细胞癌的CT和MRI表现

目的:分析结节样周围型胆管细胞癌(PCC)的CT和MRI表现及其病理基础.方法:15例经病理证实的结节样PCC患者,11例行多层螺旋CT平扫及动态增强扫描,6例行MRI平扫和动态增强扫描.结合病理结果分析其CT和MRI表现.结果:15例共检出病灶19个,直径(2.8±1.4)cm,于肝左、右叶均见分布.CT共检出15个病灶,增强扫描示14个病灶动脉期呈周边强化,门脉期显示8个病灶内对比剂向中央扩散强化,6个病灶未见上述强化方式;1个病灶CT动态增强扫描呈"快进快出"改变.4个病灶见邻近肝包膜凹陷,2个病灶伴随胆管轻度扩张.6例MRI共检出6个病灶,T2WI示5个病灶呈不规则低信号,动态增强扫描示相应区域均见强化;另1例病灶增强扫描动脉期有异常强化,门脉期及延迟期呈等信号.结论:结节样周围型胆管细胞癌的CT和MRI表现多样,与病灶内各种成分的比例和分布相关,其动态增强表现有一定特征性.     

原发性肝类癌的CT及MRI表现

目的 探讨原发性肝类癌的CT及MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析2003年12月至2008年11月间11例经手术病理证实的原发性肝类癌患者资料.4例行CT检查,8例行MRI检查,分析其影像表现特征.结果 11例中肿瘤多发2例,表现为2个或2个以上的结节状病灶,其余9例均为单发.CT检查4例患者病灶均表现为平扫边界清楚低密度,中心可见不规则更低密度区;增强后动脉期病灶实质部分不均匀强化,中心更低密度区无强化,门静脉期及延迟期病灶边缘仍轻度强化,强化程度较动脉期减低,中心坏死区始终无强化.MRI 8例患者中7例T_1WI表现为边界清楚的不均匀低信号,T_2WI病灶呈高信号,中心可见不规则低信号;增强后动脉期病灶边缘不均匀强化,病灶中心可见不规则无强化低信号区,门静脉期及延迟期病灶边缘仍轻度强化,边缘显示不清,病灶中心无强化低信号区范围较动脉期缩小.1例患者T_1WI表现为边界清楚的囊状低信号影,囊内可见高信号,T_2WI病灶呈高信号;增强后动脉期病灶边缘不均匀强化,门静脉期及延迟期呈低信号.结论 平扫和动态增强CT扫描及MRI能反映原发性肝类癌的影像特点,具有一定特征性.     

周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现与病理学基础相关性分析

目的:探讨周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现与病理学基础,提高对周围型胆管细胞癌的认识。方法:回顾性分析12例经病理证实为周围型胆管细胞癌患者的临床病理与CT扫描资料。结果:CT平扫12例均为类圆形或不规则形低密度灶,边界不清;病灶周围肝内胆管扩张5例;局部肝包膜回缩征象4例。增强扫描:动脉期与静脉期病灶无强化或轻度强化,延迟后病灶内部呈片状、分隔状或均匀强化。病理表现镜下为低分化或未分化腺癌,血管分布稀少,癌巢之间为大量纤维结缔组织。结论:周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现具有一定的特征性,其病理学基础有助于理解CT征象。     

原发性肝神经内分泌癌的影像表现

目的 探讨原发性肝神经内分泌癌的CT和MRI表现,提高影像诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝原发性神经内分泌癌患者资料,术前4例行CT平扫及增强扫描,2例行MR平扫及增强扫描.结果6例中肿瘤呈多发1例,表现为1个大肿瘤伴周围多个小结节灶,其余5例均为单发.CT平扫除1例病灶周边可见点状钙化外,均表现为肝内低密度占位,病灶中央见较大范围的不规则更低密度区,边界清晰.肿瘤在MR T1WI表现为不均匀低信号,T2WI表现为略高信号.增强扫描实质部分表现为早期轻中度持续强化,但强化程度有所下降,也可表现为门静脉期和延迟期呈轻度强化,中心更低密度或信号区多无明显强化;周围肝内血管呈受压推移改变,腹腔及后腹膜均未见明显肿大的淋巴结.结论CT和MRI能显示原发性肝神经内分泌癌的特征,在该病的诊断和鉴别诊断中有一定价值.     

原发性肝脏神经内分泌肿瘤的影像学表现

目的探讨原发性肝脏神经内分泌肿瘤的CT和MRI表现及其特征。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的8例原发性肝脏神经内分泌肿瘤患者的临床、病理及影像学资料。结果本组8例患者中,2例行MR检查,5例行CT平扫及增强检查,1例行CT平扫检查。单发病灶者4例,多发病灶者4例。肿瘤CT平扫均表现为肝内边界清楚的低密度肿块,病灶中央可见不规则形坏死区,3例病灶周围多发子灶,2例病灶周围血管受压推移;MRI上肿瘤表现为长T_1稍长T_2信号;7例增强扫描后病灶实质部分动脉期轻至中度强化,静脉期持续强化,中心坏死区无明显强化。结论原发性肝脏神经内分泌肿瘤具有一定的CT及MR影像特点,表现为肝内边界清晰的类圆形肿块,常伴中心坏死囊变及周围多发子灶,强化方式为延迟强化。     

肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的 总结肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤(HEHE)的CT和MRI表现.方法 搜集经手术或穿刺活检后病理证实的HEHE 11例,所有的病例均行CT检查,其中5例行CT平扫及双期增强扫描(动脉期+门静脉期),其他6例行CT平扫及三期增强扫描(动脉期+门静脉期+延迟期).11例中有5例加做MRI平扫及动态增强扫描.回顾性分析病变的生长方式、分布特点、密度(信号)特点、强化方式及邻近组织情况.结果 11例均表现为肝内多发病灶,大部分病灶位于肝包膜下,根据生长方式分为三型:结节型(5例),匍匐生长型(1例)和混合型(5例).CT平扫,病灶均呈低密度,直径＞2 cm的病灶内见类圆形更低密度.MRI平扫:病灶呈T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号,直径＞2 cm的病灶信号不均匀(T1WI内见更低信号,T2WI内见更高信号).其他影像学征象包括“棒棒糖征”(6例)、包膜退缩征(6例).增强扫描:病灶直径＜1 cm的表现为轻度较均匀强化;病灶直径为1～2 cm主要表现为轻度较均匀强化;病灶直径＞2 cm的多为不均匀渐进性强化.结论 HEHE的CT和MRI表现具有一定的特征性,其强化方式与病灶的大小相关.     

婴儿型肝脏血管内皮瘤的影像诊断

目的 总结婴儿型肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤的临床与影像学表现. 资料与方法 回顾性分析6例婴儿型肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤的临床与影像学表现,所有的病例均经穿刺病理证实.5例行CT扫描,1例行MRI平扫. 结果 CT平扫表现为肝内低密度灶,1例出现钙化,增强扫描动脉期肿瘤均呈不均匀环形强化,4例中央部位出现结节样强化;门静脉期全部病例由周边向中心强化,强化范围扩大;延迟期病灶密度稍高于或等于正常肝实质.1例MR表现为肝内多发结节,T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号,增强扫描动脉期部分结节呈环形强化,部分结节呈全瘤均匀强化,延迟期全部结节呈全瘤强化. 结论 本病的CT与MRI表现有一定的特征性,有助于诊断本病.     

肝脏多发性上皮样血管内皮瘤一例

患者 男,21岁.3个月前无明显诱因出现右上腹胀痛,全身乏力,食欲减退. 影像学检查:CT平扫肝右叶多个类圆形低密度区,部分病灶边缘可见条状钙化灶.增强后动脉期主要表现周边轻度强化,延迟后肿瘤实质部分无明显强化,而中央更低密度区无强化;MRI显示肝内多个类圆形T1WI低信号、T2WI为高信号病灶伴边缘低信号晕圈.B超示:肝外形肿大,肝内可见多个低回声包块,边界清,周边低回声晕圈,呈"牛眼征",弥漫分布.手术后病理所见:肿瘤切面灰白,无明显包膜,瘤内有出血坏死,瘤细胞呈上皮样,体积较胖,排列成巢状、梁索状,有明显的血管腔隙或微小管腔,胞浆嗜酸,常呈空泡状,肿瘤性血管内皮细胞浸润肝窦和静脉,瘤细胞大,无包膜.可见大片胶原纤维化以及坏死,CD34阳性.病理诊断:上皮样血管内皮瘤(图1～4).     

肝内胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态扫描及临床表现特点分析

目的探讨肝内胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT动态扫描和临床表现特征。资料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的肝内胆管细胞癌32例,所有病例均行CT平扫和动态增强扫描,全部病例均行乙型肝炎全套检查,25例行甲胎蛋白(AFP)检查,8例行肿瘤标志物CA19-9、CA125及CA242检查。结果 9例动脉期病灶周边呈花边样、环状强化,静脉期及延时期进一步强化,中心大片低密度坏死;14例动脉期周边轻度强化,静脉期及延时期向心性强化,伴病灶内及周围胆管扩张;4例表现为轻度不均匀强化;1例表现为肿块主要向肝外生长,1例表现为肝内多发肿块及结节,明显强化;3例表现为肝内胆管轻度扩张,未见明显肿块。10例合并胆管结石,25例AFP检查为阴性,8例肿瘤CA19-9、CA125及CA242均有明显升高。结论肝内胆管细胞癌的多层螺旋CT动态扫描表现具有一定特征性,结合肿瘤标志物的检测,有助于提高对其诊断的正确率。     

动态螺旋CT对肝内胆管细胞癌的诊断价值探讨

目的：分析肝内胆管细胞癌的CT表现，评价螺旋CT多期扫描的诊断价值。方法：对12例疑为肝内胆管细胞癌的患者进行了CT平扫及螺旋动态多期扫描，分析总结了CT表现，并与原发性肝癌及血管作了鉴别诊断。结果：主要的CT表现有：①平扫，边缘欠清的低密度病灶中可有单发或多发的高密度钙化影；②增强扫描，动脉期与静脉期无强化或轻度强化，但明显低于正常肝实质的强化；③延迟扫描，随着时间的延长病灶逐步强化，且由边缘向中央进行，最后病灶强化高于正常肝实质，部分中央无强化，延迟扫描的表现有重要诊断意义；④病灶的周围可见扩张的肝内胆管。全部病例均经手术病理证实。结论：螺旋CT动脉多期扫描对肝内胆管细胞癌的诊断有非常重要的应用价值。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.