胃癌组织中HIF-1α,CD68及CD206在胃癌及癌旁组织中的表达及临床意义

目的 分析低氧诱导分子-1α（HIF-1α）及肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）相关抗原CD68、CD206在胃癌及癌旁组织中的表达情况。方法 利用免疫组化技术检测43例胃癌和癌旁组织中HIF-1α、CD68、CD206的表达状态,计算三种蛋白表达的阳性率及阳性细胞数,揭示其与临床因素的相关性。结果 HIF-1α、CD68、CD206的阳性表达率分别为58.1%、69.8%、51.2%,均高于癌旁组织（P<0.05）。胃癌、癌旁组织中每个视野下CD68⁺细胞数分别为（39.7±7.6）、（8.5±2.8）个;CD206⁺阳性细胞数分别为（32.0±9.2）、（3.4±1.8）个;HIF-1α⁺细胞数（22.9±5.6）、（2.1±1.2）个;组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。胃癌组织中CD206⁺细胞数与HIF-1α⁺细胞数表达呈正相关（P<0.01,R²=0.641）。三种蛋白的表达与胃癌病理分期、淋巴结转移明显相关（P<0.05）。结论 胃癌组织中CD68、CD206、HIF-1α表达率及阳性细胞数明显增加,且CD206与HIF-1α表达呈正相关。胃癌缺氧区域对M2型巨噬细胞有趋化作用,促进胃癌发生发展。     

一氧化氮与阻塞性黄疸肾功能障碍关系的实验研究

目的: 研究一氧化氮(N0)与阻塞性黄疸(OJ)肾功能障碍的关系. 方法: 雄性SD大鼠胆总管结扎后随机分成5 d、10 d及15 d三组(B1组、B2组、B3组),同时建立对应的假手术对照组.观察肾功能的变化,同时测定血和肾组织N0水平及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性,并用图像分析检测NOS-mRNA于肾脏表达的部位和量的变化. 结果: B1、B2及B3各组的血及肾组织NO含量分别是(43.72±10.61)μm01/L,(0.515±0.082)μmol/g@pro;(34.44±9.63)μmol/L,(0.375±0.096)μmoL/g@pro;(27.34±8.88)μmol/L,(0.251±0.086)μmol/g@pro.血及肾组织NO与内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)、肾皮质血流(RCBF)呈正相关.肾组织iNOSmRNA表达增加,血和肾组织NOS活性降低. 结论: 血和肾组织NO水平下降,是导致OJ时肾功能损伤的原因之一,体内NO水平的持续下降是由于NOS活性降低而非NOS基因表达减少.     

肝门胆管癌预后的影响因素分析

目的 分析影响肝门胆管癌预后的因素.方法 回顾分析我院自1999年10月至2008年5月期间71例肝门胆管癌病例资料.结果 多因素生存回归分析提示,血清CEA水平(x2=14.56,P=0.004)、手术方式(x2=22.49,P<0.001)、TNM分期(x2=12.31,P=0.005)与肝门胆管癌预后显著相关.血清CEA升高者和正常者平均生存时间分别为(7.1±5.6)个月和(10.6±7.4)个月,存在统计学差异(P<0.05);根治性切除、姑息性切除、单纯引流及未经治疗者平均生存时间分别为(17.1±9.6)个月、(10.6±4.2)个月、(7.4±2.5)个月、(3.4±1.4)个月,存在统计学差异(P<0.05);I期、II期、III期、IVa期、IVb期平均生存时间分别为(18.5±5.9)个月、(16.7±10.0)个月、(13.2±8.7)个月、(10.9±7.4)个月、(8.3±6.3)个月,存在统计学差异(P<0.05).结论 术前血清CEA正常、根治性手术切除、分期较早的患者肝门胆管癌预后相对较好.     

成人腹股沟疝囊内面病理及细菌学观察

目的 探讨腹股沟疝疝囊局灶性增厚是否和细菌感染有关。方法 选取2015年6月至2016年12月于中山大学附属第六医院收治诊断为腹股沟疝患者68例（男56,女12）,腹腔镜直视下观察并记录疝囊形态。根据疝囊有无增厚分为增厚组（37例）和光滑组（31例）,观察比较两组标本的组织结构成分和炎性细胞计数,并用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测其中是否存在细菌DNA。结果 疝囊内侧面增厚的出现率为66.1%（37/68）,与病程（病程<1年39.1%,病程1~5年46.1%,病程>5年84.2%）和既往嵌顿史（75% vs. 45.8%）、粘连（95% vs. 37.5%）相关。显微镜下观察增厚疝囊组织可见纤维结缔组织增厚,并见较多炎性细胞浸润（中性粒细胞15.2±2.3 vs. 2.5±0.7,淋巴细胞35.3±1.9 vs. 12.8±1.4,浆细胞2.6±0.6 vs. 1.5±0.4,总计数53.1±1.3 vs. 16.8±1.2,P值均<0.05）,毛细血管扩张（67.6% vs. 25.8%,P<0.05）。增厚组发现2例大肠杆菌DNA表达阳性,光滑组1例阳性。结论 腹股沟疝,尤其是病程长、有嵌顿史的可能存在局部细菌感染。     

胆管癌中14-3-3蛋白各亚型的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨14-3-3蛋白各亚型在胆管癌组织中的表达情况及其临床意义.方法 采用石蜡包埋组织,进行免疫组织化学染色,分析14-3-3蛋白各亚型在20 例胆管癌及5 例胆管癌旁正常组织的表达状态,探讨其与胆管癌临床病理参数之间的关系.结果 14-3-3 蛋白β、γ、ε、ζ、η、θ和σ亚型在胆管癌组织原发灶表达的阳性率分别为85.00% (17/20)、85.00% (17/20)、55.00% (11/20)、75.00% (15/20)、50.00% (10/20)、80.00% (16/20) 和80.00%(16/20).其中,β、γ、η、σ、ε和θ亚型与癌旁正常胆管组织比较,具有统计学意义(P<0.05),而ζ亚型无统计学意义(P>0.05);14-3-3蛋白阳性表达率与胆管癌的分化程度、恶性级别及是否淋巴结转移均无差别(P>0.05).结论 14-3-3蛋白七个亚型中β、γ、η、σ、ε和θ亚型在胆管癌原发组织中高表达,表明14-3-3蛋白在胆管癌的发生过程中具有重要作用.     

活血清解汤对高脂血症性胰腺炎大鼠瘦素的调控作用

目的 探讨活血清解汤对高脂血症性胰腺炎(HLAP)大鼠瘦素的调控作用及其机理.方法 将60 只SD 雄性大鼠随机分为3 组:正常对照组(NC 组),高脂血症性胰腺炎组(HLAP 组),活血清解汤组(HXQJ 组).采用高脂饲料喂养3 周后经腹腔注射L-精氨酸500 mg/100 g 体重制作大鼠高脂血症性胰腺炎模型,经注胃管给予生理盐水或中药1 mL/100 g 体重,每12 h 一次.各组分别造模后24 h、36 h 处死半数大鼠,观察血清淀粉酶、瘦素、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-10 水平的释放以及胰腺病理学、胰腺组织中瘦素和瘦素受体表达的变化.结果 造模后24 h HLAP 组和HXQJ 组血清淀粉酶、瘦素和IL-1β、TNF-α水平均较NC 组升高(P<0.01),胰腺组织损害也明显增强(P<0.01),胰腺组织瘦素表达明显增高(P<0.01).HXQJ 组淀粉酶、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均较HLAP 组低(P<0.01),而瘦素和IL-10 水平以及瘦素、瘦素受体表达高于HLAP 组(P<0.01).造模后36 h,HLAP 组和HXQJ组淀粉酶、瘦素水平均下降,胰腺瘦素、瘦素受体表达也减弱(P<0.01),但HXQJ 组淀粉酶水平已回落至NC 组水平,而瘦素水平仍高于HLAP 组,HLAP 组和HXQJ 组IL-1β、TNF-α及IL-10 水平继续上升,胰腺病理损害进一步加重,但HXQJ 组IL-1β、TNF-α水平较HLAP 组低,而胰腺组织瘦素表达和IL-10 高于HLAP 组,胰腺损害也较轻(P<0.01).结论 活血清解汤能够通过上调瘦素及瘦素受体表达,调节细胞因子网络平衡,阻断炎症介质的级联效应,从而阻止HLAP 的发生和发展.     

肝癌组织微血管计数的临床意义

目的: 研究人肝癌组织微血管计数的临床意义.方法: 应用CD34 S-P免疫组化法对74例人肝癌组织中微血管进行标记并计数.结果: 肝癌分化差、组织学分级高的患者微血管计数高于分化好、组织学分级低的患者;有血管浸润者微血管计数高于无血管浸润患者(P<0.001);肝内多病灶患者微血管计数明显高于单病灶病例(P<0.01);Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳa 期肝癌患者微血管计数明显高于Ⅰ期肝癌患者(P<0.01或P<0.001).结论: 肝癌组织中微血管计数与组织学特征密切相关,并与肝癌分期、肝内血管浸润及肝内病灶数有关,微血管密度高的肝癌预后不良或易发生肝内转移.     

脾脏在大鼠急性胰腺炎中对肠屏障功能的影响

目的: 探讨脾脏在大鼠急性胰腺炎中对肠屏障功能的影响.方法: 大鼠胰胆管内注入3%牛磺胆酸钠(0.7 ml/kg)及胰蛋白酶(3 000 u/kg)制成急性胰腺炎模型.实验大鼠随机分成4组:假手术组,脾切除组,脾切除+急性胰腺炎组,急性胰腺炎组.分别观察各组血清TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6及IL-10水平,测细菌移位率,取末段回肠行光镜及透射电镜检查观察肠黏膜受损情况.结果: 脾切除+急性胰腺炎组TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6及IL-10的测得值分别为3.06±3.61,16.46±5.52,19.90±6.89,6.94±3.93,急性胰腺炎组的测得值分别为19.93±2.38,42.79±4.31,20.19±3.35,39.28±12.69,其中TNF-α,IL-1β及IL-10的值脾切除+急性胰腺炎组与急性胰腺炎组相比差异有显著意义(P<0.05);脾切除+急性胰腺炎组细菌移位率为40%,急性胰腺炎组细菌移位率为93.3%,二者差异有显著意义(P<0.05).从病理学检查结果看,脾切除+急性胰腺炎组肠黏膜上皮仅轻微水肿,肠黏膜屏障基本完整,而急性胰腺炎组肠黏膜上皮水肿明显,绒毛坏死,上皮细胞变性,炎性细胞浸润及细菌移位.结论: 脾脏在急性炎症反应中,可以明显促进炎性介质的产生和释放,加重炎症反应.脾脏切除后可减少促炎因子的产生和释放,肠黏膜屏障受损减轻,细菌移位率下降.     

血晶素对大鼠70%肝脏切除后再生的影响

目的 探讨血晶素(Hemin)对大鼠70%肝脏切除术后肝脏再生的影响.方法 复制大鼠70%肝脏切除模型,随机分成血晶素治疗组和生理盐水对照组,在术后第1天、第2天、第3天和第7天测定比较肝重/体重、血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、肝脏组织中血晶素加氧酶1(HO-1)含量及肝细胞核增殖蛋白抗原(PCNA)表达指数.结果 术后第7天治疗组肝重/体重明显高于对照组(P<0.05),第3天开始肝细胞 PCNA表达指数较对照组升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).治疗组术后肝脏组织中HO-1浓度比对照组高,血清TNF-α的含量比对照组低(P<0.05).结论 血晶素大鼠肝脏70%切除术后肝脏再生的速度明显提高,这可能跟HO-1表达升高有关.     

肝癌、肝硬化中自然杀伤细胞的免疫组织化学研究

目的: 研究原发性肝细胞癌、肝硬化、正常肝组织中自然杀伤(nature killer,NK)细胞数量、分布及其与患者预后的关系.方法: 原发性肝细胞癌60例,单纯性肝硬化62例,正常肝组织23例,以SP免疫组化法检测NK细胞.结果: ①癌中与癌旁组织的NK细胞计数明显高于肝硬化(P<0.01),癌中NK细胞计数高于正常肝组织(P<0.05).②肝癌组织学分级与NK细胞数量无明显关系.③癌中NK细胞随着临床分期的发展有下降的趋势(P<0.05).④15月内转移复发组癌中和癌旁的NK细胞计数均明显低于无转移复发组(P<0.01).结论: NK细胞计数可能是反映机体抗肿瘤免疫状态和判断患者预后的重要指标.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.