脑室内注射乙酰胆碱受体抗体IgG对大鼠神经元凋亡及一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的研究乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AchRab)对大鼠脑内神经元的损害及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在损害中所起的作用，探讨重症肌无力(MG)中枢神经系统损害的机制。方法将AchRab IgG或健康人的IgG注入大鼠侧脑室。HE染色、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡；免疫组化方法观察大鼠皮质、海马及杏仁核神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达变化。结果2周后实验组皮质、海马及杏仁核凋亡细胞明显增多，对照组仅见少量凋亡。实验组皮质、海马及杏仁核nNOS神经元数目明显减少。实验组及对照组脑内细胞均来见iNOS表达。结论AchRab脑内注射可诱导神经元凋亡；损伤皮质。海马及杏仁核nNOS神经元；但未能诱导脑内细胞iNOS表达。神经元凋亡损害参与了AchRab对中枢神经损害的机制；nNOS神经元的减少，可能与MG认知功能障碍有密切关系；而神经元的损伤可能与NO的毒性作用无关。     

Aβ_(1-40)海马注射对大鼠脑内一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的　探讨一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)在 β淀粉样蛋白 (Aβ)神经毒性及阿尔茨海默病 (AD)病理机制中的作用。方法　应用免疫组化方法 ,观察大鼠海马齿状回Aβ1 4 0 注射后神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)表达变化。结果　正常大鼠海马齿状回区含nNOS神经元计数为 8 96± 0 35个 /视野 ;生理盐水注射后局部含nNOS神经元无明显变化 (8 97± 0 2 9个 /视野 ) ;Aβ1 4 0 注射后 ,注射区周围含nNOS神经元数目显著减少 (2 98± 0 2 4个 /视野 )。正常及生理盐水注射组脑内未见iNOS表达 ;Aβ1 4 0 注射后 2d、10d和 30d ,注射区持续出现大量含iNOS的胶质细胞 (主要为星形胶质细胞 ) ,反应面积分别为 0 90 5± 0 0 82、0 96 2± 0 16 1、0 935± 0 12 5mm2 。结论　Aβ1 4 0 海马注射可损伤局部含nNOS神经元及诱导胶质细胞iNOS表达 ,NOS在Aβ神经毒性和AD发病中有重要作用。     

低剂量伽玛刀照射对致(癎)大鼠皮质及海马神经元c-fos和nNOS表达的影响

目的 通过观察低剂量伽玛刀照射对致(癎)大鼠大脑皮质及海马神经元c-fos和脑型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的影响,探讨伽玛刀治疗癫(癎)的作用机制.方法 将44只青霉素致(癎)大鼠模型等分为实验组和实验对照组大鼠各22只,另取4只正常大鼠作为正常对照组.实验组行伽玛刀照射(周边剂量12 Gy)后,应用免疫组化方法,观察大脑皮质及海马神经元c-fos和nNOS表达的变化.结果 无论是皮质还是海马,c-fos和nNOS在实验组与实验对照组动物之间,表达均有明显的差别,实验组表达明显少于实验对照组,而后者呈现双高峰现象.结论 c-fos和nNOS在伽玛刀治疗癫(癎)的机制中发挥了重要作用.     

Aβ1—40海马注射对大鼠脑内一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的探讨一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)神经毒性及阿尔茨海默病(AD)病理机制中的作用.方法应用免疫组化方法,观察大鼠海马齿状回Aβ1-40注射后神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达变化.结果正常大鼠海马齿状回区含nNOS神经元计数为8.96±0.35个/视野;生理盐水注射后局部含nNOS神经元无明显变化(8.97±0.29个/视野);Aβ1-40注射后,注射区周围含nNOS神经元数目显著减少(2.98±0.24个/视野).正常及生理盐水注射组脑内未见iNOS表达;Aβ1-40注射后2d、10d和30d,注射区持续出现大量含iNOS的胶质细胞(主要为星形胶质细胞),反应面积分别为0.905±0.082、0.962±0.161、0.935±0.125mm2.结论Aβ1-40海马注射可损伤局部含nNOS神经元及诱导胶质细胞iNOS表达,NOS在Aβ神经毒性和AD发病中有重要作用.     

一氧化氮合酶在脑缺血再灌注中的双重作用

目的 探讨短暂脑缺血再灌注后大鼠脑内3型一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase，NOS)的表达及作用，为脑缺血治疗提供理论依据。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法，用3型NOS的多克隆抗体检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血2h再灌注15min及22h NOS在脑内的表达情况。结果 大鼠脑缺血2h再灌注15min，在脑缺血边缘区的血管壁及神经细胞出现内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase，eNOS)上调表达；脑缺血2h再灌注22h，在脑梗死区内表达神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal mitric oxide synthase，nNOS)的神经细胞减少，并出现表达诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase，iNOS)的胶质细胞，同时梗死边缘区血管及神经细胞出现eNOS及iNOS的上调表达。结论 在短暂脑缺血再灌注早期，缺血区周围可能有eNOS相关的保护机制；亚急性期eNOS及iNOS的保护及损伤机制并存；因此，在短暂脑缺血早期恢复灌注后予选择性iNOS抑制剂及促进eNOS活性有可能减少迟发性神经损伤。     

慢性间断性缺氧诱导一氧化氮合酶表达的研究

目的:建立大鼠缺氧模型,检测神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达情况。方法:1.建立缺氧模型:将SD大鼠置于常压低氧舱中,充入氮气调节氧浓度至所需氧浓度。2.动物分组:(1)急性缺氧组:在低氧舱中缺氧1.5小时。(2)慢性间断性缺氧组:每日在低氧舱中6小时。每周缺氧6天,共缺氧28天。3.采用免疫组化法检测nNOS和iNOS的表达。4.统计学分析检验。结果:急性缺氧后,iNOS、nNOS阳性神经元增加;慢性缺氧后,iNOS、nNOS阳性神经元仍持续增多,慢性缺氧时增加iNOS-IR细胞远远多于nNOS-IR细胞。结论:我们的研究表明缺氧可引起iNOS、nNOS阳性神经元增加,NOS亚型表达时间的不同说明其脑损伤具有阶段性。     

一氧化氮合酶与脑缺血早期神经损伤关系研究

目的:探讨大鼠脑缺血早期脑内3种亚型一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)的表达及作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学方法,用三型NOS的多克隆抗体检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血15、30min及1、2、3、6 h NOS在脑内的表达情况。结果:局灶性脑缺血1 h内缺血侧基底节区内神经元型NOS(nNOS)表达上调;脑缺血1 h内在缺血区小血管壁及3 h时在缺血边缘区小血管壁出现内皮型NOS(eNOS)两次上调。局灶性脑缺血6 h内神经组织中未见诱生型NOS(iNOS)表达。结论:在脑缺血的超早期出现结构型NOS(nNOS及eNOS)的上调表达,此时可能同时存在nNOS的神经损伤作用及eNOS的神经保护作用。     

低剂量伽玛刀照射对致大鼠皮质及海马神经元c-fos和nNOS表达的影响

目的 通过观察低剂量伽玛刀照射对致痫大鼠大脑皮质及海马神经元c—fos和脑型一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）表达的影响，探讨伽玛刀治疗癫痫的作用机制。方法将44只青霉素致痫大鼠模型等分为实验组和实验对照组大鼠各22只，另取4只正常大鼠作为正常对照组。实验组行伽玛刀照射（周边剂量12Gy）后，应用免疫组化方法，观察大脑皮质及海马神经元c-fos和nNOS表达的变化。结果无论是皮质还是海马，c—fos和nNOS在实验组与实验对照组动物之间，表达均有明显的差别，实验组表达明显少于实验对照组，而后者呈现双高峰现象。结论c—fos和nNOS在伽玛刀治疗癫痫的机制中发挥了重要作用。     

慢性锂处理对大鼠海马NOS表达的影响

目的　 探讨不同浓度氯化锂对大鼠海马一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)活性和神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)蛋白表达的影响 ,阐明锂对学习记忆的影响与NOS表达的关系。方法　将大鼠随机分为对照 (Cont)组和四个氯化锂(LiCl) (3,30 ,30 0 ,30 0 0mg/kg)组 ,分别给予普通饲料和含LiCl(3,30 ,30 0 ,30 0 0mg/kg)的饲料喂养 6 0d ,通过Y -迷宫实验 ,比较各组大鼠学习记忆能力的差别 ;采用黄递酶 (NADPH d)组织化学染色和ABC免疫组织化学染色方法观察各组大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区和齿状回 (DG)一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)与nNOS阳性细胞数的差别。 结果　3,30mg/kgLiCl组大鼠Y 迷宫实验成绩明显好于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;30 0 ,30 0 0mg/kgLiCl组大鼠则明显差于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。NADPH d和ABC免疫组织化学染色结果示 :LiCl(3,30mg/kg)组大鼠海马NOS与nNOS阳性细胞数明显多于Cont组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;LiCl(30 0 ,30 0 0mg/kg)组大鼠NOS与nNOS阳性细胞数少于Cont组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。 结论　 较低浓度的氯化锂能提高大鼠的学习记忆能力 ,增强NOS活性和nNOS蛋白表达 ,而较高浓度的锂则可能减低大鼠学习记忆能力 ,降低NOS活性和nNOS蛋白表达。     

一氧化氮与Alzheimer病(综述)

目的 概述了在Alzheimer病（AD）脑内一氧化氮（NO）可能介导胶质细胞激活后对神经元的损伤，参与炎性变化的毒性机制。诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）在AD脑的胶质细胞和微血管内高表达，同时又在神经元内出现。而反应性胶质细胞内既有iNOS的激活又有神经元型NOS（nNOS）激活，共同产生过量的、具有神经毒性的NO。     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Sense of coherence as a predictor of subjective state of health: results of 4 years of follow-up of adults

A number of cross-sectional population studies have shown that a strong sense of coherence (SOC) is associated with various aspects of good perceived health. The association does not seem to be entirely attributable to underlying associations of SOC with other variables, such as age or level of education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether SOC predicted subjective state of health. METHODS: The study was carried out as a two-way panel mail survey of 1976 individuals with 4 years interval for two collections of data. The statistical method used was multivariate cumulative logistic modeling. Age, initial subjective state of health, initial occupational training level, and initial degree of social integration were included as potential explanatory variables. RESULTS: A strong SOC predicted good health in women and men. CONCLUSIONS: SOC can be interpreted as an autonomous internal resource contributing to a favorable development of subjective state of health. SOC data should, however, be regarded as complementary to and not a substitute for information already known to be associated with increased risk of future ill health.