Croup and recurrent croup: their association with asthma and allergy

The cumulative incidence (i.e. lifetime prevalence) of croup and recurrent croup (RC) was investigated by questionnaire in a large group (n = 5756) of 5–8-year-old children (mean age: 6.8 ± 0.6 years) and the risk for asthma and/or wheezing in children with croup and RC assessed. In a random sample of the children, skin prick testing with common inhalant allergens (n = 614) and spirometry (n = 305) were performed and the results were compared between children with or without croup or RC. Of the children, 15.5% had suffered from croup, while 5.0% had had RC. The cumulative incidence was higher in boys than in girls (P < 0.05). In the children with croup or RC an increased risk for wheezing, asthma, usage of anti-asthma medication, rhinitis and hay fever was found (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the prevalence of positive skin prick tests between children with and without croup or RC. Mean percentage predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s, forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow was not different between children with and without croup or RC. However, children who had suffered from croup (with or without wheezing) had a lower mean percentage predicted forced expiratory flow at both 50% and 75% of forced vital capacity than those without croup (P = 0.002). A family history of hay fever, chronic bronchitis and eczema was associated with the presence of croup or RC (P < 0.01), while this was hardly the case for a family history of asthma. Conclusion Croup and recurrent croup are associated with bronchial asthma. The association seems essentially based on the presence of hyperreactive airways and less on the presence of atopy, although the latter can be considered an aggravating factor. Received: 3 March 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 15 July 1998     

Double blind placebo controlled trial of nebulised budesonide for croup

Accepted 28 August 1996
AIMS—To determine whether nebulised budesonide improves the symptoms or shortens the duration of stay of children admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of croup.
METHODS—A prospective, randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial. Patients received either nebulised budesonide or placebo every 12 hours. The main outcome measures were duration of inpatient stay and croup scores at 30 minutes, one, two, four, 12, and 24hours.
RESULTS—87 patients (89 admissions) aged 7-116 months entered the trial. Nebulised budesonide was associated with a significant improvement in symptoms at 12 hours (95% confidence interval (CI) 1 to 3) and 24 hours (95% CI 0 to 3). Patients with an initial croup score above 3 demonstrated a significant improvement in symptoms at two hours (95% CI 1 to 3). Nebulised budesonide was also associated with a 33% reduction in the length of stay (95% CI 2% to 63%) when the confounding variables of age, initial croup score, and coryzal symptoms were taken into consideration.
CONCLUSIONS—Nebulised budesonide is an effective treatment for children admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of croup.

     

Tracheotomy in children

Summary During a period of five years, 214 tracheotomies were performed on cases of diphtheria,H. influenzae croup and viral croup. The mortality for the whole series was 28 per cent, with a higher mortality forH. influenzae (38.4%) and viral croup (37.5%). The physiologic effects of respiratory tract obstruction, indications for tracheotomy, the technique of operation, complications and the management of the patients have been discussed. From the Bagla Infectious Diseases Hospital and the G. S. V. M. Medical College, Kanpur. An erratum to this article is available at .     

CPAP by helmet for treatment of acute respiratory failure after pediatric liver transplantation

ARF after pediatric liver transplantation accounts for high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure. The role of CPAP in postoperative period is still unknown. The aim of the study was to describe current practice and risk factors associated with the application of helmet CPAP. In this retrospective observational cohort study, 119 recipients were divided into two groups based on indication to CPAP after extubation. Perioperative variables were studied, and determinants of CPAP application were analyzed in a multivariate logistic model. Sixty patients (60/114) developed ARF and were included in the CPAP group. No differences were found between the two groups for primary disease, graft type, and blood product transfused. At multivariate analysis, weight <11 kg (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.1‐7.3; P = .026), PaO₂/FiO₂ <380 before extubation (OR = 5.4; 95% CI = 2.1‐13.6; P < .001), need of vasopressors (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.1‐6.4; P = .038), and positive fluid balance >148 mL/kg (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.6‐10.1; P = .004) were the main determinants of CPAP application. In the CPAP group, five patients (8.4%) needed reintubation. Pediatric liver recipients with lower weight, higher need of inotropes/vasopressors, higher positive fluid balance after surgery, and lower PaO₂/FiO₂ before extubation were at higher odds of developing ARF needing CPAP application.     

Post-extubation atelectasis in ventilated newborn infants

Post-extubation atelectasis (PEA) constitutes the commonest cause of lung collapse in ventilated neonates. The clinical and radiological features of 47 ventilated infants who developed PEA within 24 h of extubation are reported. Three main radiographic patterns of atelectasis were identified: (1) transient unilobar collapse resolving within 12 h of extubation (19 cases), (2) multilobar atelectasis developing over a 48-h period (18 cases), and (3) progressive atelectasis resulting in complete collapse of a whole lung. A similar number of ventilated infants without PEA served as controls. We found a significant association between the incidence of PEA and multiple intubation (P<0.02), presence of patent ductus arteriosus (P<0.001) and neonatal sepsis (P<0.05). Prophylactic physiotherapy is recommended for ventilated infants, particularly those with the above risk factors.Presented at the 29th Congress of the European Society of Pediatric Radiology, 27 April to 1 May 1992, Budapest, Hungary     

Double blind placebo controlled trial of nebulised budesonide for croup

AIMS: To determine whether nebulised budesonide improves the symptoms or shortens the duration of stay of children admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of croup. METHODS: A prospective, randomised, double blind placebo controlled trial. Patients received either nebulised budesonide or placebo every 12 hours. The main outcome measures were duration of inpatient stay and croup scores at 30 minutes, one, two, four, 12, and 24 hours. RESULTS: 87 patients (89 admissions) aged 7-116 months entered the trial. Nebulised budesonide was associated with a significant improvement in symptoms at 12 hours (95% confidence interval (CI) 1 to 3) and 24 hours (95% CI 0 to 3). Patients with an initial croup score above 3 demonstrated a significant improvement in symptoms at two hours (95% CI 1 to 3). Nebulised budesonide was also associated with a 33% reduction in the length of stay (95% CI 2% to 63%) when the confounding variables of age, initial croup score, and coryzal symptoms were taken into consideration. CONCLUSIONS: Nebulised budesonide is an effective treatment for children admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of croup.     

Clinical features at the onset of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Shenyang,China

Aim: To describe the clinical picture and laboratory features of Chinese children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: The clinical and laboratory data of a total of 203 children who presented with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus during a 5‐year period (2004–2008) were retrospectively analysed based on hospital records. Results: There were 88 boys (43.3%) and 115 girls (56.7%) with a median age of 8.3 years. The age distribution was categorised as 0–4 years: 52 (25.6%), 5–9 years: 57 (28.1%) and 10–14 years: 94 (46.3%). We found a peak incidence rate in the older age group. No significant seasonality was observed. The most common symptoms were polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss. Eighty‐five (41.9%) of all patients presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The average duration of presenting symptoms before the hospital encounter was 24.5 days. Young age group children had shorter duration (17.1 days, P= 0.03) and significantly lower levels of C‐peptide (P= 0.003) and haemoglobin A1c (P= 0.049) than the other groups. Children with DKA had a higher incidence of preceding infections (P= 0.032), lower free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels (P= 0.035, 0.046), and higher white blood cell counts (P= 0.000) than the non‐DKA group. Conclusion: The duration between the onset of the symptoms and diagnosis was long, and the proportion of DKA in children with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was high. These findings call for a collaborative effort for the early recognition of symptoms by patients and physicians in order to avoid more severe types of presentation.     

Acute Upper Airway Obstruction

Upper airway obstruction is defined as blockage of any portion of the airway above the thoracic inlet. Stridor, suprasternal retractions, and change of voice are the sentinel signs of upper airway obstruction. Most of the common causes among children presenting to emergency department are of acute infectious etiology. Among these, croup is the commonest while diphteria remains the most serious life-threatening cause. Recent reports indicate that bacterial tracheitis has become increasingly common. In ER evaluation the key clinical data in determining the cause and the site of obstruction are the onset, presence of fever, character of the stridor, retractions, the voice and the ability to handle secretions. After assessment of the severity of respiratory distress and resuscitative or supportive therapy including oxygen and emergent airway, specific treatment is directed at underlying etiology. All patients with audible stridor require early endotracheal intubation/tracheostomy. In croup the mainstay of treatment are cold humidified oxygen, budesonide nebulization ( in mild cases), Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg iv or im (in moderate and severe cases), and Adrenaline 5 ml 1:1000 (5 mg) solution as nebulization ( in severe cases). In diphtheria, early tracheostomy, anti-diphtheric serum and injectable penicillin are critical. Bacterial Tracheitis and Retropharyngeal abscess need early administration of injectable Cloxacillin, Amikacin and Clindamycin. ENT consultation should be obtained for early surgical drainage of retropharyngeal abscess. Angioneurotic edema is treated with subcutaneous adrenaline (1:1000, 0.01 ml/kg); hydrocortisone 10 mg/kg IV and antihistamines. Patients with severe obstruction and those with endotracheal tube/ trachesotomy should be transferred to PICU.     

Neonates presenting with temperature symptoms: Role in the diagnosis of early onset sepsis

Background: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of fever, hypothermia, and temperature instability in term and preterm newborns during the first 3 days of life and to identify risk factors for early onset sepsis (EOS) among newborns presenting with these temperature symptoms. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study set in our level III neonatal intensive care unit, we included all newborns hospitalized within the first 24 h of life from 2004 to 2007. Results: Of 851 newborns, 127 presented with temperature symptoms during the first 3 days of life (15%): 69 had fever, 69 had hypothermia, and 55 had temperature instability (8%, 8%, and 6%, respectively). Of 127 newborns presenting with temperature symptoms, 14 had culture‐proven EOS/pneumonia (33% of all 42 newborns with culture‐proven EOS/pneumonia), 67 had clinical EOS (30% of all 209 newborns with clinical EOS) and 46 were EOS‐negative (8% of all 600 EOS‐negatives). Factors associated with culture‐proven EOS/pneumonia in newborns presenting with temperature symptoms were maternal fever (P= 0.009), chorioamnionitis (P < 0.001), antibiotic therapy of the mother (P= 0.04), poor skin color (P= 0.001) and syndrome of persistent fetal circulation (P= 0.01). Conclusions: Every seventh newborn hospitalized at our neonatal intensive care unit developed fever, hypothermia and/or temperature instability during the first 3 days of life. Two‐thirds of them had culture‐proven or clinical sepsis. Temperature symptoms were rarely observed in EOS‐negative newborns (8%) but despite low sensitivity, were highly specific for bacterial infection in preterm and term newborns.     

Symptoms and signs differentiating croup and epiglottitis

Aim: To determine differentiating symptoms and signs of epiglottitis and laryngotracheobronchitis (croup). Methods: Contemporaneous interview of parents and clinical examination of children with acute upper airway obstruction presenting to the intensive care unit of a paediatric hospital. Results: Two hundred and three children were examined over a 40‐month period. One hundred and two had croup, of whom 49 had the diagnosis confirmed at intubation and another six by direct laryngeal inspection without intubation. One hundred and one had epiglottitis of whom 95 were diagnosed by direct inspection of the larynx at intubation, five by a lateral X‐ray of the neck and one on direct inspection without intubation. One child with epiglottitis died. Although both illnesses presented with stridor, the additional presence of drooling had a high sensitivity (0.79, 95% CI 0.70–0.86) and specificity (0.94, 95% CI 0.88–0.97) for epiglottitis while coughing had a high sensitivity (1.00, 95% CI 0.96–1.00) and high specificity (0.98, 95% CI 0.93–0.99) for croup. Coughing predicted croup but drooling predicted epiglottitis. Additional reliable signs of epiglottitis were a preference to sit, refusal to swallow and dysphagia. Thirty‐seven percent of children with epiglottitis and 16% with croup were treated as having another respiratory illness at least once before definitive diagnosis. Conclusions: Epiglottitis and croup are often confused because they share symptoms and signs including stridor. However, differentiation in early illness is possible by additional observation of coughing and absence of drooling in croup and by the additional observation of drooling with absence of coughing in epiglottitis.     

经鼻同步间歇指令通气在重度呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿撤机后的应用

目的探讨重度呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)早产儿撤机后行经鼻同步间歇指令通气(nSIMV)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年5月新生儿重症监护病房住院的126例RDS早产儿的临床资料。2013年1月至2014年3月住院患儿采用经鼻持续气道正压通气(nCPAP)(61例),而2014年4月至2015年5月住院患儿采用nSIMV(65例)。比较两组治疗后血气分析指标、撤机失败率与原因及并发症的差异。结果通气治疗4h后,nSIMV组pH值、氧分压(PaO_2)、血氧饱和度(SaO_2)和氧合指数(OI)均高于nCPAP组(均P0.05);nSIMV组二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)低于nCPAP组(P0.05)。nSIMV组和nCPAP组撤机失败率分别是9%(6/65)和30%(18/61)(P0.05),其撤机失败的原因主要有低氧血症(2%vs 5%,P0.05)、高碳酸血症(6%vs 11%,P0.05)和呼吸暂停(2%vs 13%,P0.05)。两组患儿在呼吸机支持时间、全肠道喂养时间、恢复出生体重时间和总住院时间上比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后nSIMV组腹胀发生率明显低于nCPAP组(9%vs 30%,P0.05),但两组喂养不耐受、坏死性小肠结肠炎、脑室内出血、早产儿视网膜病变和支气管肺发育不良的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论重度RDS早产儿撤机后采用nSIMV不仅明显改善肺通气功能,降低撤机失败率,且治疗后胃肠道副反应小,不增加并发症的发生,在临床值得推广。     

Oophorectomy in children. Who and why: 13-year experience in a single centre

Aim: Oophorectomy performed in children is extremely uncommon. We aimed to investigate the disease pattern and the association between the underlying pathology and the clinical presentation among those patients who had their ovaries removed in their childhood. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 41 consecutive children who underwent oophorectomy in a tertiary referral centre in the period between June 1995 and May 2008. Results: The median age was 11 years, ranged from 11 weeks to 15 years at the time of surgery. The primary presentations were acute lower abdominal pain (n= 20), progressive abdominal distension or abdominal mass (n= 13), chronic abdominal pain (n= 3), irregular menses (n= 1), antenatal diagnosis (n= 3) and incidental finding (n= 1). Ultrasound examination was performed in 31 patients and positive findings of ovarian pathology were found in all but one examination. Twenty cases of ovarian torsion were confirmed intra‐operatively. Patients presenting with acute abdominal pain were more likely to have torsion than other presentations (P < 0.01). Non‐neoplastic conditions and ovarian neoplasms were found in 11 and 30 patients, respectively. The most common neoplasm was mature teratoma (52%). Malignant neoplasms included immature teratoma (n= 3), dysgerminoma (n= 1), mixed dysgerminoma + yolk sac tumour (n= 2), yolk sac tumour (n= 2) and juvenile granulose cell tumour (n= 1). Malignant neoplasms were found to have more chronic presentation and less torsion than benign pathologies (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although ovarian pathology is uncommon in children, a girl presenting with acute lower abdominal pain or progressive abdominal distension should raise the suspicion and prompt immediate investigation to rule out ovarian torsion or ovarian neoplasms.     

Treatment of croup with nebulised steroid (budesonide): a double blind, placebo controlled study

The aim of this prospective, randomised, double blind study was to evaluate whether nebulised local steroid treatment is effective in the treatment of croup. Thirty six infants and children (0.4-4.9 years of age) admitted to hospital with moderate to severe croup were allocated to receive either 2 mg nebulised budesonide (20 children) or saline (16 children). Disease severity was assessed by a clinical total croup score based on stridor, cough, retractions, dyspnoea, and cyanosis. In addition the overall clinical impression was evaluated (0-100). Two hours after treatment there was a significant improvement in the total croup score in the group treated with budesonide (8 to 4.5), but not in the group treated with saline (8 to 8). Furthermore, the overall clinical impression assessment score decreased significantly (50 to 25) in the group treated with budesonide, whereas it remained constant in the placebo group (60 to 62). The total croup score and overall clinical severity were significantly better in the group treated with budesonide than in the placebo group. No side effects were observed. The results indicate that nebulised budesonide can be used as a safe and effective alternative treatment in children and infants with moderate to severe croup.     

Treatment of croup with nebulised steroid (budesonide): a double blind,placebo controlled study.

The aim of this prospective, randomised, double blind study was to evaluate whether nebulised local steroid treatment is effective in the treatment of croup. Thirty six infants and children (0.4-4.9 years of age) admitted to hospital with moderate to severe croup were allocated to receive either 2 mg nebulised budesonide (20 children) or saline (16 children). Disease severity was assessed by a clinical total croup score based on stridor, cough, retractions, dyspnoea, and cyanosis. In addition the overall clinical impression was evaluated (0-100). Two hours after treatment there was a significant improvement in the total croup score in the group treated with budesonide (8 to 4.5), but not in the group treated with saline (8 to 8). Furthermore, the overall clinical impression assessment score decreased significantly (50 to 25) in the group treated with budesonide, whereas it remained constant in the placebo group (60 to 62). The total croup score and overall clinical severity were significantly better in the group treated with budesonide than in the placebo group. No side effects were observed. The results indicate that nebulised budesonide can be used as a safe and effective alternative treatment in children and infants with moderate to severe croup.     

Tracheal colonization in preterm infants supported with nasal continuous positive airway pressure

Background: The aim of this study was to examine endotracheal bacteriological status in premature infants who are supported by nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) without any history of tracheal intubation. Methods: In this prospective study, we enrolled 60 premature infants with respiratory distress; of these, 30 were supported by CPAP without tracheal intubation, and 30 were intubated and mechanically ventilated. Infants were enrolled at a postnatal age of <24 h. Endotracheal (ET) cultures were taken at 24 h and at the 5th day of life. In the CPAP group, a suction catheter was sterilely inserted into the trachea while directly visualizing the vocal cords using a laryngoscope. Results: ET cultures taken on the 1st day of life showed colonization in 7/30 (23%) in the CPAP group versus 19/30 (63%) in the mechanically ventilated group (P= 0.002). Tracheal cultures on day 5 were positive in 5/30 (17%) and 11/30 (37%), respectively (P= 0.093). Klebsiella ssp. represented the most frequently isolated organism in both groups. A positive tracheal culture at 5 days was associated with a longer duration of respiratory support in the CPAP group (P= 0.05) but not in the ventilation group. Endotracheal culture at 5 days was associated with mortality in the ventilation group (8/11 vs 5/19, P= 0.02), but not in the CPAP group (1/5 vs 2/25, P= 0.45). Early endotracheal cultures did not relate with mortality in either of the groups. Conclusion: The trachea of premature infants supported with CPAP is at risk for bacterial colonization. Predisposing factors, mechanisms and clinical implications of these novel findings need to be studied.     

Interobserver variability of croup scoring in clinical practice

BACKGROUND:

Viral laryngotracheobronchitis croup is the most common cause of acute upper airway obstruction in young children. Clinical assessment of children with croup is often performed using ‘croup scores’; however, these scores have not been validated outside of the research setting.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the reliability of clinical observation items in croup scores in a paediatric emergency department (ED) setting.

DESIGN:

Literature review identified 12 observation items (level of consciousness or mental status, inspiratory breath sounds, air entry, stridor, cough, cyanosis or colour, anxiety or air hunger, retractions and/or flaring, respiratory rate and heart rate, oxygen saturation and respiratory distress); overlapping items were combined, yielding 10 variables. In a prospective cohort study over 13 months, patients presenting with croup were observed independently, and croup scores were assigned by the triage nurse, ED nurse and the ED physician before treatment. Agreement among observers for clinical observations was analysed using Cohen’s quadratic weighted kappa.

SETTING:

University-affiliated, paediatric hospital ED providing primary care to an urban area (population 330,000).

PATIENTS:

Children aged three months to five years presenting with viral croup (preceding history of at least one day of upper respiratory tract symptoms associated with barking cough and/or hoarseness and/or stridor).

RESULTS:

One hundred fifty-eight children meeting inclusion criteria for croup were assessed by three observers within 1 h of each other’s assesments and before treatment. Interobserver agreement among the three observers using weighted kappa was greater than chance for all clinical observation items and ranged from fair to moderate (0.2 to 0.4 and 0.4 to 0.6, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

In the busy practice setting of a paediatric ED, substantial interobserver variability exists among health care providers in the measurement of respiratory signs associated with croup in young children. Based on the present study in a practice setting and two research studies, the most reliable items of all of the published items included in croup scoring systems were stridor and retractions.     

Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces the need for intubation in very low birth weight infants

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) applied shortly after birth is said to be an effective treatment of respiratory distress in very low birth weight infants (VLBW). We tested the hypothesis that the use of early nasal CPAP (applied as soon as signs of respiratory distress occurred, usually within 15 min after birth) reduces the need for intubation, the duration of intermittent mandatory ventilation and the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. All liveborn VLBW infants (birth weight < 1500 g) admitted to our tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in 1990 (historical controls) and in 1993 (early nasal CPAP group) entered the study. The intubation rate was significantly lower after introduction of nasal CPAP (30% vs 53%, P = 0.016). Median duration of intubation was 4.5 days (interquartile range 3–7 days) before versus 6.0 days (2.8–9 days) after nasal CPAP was introduced (P = 0.73). The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was not reduced significantly (32% vs 30%, P = 0.94). Survival until discharge was 89.5% before versus 92.9% after introduction of nasal CPAP (P = 0.54). Conclusion Early nasal CPAP is an effective treatment of respiratory distress in VLBW infants, significantly reducing the need for intubation and intermittent mandatory ventilation, without worsening other stan dard measures of neonatal outcome. We found no significant decrease in the incidence of bronchopulmo nary dysplasia. Received: 5 February 1996 and in revised form: 12 September 1996 / Accepted: 23 October 1996     

The assessment and management of croup

The treatment of croup has changed considerably over the last 25 years with the liberalisation of the use of systemic corticosteroids for mild to moderate croup. The administration of corticosteroids in croup has reduced the severity of the condition, dramatically reduced the need for endotracheal intubation, shortened the duration of intubation, reduced the length of hospital stay, reduced the need for hospital admission and reduced daycare/preschool absenteeism and improved sleep in milder cases. Despite studies showing the efficacy of nebulised and intramuscular corticosteroids, the use of oral corticosteroids remains the recommended option in most, if not all, cases of croup presenting for medical assessment.     

Viral croup: a current perspective

Viral croup is the most common cause of upper airway obstruction in children 6 months to 6 years of age. Parainfluenza virus accounts for the majority of cases. The disease is characterized by varying degrees of inspiratory stridor, barking cough, and hoarseness because of laryngeal and/or tracheal obstruction. The diagnosis is mainly a clinical one and diagnostic studies usually are not necessary. The management has altered dramatically in the past decade. Good evidence exists to support the routine use of corticosteroid in all children with croup. Intervention at an earlier phase of the illness will reduce the severity of the symptoms and the rates of return to a health care practitioner for additional medical attention, visits to the emergency department, and admission to the hospital. Most children respond to a single, oral dose of dexamethasone. For those who do not tolerate the oral preparation, nebulized budesonide or intramuscular dexamethasone are reasonable alternatives. Nebulized epinephrine should be reserved for patients with moderate to severe croup. Simultaneous administration of corticosteroid and epinephrine reduces the rate of intubation in patients with severe croup and impending respiratory failure.     

经转运收入院的111例上气道梗阻新生儿临床特征及诊治结局

目的:总结经转运收入院的上气道梗阻（UAO）新生儿的临床特征及诊治结局,为这类患儿的临床管理提供更多循证依据。方法:单中心病例总结,纳入2016年1月1日至2021年5月31日北京儿童医院新生儿中心经转运收住院、入院时<28日龄或校正年龄≤44周龄、第一诊断为UAO的病例,总结分析患儿的临床特点。根据UAO的不同部位分...