闭式胃冠状静脉栓塞术的疗效与技术要点

本文报告采用闭式胃冠状静脉栓塞术治疗32例门静脉高压症的效果,并对其手术要点进行讨论。该术式在结扎胃冠状静脉主干的同时结扎胃右静脉、胃网膜右静脉及胃后静脉,于贲门上下各5cm以远的食管和胃体以及肝胃韧带夹持无损伤钳,从而使被栓塞的胃冠状静脉区域呈封闭状态,再从胃冠状静脉远肝侧主干推注TH胶,有效地防止了异位栓塞。本组同时行脾切除术31例,其中3例加作了脾肾静脉分流术;1例未作脾切除附加了肠系膜上静脉—下腔静脉分流术。11例急症栓塞后全部即刻止血,治愈10例,1例死于术后肝功能衰竭。择期手术者均好转、痊愈。无1例发生异位栓塞。随访6月～8年,术后远期再出血率10％。     

内镜腹腔镜联合治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症食管胃底曲张静脉出血

目的：探讨内镜腹腔镜联合治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症食管胃底曲张静脉出血的可行性。 方法： 23例肝硬化门静脉高压症食管胃底曲张静脉出血患者行食管曲张静脉套扎或胃底曲张静脉组织胶注射后行手助腹腔镜脾切除11例,门奇静脉断流术12例。 结果：21例术后1年内无上消化道出血,2例因出血行再次套扎。1例于2年后患肝癌死亡,1例3年后上消化道出血死亡。 结论：内镜联合腹腔镜治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症曲张静脉出血创伤小,近期止血效果好,是一种切实可行的治疗门静脉高压症并食管胃底静脉曲张出血的方法。     

脾切除胃冠状静脉栓塞术治疗门静脉高压症

目的　评价脾切除、胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗门静脉高压症(PHT)的效果。方法　采用α氢基丙烯酸正辛酯(含显影剂的TH胶)对47例门静脉高压症引起食管胃底静脉曲张的病例,在脾切除后,作胃冠状静脉栓塞对门奇静脉交通支断流。结果　本组无手术死亡。手术后4例发生栓塞区糜烂性胃炎出血,均经非手术疗法控制。42例发生食后梗塞感,均未经处理而自愈。术后随访45例(957%),随访时间为05～11年,平均7年。术后再出血率67%(3/45)。术后复查肝功能者,肝功能Ⅰ级486%,Ⅱ级351%,Ⅲ级162%。随访期间死亡5例,5,10年生存率分别为870%,667%。结论　本术式操作简便,创伤较少,适应证宽,便于基层医院推广,是一种较理想的断流术式。     

改良胃冠状静脉TH胶栓塞术治疗食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血

采用改良胃冠状静脉TH胶栓塞术加脾切除或分流术治疗食管胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血21例,无1例发生异位栓塞。随访6个月～4年,再出血率为5.3％。介绍了该术式操作方法,肯定了其止血效果。探讨本术式有效防止异位栓塞的机制在于完全阻断了胃冠状静脉与门体静脉间侧支循环的反常血流。就附加分流手术问题及改良术式的注意事项作了说明。     

急诊食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞联合Ⅱ期部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症并急性上消化道出血效果观察

目的评估急诊食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞联合Ⅱ期部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症并急性上消化道出血疗效。方法对45例肝硬化门静脉高压症并急性上消化道出血患者行食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞联合Ⅱ期部分脾动脉栓塞术,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果 43例患者出血完全缓解,1例术后小量出血经药物治疗后缓解,1例行二次食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞后缓解,无明显手术并发症。术后随访1 a,40例未再出血,脾功能亢进有效控制。结论食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞联合Ⅱ期部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压合并上消化道出血,止血效果确切,对于病情重、体质差、肝功能差不耐受外科手术者不失为一种良好的抢救及治疗措施。     

限制性胃冠状静脉栓塞断流术

限制性胃冠状静脉栓塞断流术,就是先“封闭”贲门上下3～5cm食管和胃底出血区反常血流与外界的一切回流和侧支通道后,再从胃冠状静脉抽管下进行TH胶永久性栓塞,既达到了栓塞断流的彻底性,又保证了栓塞断流的安全性。本文就手术操作步骤和要点进行了详细介绍。作者认为,本术式仍是目前治疗门静脉高压症的一种合理、简便而损伤小的断流术。     

断流术加食管下段胃底切除术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血的研究

目的 探讨断流术加食管下段胃底切除术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血的疗效。方法 采用择期断流术加食管下段胃底切除术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血26例。患者均为肝炎后肝硬化伴有比较严重的食管胃底静脉曲张及1次以上出血史。结果 全部病例均获随访，平均随访52个月。随访中无食管曲张静脉复发出血，无手术近期死亡，效果满意。结论 断流术加食管下段胃底切除术能较好地为患者接受，复发出血率低，止血确切，是治疗门静脉高压症比较理想的一种手术方法。     

断流术联合胃底切除治疗门静脉高压症

目的 探讨断流术加食管下端及胃底切除术治疗门静脉高压的疗效.方法 回顾性分析32例采用断流术联合食管下端及胃底切除术治疗门静脉高压症患者(联合组)的临床资料,并以34例贲门周围血管离断术为对照组,患者均为肝炎后肝硬化,均患有明显的食管胃底静脉曲张,且有1次以上出血史.结果 患者均获随访,平均14个月,两组患者术后门静脉压变化及手术近期病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);食管胃底静脉曲张、术后再出血、腹胀和早期胃潴留等联合组明显优于断流组(P<0.05).结论 断流术联合胃底切除治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血止血确切,复发出血率低,并发症少,是治疗门静脉高压症较理想的一种手术方法.     

经皮经肝穿刺门静脉行胃底食管曲张静脉栓塞术治疗上消化道出血

目的　评价经皮经肝穿刺门静脉行胃底食管曲张静脉栓塞治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症上消化道大出血的疗效。方法　对37例肝硬化门静脉高压症急性上消化道大出血患者行经皮经肝穿刺门静脉栓塞胃冠状静脉,至造影复查曲张静脉完全消失为止。结果　37例患者在栓塞术后出血均迅速停止,无1例技术方面的并发症出现。随访37例1～38个月,栓塞3个月后再出血2例,1例术后3周死于心脏功能衰竭,5例6个月后死于肝癌。结论　经皮经肝穿刺门静脉胃底食管曲张静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症急性上消化道大出血是安全有效的方法     

TH胶胃冠状静脉栓塞加脾切除术治疗门静脉高压症

本文总结我科用TH胶行胃冠状静脉栓塞治疗门静脉高压症49例的经验。急诊栓塞28例，出血立即停止，止血率1OO％。预防性栓塞21例。发生门静脉栓塞1例．经抢救无效死亡。随访43例，再出血5例。均保守治愈。该术式有栓塞彻底、止血效果满意、创伤小、适应证党等优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.