Implementing personal digital assistant documentation of pharmacist interventions in a military treatment facility.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of personal digital assistants (PDAs) in documenting pharmacists' clinical interventions. SETTING: Evans Army Community Hospital (EACH), a 78-bed military treatment facility, in Colorado Springs. PARTICIPANTS: Pharmacists on staff at EACH. PRACTICE DESCRIPTION: All pharmacists at EACH used PDAs with the pilot software to record interventions for 1 month. The program underwent final design changes and then became the sole source for recording pharmacist interventions. The results of this project are being evaluated every 3 months for the first year and yearly thereafter. PRACTICE INNOVATION: Visual CE (Syware Inc. Cambridge, Mass.) software was selected to develop fields for the documentation tool. This software is simple and easy to use, and users can retrieve reports of interventions from both inpatient and outpatient sections. The software needed to be designed so that data entry would only take a few minutes and ad hoc reports could be produced easily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of pharmacist interventions reported, time spent in clinical interventions, and outcome of clinical intervention. RESULTS: Implementing a PDA-based system for documenting pharmacist interventions across ambulatory, inpatient, and clinical services dramatically increased reporting during the first 6 months after implementation (August 2004-February 2005). After initial fielding, clinical pharmacists in advanced practice settings (such as disease management clinic, anticoagulation clinic) recognized a need to tailor the program to their specific activities, which resulted in a spin-off program unique to their practice roles. CONCLUSION: A PDA-based system for documenting clinical interventions at a military treatment facility increased reporting of interventions across all pharmacy points of service. Pharmacy leadership used these data to document the impact of pharmacist interventions on safety and quality of pharmaceutical care provided.     

Evaluation of personal digital assistant software for drug interactions.

PURPOSE: The accuracy, comprehensiveness, and ease of use of drug interaction software used with personal digital assistants (PDAs) were studied. METHODS: Each program was assessed for accuracy using 40 clinically important and 40 clinically unimportant drug interaction pairs. Accuracy was scored through the summation of software sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. The comprehensiveness of each program was determined by the number of components in the drug interaction monograph. Time needed to identify the management of five important drug interactions defined each program's ease of use. The aggregate scores for accuracy, comprehensiveness, and ease of use were calculated. RESULTS: Scoring 777 and 756 out of a possible 800 points, iFacts and Lexi-lnteract, respectively, provided the most competent, complete, use-friendly compendia for assessment of drug interactions. Mosby's Drug Consult and Mobile Micromedex ranked third and fourth, scoring 688 and 655 points, respectively, while ePocrates Rx v. 6.0 rated seventh, with a score of 559. All drug interaction resources suffer from limitations in the quality or relevance of evidence for the interaction, an absence of identifiable patient and medication risk factors, and a lack of standardization in assigning significance to the interaction. Consequently, clinicians must interpret the importance of the interaction based on all available evidence. Discussion of such evidence was available for only iFacts and Lexi-Interact. CONCLUSION: Both iFacts and Lexi-Interact excelled as PDA pharmacopoeia for assessing drug interactions. However, clinicians should understand the limitations of all current drug interaction resources and exercise vigilance in prevention and recognition of interactions relevant to their patients.     

Focus and impact of pharmacists' interventions

All pharmacists' interventions were collected over a two-week period and were assessed for type and impact on patient care and medication costs. A total of 361 interventions were collected with a physician acceptance rate of 95.8 percent. Eighty-two of the 361 interventions were reviewed by seven physicians with 93 percent of those being judged to have had a positive effect on patient outcome, 7 percent were judged to have had no effect, while none reviewed were judged to be detrimental. Life-saving interventions were judged to have occurred in 8.5 percent of interventions, while 90 percent of the interventions were perceived to have resulted in improved quality of care and/or physician education. Cost analysis was performed comparing the difference of total medication costs (drug, pharmacy, nursing and drug assay costs) for a 24 hour period prior to and after the intervention occurred. The cost-avoidance over the two week period was calculated to be $679, representing a conservative estimate of an annual cost-avoidance of $17,654. Costs not evaluated were those avoided due to increased quality of care, decreased adverse drug effects and decreased length of hospital stay. Pharmacists' interventions which represent only a portion of a pharmacist's responsibilities, improve the quality of patient care and result in cost avoidance.     

Documenting pharmacists' interventions on a hospital's mainframe computer system

The development and implementation of a code that enables pharmacists to document their clinical interventions in the hospital's computerized patient records is described. To allow data to be entered in patient records from terminals throughout the hospital that are linked to the mainframe computer, a code was developed to summarize each pharmacist recommendation. The coded information is added to the computer entry for the specific drug requiring intervention. A computer program was developed inhouse for generating daily reports of the pharmacist interventions. During an initial 25-day study period, 300 interventions were documented; house staff physicians accepted the pharmacists' recommendations in 257 (85.7%) of these interventions. An additional 17 (6%) of the interventions resulted from physicians' requests for pharmacists' recommendations. In addition to review of all pharmacist clinical interventions, this system allows review of a specific target drug to determine compliance with institutional drug-use guidelines. Through use of the computer program developed at this hospital, information that documents pharmacists' clinical services can be entered directly into patients' records on the hospital's mainframe computer system and retrieved as useful reports.     

Assessing the quality of ward pharmacists' interventions

The quality of 1,315 interventions made by pharmacists over a 12-month period at Harefield hospital, a 180-bed cardiothoracic hospital, was measured using a six-point scoring system. The system was validated by comparing a pharmacist's scores with doctors' scores on a sample of the interventions. Using the scoring system, 53 per cent of the interventions could be said to lead to an improvement in patient care, but only 2 per cent prevented major adverse reactions. No potentially life-saving interventions or any which were detrimental to patients' care were recorded. It is concluded that pharmacists do have a role in improving the quality of patient care.     

掌上电脑对降低护理不良事件发生率的作用

目的：探讨掌上电脑（PDA）对降低护理不良事件发生率的作用。方法以2012年10月～2013年3月本院已应用PDA的2个科室（普外科、泌尿科）作为观察组,以同期未应用PDA的2个科室（骨科、五官科）作为对照组,比较两组护理不良事件的发生率及护理质量评分。结果2012年10月,观察组共出现1例（0.5%）护理不良事件,对照组出现7例（3.5%）;2012年11月,观察组0例,对照组6例（3.0%）;2012年12月,观察组1例（0.5%）,对照组7例（3.5%）;2013年1月,观察组2例（1.0%）,对照组10例（4.8%）;2013年2月,观察组3例（1.5%）,对照组10例（4.5%）;2013年3月,观察组2例（1.0%）,对照组10例（5.0%）。各时间点比较,观察组护理不良事件发生率均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。观察组任一时间周期护理质量评分均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论使用PDA有助于降低护理不良事件出现率,对于提升护理质量评分、患者护理满意度具有积极意义,具备推广价值。     

Effect of pharmacists' clinical interventions on nonformulary drug use

The effect on drug costs of pharmacists' interventions in reducing the use of nonformulary medications was studied in a private teaching hospital. During a four-month period, nonformulary medication request forms and pharmacist consultation logs were reviewed to determine physicians' actions taken on requests for nonformulary medications. Cost avoidance of interventions (nonformulary medication cost) and the cost of pharmacist cost) and the cost of pharmacist time for the interventions were determined. The pharmacist was able to contact The pharmacist was able to contact the physician in 388 of 394 instances in which the use of a nonformulary medication was considered. Of 230 recommendations by pharmacists to change a nonformulary drug order to one for a formulary alternative, 64.8% (149) were accepted by physicians. Of pharmacists' recommendations that were accepted, 75.8% (113/149) were from decentralized areas, which was a significantly higher acceptance rate than that for the centralized areas (24.7% or 36/149). Cost avoidance resulting from acceptance of pharmacists' recommendations during the four-month study was $2,645, or $13,573 per year; this was more than the cost of pharmacist time required to perform interventions. Pharmacist interventions to decrease use of nonformulary drugs can be cost-effective and appear to be more successful in decentralized pharmacy service areas than in areas served by a central pharmacy.