Diet counseling modifies nutrient intake of patients with Crohn's disease

The nutrient intake of 137 outpatients with Crohn's disease was recorded, and the effect of diet counseling was assessed. Half the patients received monthly diet counseling that was individualized and aimed at normalizing nutrient intake; the other half of the patients received no diet counseling and served as controls. Over the 6-month study period, the mean nutrient intakes met or exceeded the 1980 U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for all nutrients except folate in the men and iron and folate in the women. However, at study entry, for each nutrient there was a substantial proportion of patients whose intake did not meet the full RDA. Less than 50% of the men consumed the full RDA for energy and folate, and less than 50% of the women consumed the full RDA for energy, folate, calcium, iron, thiamin, and vitamin B-12. Monthly diet counseling sessions were associated with increases in the mean intake of most nutrients, whereas similar improvement was not observed in the control group members, who did not receive counseling. By 6 months, significantly more counseled than non-counseled patients were consuming the full RDA for protein, riboflavin, and vitamin C (p less than .05). Thus, diet counseling was found to be an important tool for improving the nutrient intake of outpatients with Crohn's disease.     

Food diversity and nutrient intake during pregnancy in relation to maternal weight gain

BackgroundInadequate gestational weight gain has become a major problem for Algerian women and this is due to inadequate maternal nutrient intake and lack of food diversity. Our objective was to assess the caloric and nutrient intake, the nutritional adequacy of the diet of women during pregnancy and to appreciate their effects on gestational weight gain.MethodsA prospective cohort study of 300 pregnant women aged 19 to 43 years was conducted, from December 2013 to July 2016. Maternal age, parity, educational level, household income and pre-pregnancy body mass index were collected. Gestational weight gain was calculated and classified according to the IOM recommendations. Participants were asked to report the frequency of consumption of foods and beverages in the last trimester of gestation. Also, the estimation of energy and nutrient intakes was made by a three-day dietary record. Statistics were performed using StatviewTM and SPSS software.ResultsIntakes of energy, vitamines and minerals of women with insufficient weight gain were less than that of women with normal and excessive gain (P < 0.0001). Milk and dairy products (P = 0.0009), fruits and vegetables (P = 0.03), meats, fish and eggs (P = 0.0049) were significantly less consumed by women with insufficient gain. The lowest food diversification was more observed in women with insufficient gestational weight gain.ConclusionMost of the pregnant women had a poorly diversified diet and especially women with insufficient weight gain. Also, the intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals of women with insufficient gain were the lowest.     

Maternal nutrient intake and birth-weight

The relation between diet towards the end of the first trimester of gestation and subsequent birth-weights was examined in 419 singleton pregnancies. The mothers of babies of low birth-weight were found to be consuming a diet significantly lower in energy and in some essential nutrients than the mothers of larger babies. Associations were also found between nutrient intakes, length of gestation and pre-pregnancy maternal weight.     

Diet intervention methods to reduce fat intake: nutrient and food group composition of self-selected low-fat diets

A multicentered pilot study was conducted to test an intervention protocol designed to reduce fat intake to 15% of energy intake. Eligible subjects were postmenopausal women with stage II breast cancer whose baseline fat intake was more than 30% of energy intake. The low-fat diet intervention protocol consisted of bi-weekly individual counseling sessions with emphasis on substitution of lower-fat foods for high-fat foods and maintenance of nutritional adequacy. Nutrient intakes were calculated from 4-day food records collected at baseline and after 3 months of diet intervention. Mean daily fat intake for the 17 patients on the low-fat diet dropped significantly from 38.4 +/- 4.3% of energy intake at baseline to 22.8 +/- 7.8% at 3 months (p less than .001). A 25% reduction in mean energy intake, from 1,840 +/- 419 kcal at baseline to 1,365 +/- 291 kcal at 3 months, was accompanied by significant increases in protein and carbohydrate as percent of energy intake. A mean weight loss of 2.8 kg and a 7.7% reduction in serum cholesterol were observed; both changes were significant at the p less than .01 level. Absolute intakes of zinc and magnesium were significantly reduced. However, mean intake on the low-fat diet for 14 vitamins and minerals, including zinc and magnesium, exceeded two-thirds of the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). When expressed as nutrient density (i.e., amount of nutrient per 1,000 kcal), increases were observed for all micronutrients. These results support the hypothesis that a nutritionally adequate low-fat diet can be successfully implemented in a highly motivated, free-living population.     

Diet diversity and colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Food diversity has been recommended to achieve a healthy diet and prevent cancer. The relation between diet diversity and the risk of colorectal cancer was investigated using data from a multicenter case-control study carried out between 1992 and 1996 in Italy. METHODS: The study included 1225 subjects with cancer of the colon (688 men and 537 women), 728 with cancer of the rectum (437 men and 291 women), and 4154 controls (2073 men and 2081 women) residing in the same geographical areas. Odds ratios (ORs) of colon and rectal cancer and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) according to food diversity were derived from unconditional multiple logistic regression equations. RESULTS: For colon cancer, an inverse association for total diversity was found in males (adjusted OR of 0.65 for the highest vs the lowest quintile of total diversity; 95% CI: 0.46-0.93) and in females (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.57-1.26). With respect to specific food groups, there was an inverse association only with diversity within vegetables (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.54-0.81 in colon cancer and OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55-0.91 in rectal cancer). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that total diversity is moderately related to a decreased risk of colorectal cancer risk. A better understanding of the potential influence of dietary patterns on colorectal cancer is needed.     

Accuracy and reliability of nutrient intake estimates

A common problem in nutrition assessment is determining the number of days of food intake information required to obtain accurate estimates of nutrient intakes. A standard definition of accuracy is needed for clinical practice and nutrition research. Any measure of accuracy should have two properties: 1) accuracy should improve as the number of observations increases and 2) the number of observations needed to achieve a given degree of accuracy should be unaffected by changes in the scale of measurement. Two approaches to defining accuracy are presented, one based on a proportion of the mean and the other using a proportion of the standard deviation (SD). The concept of reliability of measurement is introduced along with equations and tables that can be used in determining the number of repeated food records needed for a particular purpose. Defining accuracy in terms of the variability and reliability shows that increasing the number of days of a food record has a quickly diminishing return. For most purposes, 3-14 d of food diary records per subject will prove adequate.     

Comparison of nutrient intake determined by four dietary intake instruments

We compared nutrient intake estimates among four commonly used food intake instruments: 24-hour recall, a 2-day diet diary, a modified diet history, and a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The four instruments were administered to each of fifty people selected by systematic sampling from Washington County, Maryland. Using an analysis of variance for a complete block design, we analyzed data by mean differences across all instruments, and by simple correlations and Kappa statistics between instrument pairs. The food-frequency questionnaire gave the highest mean estimates, and the modified diet history estimate means fell between the food-frequency questionnaire and the other two instruments. However, when adjusted for calories (nutrients/1000 kcal), the food-frequency questionnaire estimates for nutrients were no longer consistently higher than those of the other instruments. Total fat, oleic acid, cholesterol, protein, sodium, iron, thiamin, and niacin were most consistently estimated by two or more instruments as measured by correlation coefficients. Crude fiber, calcium, and vitamins A and C gave the least consistent estimates among all four instruments. The correlation coefficients and Kappa scores were modest for all instrument pair comparisons, but the majority were statistically significant at p ≤ 0.005. All data showed greater consistency between instruments that measured either long-term intake (modified diet history and food-frequency questionnaire) or short-term intake (diet diary and twenty-four hour recall). In addition, demographic variables (age, sex, and marital status), as well as differences in caloric intake, affected instrument estimates of some nutrients.     

Estimating prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake

In assessing food intake patterns in groups of individuals, it is usually important to know how many of these individuals present nutrient intakes above or below a determined criterion. This information is relevant for planning healthcare actions, both in monitoring and in assessing such interventions, and also for the purposes of regulating commercial activities. This paper discusses a new methodology for estimating the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake, with the Dietary Reference Intakes as the reference values. The utilization of diet surveys that allow the most accurate quantitative estimate possible is dealt with. These should use repeated measurements of food intake, on non-consecutive days. The food intake should be adjusted for between-person and within-person variance, so as to obtain a corrected distribution for the nutrient intake values. After constructing this distribution curve based on the corrected estimated parameters (average and standard deviation), the EAR method (Estimated Average Requirement) can be used as a cutoff point for verifying the proportion of individuals that has inadequate nutrient intake. This corresponds to the area of the curve below this reference value. It is concluded that this new approach minimizes the error in the calculation of the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake, since it takes into consideration the random characteristics of the diet.     

Recent national French food and nutrient intake data

In France, the first national dietary survey, called ASPCC, was done in 1993-1994. According to this survey, the mean fat intake in France is rather high, both for men (37.7%) and women (40%). Saturated fat intake is above 15% of energy. The intake of fruit and vegetables is particularly low for younger people and manual workers. Fruit intake is also lower for people from the north of the country. These data show the necessity of a targeted nutritional policy in France. Therefore, public health authorities are determining new dietary guidelines. The fact that people with unsatisfactory nutritional status are often not concerned with nutrition proves the importance of simple understandable food-based dietary guidelines.     

Dietary habits and nutrient intake in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

OBJECTIVE: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most important emerging health issues. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome play a central role in the pathogenesis of NASH. Intake of nutrients strongly affects insulin resistance, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and hepatic steatosis. However, there are few reports about the intake of various nutrients in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this work, we identified the characteristics of dietary habits and nutrient intake in patients with NASH. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with NASH and 18 with simple steatosis (FL) were diagnosed from histologic findings, and their dietary habits and intake of nutrients were analyzed by detailed questioning by physicians and dieticians. RESULTS: There was an excess intake of carbohydrates/energy in patients with NASH 20-59 y of age compared with patients with FL. Among carbohydrates, intake of simple carbohydrates was higher in those with NASH. There also was a low intake of protein/energy in patients with NASH 40-59 y of age and a low intake of zinc in those 20-59 y of age compared with patients with FL. Ratio of intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid was lower in patients with NASH and those with FL compared with the general Japanese subjects. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that imbalanced diets play important roles in development and progression of NASH and correction of these diets may be necessary in patients with NASH.     

Alcohol and nutrient intake of elderly men.

The effect of alcohol consumption on the intake of food nutrients was investigated in elderly residents in a Veterans Administration Domiciliary. When compared with a group of abstainers from the same institution, the imbibers ate fewer food calories (2,140 vs. 2,415 kcal per day) and had lower serum albumin levels (54 vs. 58 per cent total serum protein). The lower caloric intake extended to the three main energy sources (fat, protein, and carbohydrate) and occurred even though ample food was available. In view of the reduced nutrient intake and known impairment of the absorptive process by ethanol, institutionalized elderly alcoholics require special attention to maintain a satisfactory nutritional status.     

Survival and habitual nutrient intake among elderly men

The aim of this paper was to determinate whether the intake of energy and nutrients was associated with all-cause mortality in the elderly men of the Warsaw region. Data on the intake of energy and nutrients were collected using a 3-day record method, in spring 1999. The mortality follow-up period lasted until December 31, 2003. During this period 43 men (29.5 % subjects) died. The all-cause mortality was higher among subgroup of elderly men with lower intake of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin PP, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper and among subgroup of men with lower intake of total fat, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids.     

Dairy and dairy-related nutrient intake during middle childhood

OBJECTIVE: To characterize patterns of dairy intake among girls in middle childhood. DESIGN: Longitudinal data were used to characterize girls' patterns of dairy intake at age 5, 7, 9, and 11 years. SUBJECTS: Participants were 151 girls from predominately middle-class and exclusively non-Hispanic white families living in central Pennsylvania. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Intakes of dairy, energy, macronutrients, vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus were assessed using three 24-hour dietary recalls in 151 non-Hispanic white girls at age 5, 7, 9, and 11 years. Analyses of changes over time were conducted using repeated measures analysis of variance. McNemar's chi(2) test was used to analyze change in percentage of dairy consumers over time. RESULTS: From age 5 to 11 years, girls' total dairy intake remained stable. Total milk consumption declined, due to a decline in intake of milk as a beverage, while intakes of cheese and dairy desserts increased. Much of the decline in milk intake from age 5 to 11 years, especially for milk as a beverage, was due to a reduction in the percentage of girls consuming milk as a beverage, not simply due to a decline in the servings of milk as a beverage consumed by consumers. On average, girls met vitamin D recommendations over time; however, by age 9 and 11 years girls failed to meet calcium and phosphorus recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Although girls' dairy intake was stable over time, at age 7, 9, and 11 years girls did not meet the recommended three servings per day, leading to suboptimal intakes of calcium and phosphorus at age 9 and 11 years. Increasing milk intake among all children should continue to be a major focus of interventions.     

Exercise training and nutrient intake in elderly women

This study examined the relationship between moderate exercise training (five 30- to 40-minute sessions per week for 12 weeks at 60% of heart rate reserve) and changes in nutrient intake in a group of 30 sedentary elderly women aged 67 to 85 years. Subjects were placed randomly into two groups (those who walked and those who did calisthenics) and were followed for 12 weeks. Measurements were done at three times (baseline, 5 weeks, and 12 weeks). Dietary intake was based on 7-day food records. The 12-week walking program resulted in a significant (12.6%) improvement in maximum oxygen consumption ( ₂max) but no change in body weight or skinfold thicknesses compared with the calisthenics program. Despite the improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, no significant group × time interaction effects were observed for most of the nutrient intake variables tested. To test the effects of high levels of physical activity on nutrient intake, cross-sectional comparisons were made at baseline between highly conditioned and sedentary elderly women. The highly conditioned elderly women had higher energy and nutrient intakes, especially when expressed on a weight-adjusted basis. However, no differences in measures of dietary quality were found. Dietitians should not expect spontaneous improvement in either the quantity or quality of nutrient intake by elderly women who adopt a moderate exercise program. Although nutrient intake was greater in highly conditioned elderly women, their level of fitness and physical activity may be beyond the reach of many elderly women.     

Diet quality of Italian yogurt consumers: an application of the probability of adequate nutrient intake score (PANDiet)

The diet quality in yogurt consumers and non-consumers was evaluated by applying the probability of adequate nutrient intake (PANDiet) index to a sample of adults and elderly from the Italian food consumption survey INRAN SCAI 2005–06. Overall, yogurt consumers had a significantly higher mean intake of energy, calcium and percentage of energy from total sugars whereas the mean percentage of energy from total fat, saturated fatty acid and total carbohydrate were significantly (p?p?相似文献