卵巢肿瘤组织中端粒酶活性的表达

目的分析端粒酶活性在卵巢肿瘤中的表达,探讨端粒酶活性作为卵巢肿瘤诊断肿瘤标记物的意义。方法取冰冻肿瘤组织,采用端粒重复序列扩增法（Telomeric Repeat Amplication Protocol）,结合银染,共测定了27例卵巢癌、5例良性卵巢肿瘤、22例卵巢癌癌旁组织以及12例正常卵巢组织中端粒酶活性,并分析其与组织分级、FIGO分期、病理类型以及有无转移的关系。PCR产物以采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析,以出现特征性的6-bp间隔的特征性阶梯状条带为阳性。出现〉100bp的条带为强阳性,出现〈99bp的条带为中低阳性。结果本实验共对66份标本进行了检测,12例正常卵巢组织中,仅有2例表达端粒酶活性;5例卵巢良性肿瘤中,1例表达端粒酶弱阳性。27例卵巢恶性肿瘤标本中,有23例表达端粒酶活性（其中强阳性16例）;在检测的22例卵巢上皮癌的癌旁组织中,有12例表达端粒酶弱阳性。卵巢恶性肿瘤的端粒酶活性表达阳性率显著高于卵巢良性肿瘤（P=0.0090）和正常卵巢（P=0.0000）。Ⅰ-Ⅱ期患者端粒酶活性阳性率71%,Ⅲ-Ⅳ期患者端粒酶活性阳性率90%（P=0.269）。而强阳性率Ⅲ-Ⅳ期明显高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ期（P=0.009）。在肿瘤类型和组织学分级中,端粒酶阳性表达率均没有显著差异。结论在卵巢恶性肿瘤组织中端粒酶活性有较高的表达率;早期和晚期卵巢肿瘤组织中端粒酶活性阳性率没有明显差异,但晚期卵巢肿瘤组织中的端粒酶活性程度较高;端粒酶活性有可能作为早期诊断卵巢肿瘤的标记物之一,并可以作为卵巢肿瘤判断预后的指标。     

肺癌穿刺标本中端粒酶催化基团mRNA表达的临床意义

目的：研究肺癌与正常肺组织穿刺标本中端粒酶催化基团mRNA表达与肿瘤分期与分级关系,探讨其在肺癌早期诊断中的临床意义。方法：采用原位杂交技术检测肺癌与正常肺组织穿刺标本中端粒酶催化基团mRNA表达。结果：30例肺癌穿刺标本中28例端粒酶催化基团mRNA表达阳性,阳性率93.3%;对照组30例中端粒酶催化基团mRNA表达阳性1例,阳性率3.3%。表达与肿瘤分期与分级无关。结论：肺癌穿刺标本中端粒酶催化基团mRNA在肺癌中有异常阳性表达,但其表达与肿瘤分期与分级无关。     

食管癌及癌旁组织中端粒酶活性检测及其意义

目的探讨食管癌及癌旁组织中端粒酶活性检测的意义. 方法采用 PCR技术为基础的 TRAP法检测了 39例食管癌及癌旁组织端粒酶活性. 结果 39例食管癌组织中 34例端粒酶活性阳性,阳性率为87.2%,癌旁组织中3例阳性,阳性率为7.7%,9例食管良性组织中1例阳性,阳性率为11.1%.食管癌与相应癌旁组织和良性食管组织端粒酶阳性检测率相比,差异有显著性意义(p<0. 01).伴有淋巴结转移的 25例食管癌端粒酶阳性检测率为96.0%,显著高于未伴有淋巴结转移的阳性率(71.4%),两者差异有显著性意义(p<0.05). 结论端粒酶激活与食管癌发生发展有关,对端粒酶活性进行检测对食管癌的诊断和判断预后有重要价值.     

人非小细胞肺癌细胞中端粒酶活性的检测与研究

目的 研究非小细胞肺癌细胞癌组织中端粒酶活性表达,探讨端粒酶生表达与非小细胞肺癌发生发展的关系。方法 收集经手术及病理证实的非小细胞肺癌４８例标本,１２例肺癌癌旁肺组织、７例非肿瘤病例所取正常肺组织作对照。用端粒酶检测试剂盒检测组织本端粒酶活性。结果 ７５．００％（３６／４８）非小细胞肺癌组织标本检出端粒酶活性,８．３３％（１／１２）癌旁肺组织检出端粒酶活笥,７例非肿瘤标本所取的正常肺组织均未检出     

端粒酶在宫颈癌及癌前病变活检标本中的表达及意义

目的：探讨端粒酶在宫颈活检组织中的表达及意义。方法：采用端粒重复序列扩增-酶标法（TRAP-ELISA）测定了33例宫颈活检标本中端粒酶活性,其中宫颈癌25例（包括2例原位癌）,宫颈不典型增生8例,结果：宫颈癌端粒酶阳性检出率为92.0%,不典型增生阳笥检出率为25.0%,结论：宫颈活检组织端粒酶检测,可用于宫颈癌的早期诊断;对有效粒酶活性表达的病例进行了监测,可能有助于揭示宫颈癌的发生发展过程,宫颈上皮癌变的预测。     

食管癌及癌旁组织中端粒酶活性检测及其意义

目的探讨食管癌及癌旁组织中端粒酶活性检测的意义.方法采用PCR技术为基础的TRAP法检测了39例食管癌及癌旁组织端粒酶活性.结果39例食管癌组织中34例端粒酶活性阳性,阳性率为87.2%,癌旁组织中3例阳性,阳性率为7.7%,9例食管良性组织中1例阳性,阳性率为11.1%.食管癌与相应癌旁组织和良性食管组织端粒酶阳性检测率相比,差异有显著性意义(p<0.01).伴有淋巴结转移的25例食管癌端粒酶阳性检测率为96.0%,显著高于未伴有淋巴结转移的阳性率(71.4%),两者差异有显著性意义(p<0.05).结论端粒酶激活与食管癌发生发展有关,对端粒酶活性进行检测对食管癌的诊断和判断预后有重要价值.     

端粒酶在子宫内膜癌组织及其外周血中的表达

目的：探讨端粒酶（telomerase)在子宫内膜组织、外周血中表达与子宫内膜癌发病的关系及其相关因素。方法：采用聚合酶链反应－银染色法（PCR-A)检测端粒酶在32例子宫内膜癌患者和16例正常对照子宫内膜组织及外周血标本中表达情况。结果：32例子宫内膜癌标本,总阳性率94％。外周血表达阳性率62％。癌组织中端粒酶表达明显高于外周血（P＜0．05）。16例正常子宫内膜组织标本中,表达总阳性率为50％（8／16）。其外周血表达总阳性率为25％（6／16）。正常对照两种标本端粒酶表达未显著水平（P＞0．05）。癌患者两种标本总阳性率均明显高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：端粒酶表达与子宫内膜癌的发生有密切的关系,同时也受子宫内膜周期性变化的影响,有可能成为肿瘤的标记物。     

乳癌组织端粒酶活性表达及其与p16基因的关系

目的：探讨乳房恶性肿瘤组织中端粒酶活性的表达情况及ｐ１６抑癌基因的影响。方法：应用端粒重复放大程序－酶标法（ＴＲＡＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）及ＴＲＡＰ－银染法检测３５例有乳癌组织及２４例良性肿瘤组织中的端粒酶活性,并采用多重ＰＣＲ技术对乳癌组织的ｐ１６基因的缺失空谈进行了分析,结果：３５例乳癌标本中有２８例端粒酶活性表达为阳性（８０％）,而２４例乳房良性肿瘤标本中仅１例端粒酶活性表达阳性（４．１％）。此外３５例乳癌标本中的１５例存在有ｐ１６基因的外显子２及外显子１的缺失（４２．８％）,而该１５例中有１４例被检测为端粒酶活性阳性（９３．３％）,但２０例未缺失标本的端粒酶阳怀率仅为７０％（１４／２０）。结论：端粒酶活性与乳房肿瘤组织的恶性程度密切相关,提示端粒酶参与了肿瘤的形成过程,而端粒酶活性的增高与ｐ１６抑癌基因的缺失突     

鼻咽部肿瘤端粒酶活性表达及其临床意义

目的 :通过对鼻咽粘膜慢性炎症、癌前病变和鼻咽癌端粒酶(telomerase)活性水平及强弱的检测 ,探讨端粒酶活化在鼻咽癌多阶段形成过程中的变化规律和可能作用 ,为鼻咽癌的早期诊断提供理论依据。对鼻咽部良、恶性肿瘤端粒酶活性表达进行比较 ,探讨端粒酶在鼻咽癌发病过程中的重要性。方法 :采用非放射性梯度稀释端粒重复序列扩增法 (TRAP)检测鼻咽癌各阶段活检标本和鼻咽纤维血管瘤手术标本的端粒酶活性。实验数据用 SPSS统计分析。结果 :1鼻咽粘膜慢性炎症、癌前病变及鼻咽部低分化鳞状细胞癌端粒酶阳性率分别为 2 0 % (2 / 10 )、10 0 …     

喉癌/下咽癌端粒酶活性表达的初步研究

目的 :通过对喉癌 /下咽癌、癌旁组织和慢性炎症粘膜及喉乳头状瘤和喉部炎性息肉标本进行端粒酶活性检测 ,探讨端粒酶在喉癌 /下咽癌发病机制中的重要作用。对端粒酶活性检测为喉或下咽部肿物的诊断和鉴别诊断提供新的指标和理论依据。方法 :采用非放射性端粒重复序列扩增法 (TRAP)。结果 :1喉癌 /下咽癌端粒酶阳性率为91.7% (2 2 / 2 4) ,2 4例手术切缘正常组织和 17例喉癌炎性息肉组织未检测到端粒酶活性。2癌旁组织端粒酶阳性率为16 .7% (4/ 2 4) ,经过复阅 HE染色切片 ,其中有 2例发现散在的癌细胞浸润 ,而许多肿瘤细胞的微小病灶是…     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.