胰腺炎并发假性动脉瘤11例临床分析

目的分析判断胰腺假性动脉瘤适合的临床诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾我院2006年1月至2014年12月间收治的11例胰腺假性动脉瘤患者临床资料,包括诊断、治疗方式及临床效果。结果胰腺假性动脉瘤的诊断方式为经内镜超声诊断2例,经腹部增强CT诊断8例,经介入造影诊断1例。10例患者接受经动脉介入栓塞治疗,9例治疗成功,随访28 d时,1例患者再次出血,经二次栓塞治疗成功止血;1例患者成功接受手术治疗。结论腹部增强CT及动脉造影是诊断胰腺假性动脉瘤的主要方法,内镜超声也可用于诊断。手术治疗是胰腺假性动脉瘤的传统治疗方式,介入栓塞治疗逐渐成为治疗胰腺假性动脉瘤的首选治疗方式。但为进一步明确胰腺假性动脉瘤的诊疗方案,仍需大样本的临床观察。     

介入栓塞治疗肺动脉假性动脉瘤伴大咯血的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨体肺双途径栓塞治疗肺动脉假性动脉瘤(pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms,PAPs)伴大咯血的临床疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年2月海南医学院第二附属医院收治的经CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)/数字减影血管造影(digital subtractive angiography,DSA)证实为PAPs伴大咯血的15例肺结核患者的临床资料.记录相关影像学表现、介入治疗技术和临床止血成功情况,随访1年内咯血复发状况.结果 共发现15个PAPs,肺CTA发现14个,血管造影发现1个.术中仅支气管动脉造影发现6个,仅肺动脉造影发现4个,支气管动脉及肺动脉造影均发现4个,1个体肺动脉造影均未发现.介入栓塞术后咯血有效止血14例,1例患者术中因大咯血窒息导致死亡.患者随访12个月,其中1例患者术后2周复发大咯血行外科切除术;1例咯血术后3个月余复发,再次行介入栓塞后咯血停止.结论 经体肺双途径栓塞治疗肺结核患者PAPs伴大咯血的临床疗效确切,方法可行,但仍有一定风险.     

根治性胃癌切除术后内脏假性动脉瘤破裂出血15例诊治研究

目的研究探讨根治性胃癌切除术后内脏假性动脉瘤破裂出血的临床表现和特征,总结相关治疗经验。方法本次研究选取本院2012年1月~2015年3月进行了根治性根治性胃癌切除术,且术后出现内脏假性动脉瘤破裂出血的患者15例为研究对象。对这15例患者的临床特征进行详细分析,回顾性分析临床治疗经验。结果所有患者中,经过手术治疗和经动脉导管栓塞治疗的成功止血的患者共计12例,治疗无效死亡3例。对治疗成功的患者随访2年,其中有10例患者随访期间无动脉瘤复发和再出血,另有2例患者在随访期间死亡。结论对于此类患者,要尽早采用造影进行确诊,然后积极的采取治疗措施。临床显示经动脉导管栓塞治疗此类患者具有较好的临床效果。     

电解式可脱性弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤58例

目的 探讨电解式可脱性弹簧圈(GDC)血管内栓塞治疗急性出血期颅内动脉瘤的疗效和技术要点。方法 对58例颅内动脉瘤患者应用微导管技术，通过数字减影全脑血管造影以GDC行血管内栓塞治疗。结果 动脉瘤100％栓塞30例，95％栓塞18例，90％栓塞10例。并发脑血管痉挛4例，微弹簧圈逸出载瘤动脉1例。结论 GDC血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤是一种微创、安全、有效的治疗手段，若注意手术操作技巧可减少并发症的发生。     

Onyx-18胶栓塞治疗外伤性右侧颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂并反复鼻腔大出血（附1例报告）

目的观察Onyx-18胶栓塞治疗外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂并反复鼻腔大出血的疗效。方法 1例外伤性右侧颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂并反复鼻腔大出血患者采用Seldinger技术,将6 F导引导管经右侧股动脉插入至右侧颈内动脉,先用0.014微导管置入颈内动脉海绵窦段破口的远端（大脑中动脉）,将一Hyperglide球囊置放在颈内动脉破口处,充盈球囊,闭塞颈内动脉覆盖破口,微导管通过瘘口进入假性动脉瘤内,注入Onyx-18胶1ml,释放球囊,造影,确保大脑供血。如此反复注入直至破口完全闭塞。结果成功闭塞颈内动脉瘘口,造影示显影正常（由于假性动脉瘤的供血＂偷流＂,闭塞前颈内动脉瘘口以远不显影）,颈内动脉通畅。结论用Onyx-18胶配合球囊辅助技术治疗外伤性颈内动脉假性动脉瘤破裂安全、可行。     

急性肺动脉栓塞25例影像学诊断与介入治疗

目的 探讨合理的影像学诊断和介入治疗对急性肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE)患者的临床价值.方法 对25例急性PE患者采用CT肺血管成像、导管碎栓及导管溶栓.以诊断和治疗PE.结果 25例患者CT造影检查有阳性表现.所有患者均成功插管至肺动脉.介入治疗后临床症状明显改善,其中16例置入下腔静脉滤器,并发脑出血并死亡1例.结论 CT肺血管成像、肺动脉造影、经导管栓子除去术和下腔静脉滤器置人术是诊断、治疗和预防急性PE安全、迅速、有效的方法.     

医源性上消化道大出血的选择性血管造影诊断及栓塞治疗

目的: 探讨医源性上消化道大出血的选择性血管造影诊断及栓塞治疗的临床应用价值.方法: 对37例医源性上消化道大出血行选择性血管造影, 根据消化道出血至血管造影的时间分为急诊组(28例)、非急诊组(9例), 对比分析. 术中根据不同出血原因和出血部位, 采用不同栓塞材料栓塞.结果: 本组血管造影阳性33例, 总阳性率89.2%(33/37). 急诊组阳性率96.4%(27/28),非急诊组阳性率66.7%(6/9); 急诊组选择性血管造影检出阳性率明显高于非急诊组,两组差异有统计学意义( P<0.05). 造影阳性33例病例中31例栓塞后立刻止血; 2例重症胰腺炎栓塞治疗1 wk后再出血, 再次栓塞后止血;1例重症胰腺炎栓塞术后立刻止血, 术后13 d死于多器官功能衰竭. 造影阴性4例行试验性栓塞, 3例成功止血, 1例无效, 外科手术止血.术后随访3-12 mo, 患者无再出血及肠坏死等严重并发症.结论: 急诊选择性血管造影能提高医源性上消化道大出血的造影阳性率, 对出血部位的诊断具有重要意义. 经导管栓塞治疗是安全有效的止血措施.     

颅内真性动脉瘤破裂出血后假性动脉瘤形成及血流动力学研究

目的：探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后在其破口周围形成假性动脉瘤，及其形成机制、早期诊断和治疗的意义。方法：建立兔假性动脉瘤与真性动脉瘤合并假性动脉瘤的动物模型，探讨假性动脉瘤形成的机制，对临床60例自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者DSA造影影像及电解铂金微弹簧圈（Guglielmi Detachable Coil，GDC）血管内栓塞动脉瘤的情况进行分析。结果：用创伤与显微外科相结合的方法，成功建立假性动脉瘤动物模型，其形成分为动脉瘤破裂出血血肿形成期、假性动脉瘤形成前期、假性动脉瘤形成期及假性动脉瘤增大破裂出血期四个阶段。颅内动脉瘤破裂出血早期行DSA血管造影时可见其影像形态不规则呈哑铃状、双腔、瘤囊顶鼓出小泡等表现，血管内栓塞治疗可见：①GDC只能进入靠近载瘤动脉的瘤腔，并将其栓塞，完全不进入远离载瘤动脉的瘤腔，栓塞后透视下见未充填GDC的瘤腔内有造影剂滞留；②GDC完全填塞靠近载瘤动脉的瘤腔，部分填塞远离载瘤动脉的瘤腔；③GDC将靠近与远离载瘤动脉的两个瘤腔完全填塞。以上3种病变在栓塞后造影见动脉瘤完全闭塞，随访造影见动脉瘤消失。结论：颅内动脉瘤破裂出血后，在其破口周围可以形成假性动脉瘤，其形成与血流动力学改变有关，形成过程分为动脉瘤破裂血肿形成期、假性动脉瘤形成前期、形成期及增大破裂出血期四个阶段。对伴有假性动脉瘤的颅内真性动脉瘤尽早行病因治疗是防止再出血、提高治愈率、降低死残率的关键。     

电解可脱卸弹簧圈联合多种介入方法治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效及安全性

目的探讨电解可脱卸弹簧圈联合多种介入方法治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效。方法选择19例脑动脉瘤患者,11例应用微导丝、微导管辅助电解可脱卸弹簧圈实施血管内栓塞治疗,8例采用双导管、球囊辅助和支架辅助栓塞技术。术后给予抗凝治疗及高血容量、高血压、高血液稀释度治疗,密切观察患者病情变化,随时给予对症处理。结果 19例脑动脉瘤全部栓塞成功,术中即刻造影显示致密栓塞14例,近致密栓塞4例,不全栓塞1例。结论多种介入治疗方法可提高脑动脉瘤栓塞的成功率和安全性。     

CT血管造影技术在主动脉假性动脉瘤诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨CT血管造影技术（CTA）在主动脉假性动脉瘤的临床应用价值。方法对18例主动脉假性动脉瘤患者进行电子束CT检查,将图像传至工作站进行后处理,运用不同的重建方法对血管进行显示,包括多平面重建（MPR）、曲面重建（CPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）和容积显示（VR）技术。结果18例主动脉假性动脉瘤CTA诊断均被手术或血管介入治疗证实。轴位图像与多种重建图像相结合能清晰地显示主动脉假性动脉瘤的解剖细节及其与周围器官的空间解剖关系。结论CTA可显示主动脉假性动脉瘤的特征性征象,在病变的诊断、术式选择及术后随访中有重要应用价值。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

A Call to Action to Enhance Filovirus Disease Outbreak Preparedness and Response

The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.     

Interplay between interferon-mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Innate immunity is the first line of defense against viral infection, and in turn, viruses have evolved to evade host immune surveillance. As a result, viruses may persist in host and develop chronic infections. Type I interferons (IFN-α/β) are among the most potent antiviral cytokines triggered by viral infections. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a disease of pigs that is characterized by negligible induction of type I IFNs and viral persistence for an extended period. For IFN production, RIG-I/MDA5 and JAK-STAT pathways are two major signaling pathways, and recent studies indicate that PRRS virus is armed to modulate type I IFN responses during infection. This review describes the viral strategies for modulation of type I IFN responses. At least three non-structural proteins (Nsp1, Nsp2, and Nsp11) and a structural protein (N nucleocapsid protein) have been identified and characterized to play roles in the IFN suppression and NF-κB pathways. Nsp's are early proteins while N is a late protein, suggesting that additional signaling pathways may be involved in addition to the IFN pathway. The understanding of molecular bases for virus-mediated modulation of host innate immune signaling will help us design new generation vaccines and control PRRS.     

Disease Pandemics and Major Epidemics Arising From New Encounters between Indigenous Viruses and Introduced Crops

Virus disease pandemics and epidemics that occur in the world’s staple food crops pose a major threat to global food security, especially in developing countries with tropical or subtropical climates. Moreover, this threat is escalating rapidly due to increasing difficulties in controlling virus diseases as climate change accelerates and the need to feed the burgeoning global population escalates. One of the main causes of these pandemics and epidemics is the introduction to a new continent of food crops domesticated elsewhere, and their subsequent invasion by damaging virus diseases they never encountered before. This review focusses on providing historical and up-to-date information about pandemics and major epidemics initiated by spillover of indigenous viruses from infected alternative hosts into introduced crops. This spillover requires new encounters at the managed and natural vegetation interface. The principal virus disease pandemic examples described are two (cassava mosaic, cassava brown streak) that threaten food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and one (tomato yellow leaf curl) doing so globally. A further example describes a virus disease pandemic threatening a major plantation crop producing a vital food export for West Africa (cacao swollen shoot). Also described are two examples of major virus disease epidemics that threaten SSA’s food security (rice yellow mottle, groundnut rosette). In addition, brief accounts are provided of two major maize virus disease epidemics (maize streak in SSA, maize rough dwarf in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions), a major rice disease epidemic (rice hoja blanca in the Americas), and damaging tomato tospovirus and begomovirus disease epidemics of tomato that impair food security in different world regions. For each pandemic or major epidemic, the factors involved in driving its initial emergence, and its subsequent increase in importance and geographical distribution, are explained. Finally, clarification is provided over what needs to be done globally to achieve effective management of severe virus disease pandemics and epidemics initiated by spillover events.     

Barrett's Esophagus: Where Do We Stand?

Barrett''s esophagus (BE) is a precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which has an increased incidence rate over the last few decades. Its importance stems from the poor five-year survival of esophageal adenocarcinoma and current data that suggest a survival benefit when surveillance programs are implemented. In this review, we will cover the pathophysiology and natural history of BE and the different endoscopic findings. The prevalence of BE in different geographic areas and the incidence of high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in this patient population is reviewed. Recent recommendation for screening and surveillance of BE has been covered in this review as well as the efficacy of nonconventional imaging modalities and endoscopic ablation therapies.     

The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.