多层螺旋CT门静脉成像评估肝硬化食管静脉曲张出血风险

目的 本文旨在评估多层螺旋CT（MSCT）门静脉重建对肝硬化门脉高压患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血风险的预测价值.方法 选取94例肝硬化可疑食管静脉曲张患者,1周内行MSCT和上消化道内镜检查.内镜排除合并胃底静脉曲张患者,共80例单纯食管静脉曲张患者入选本实验,对比分析MSCT及内镜资料.结果 食管曲张静脉评分、曲张静脉最大直径以及栅栏状静脉扩张均与内镜下曲张静脉形态、有无红色征及其严重程度明显相关.MSCT门静脉成像在判断红色征方面（≥4 mm）的灵敏度、特异度分别为71.3%、89.1%.结论 MSCT门静脉成像与内镜对食管静脉曲张程度的显示具有很好的一致性,可以作为预测曲张静脉出血的有效指标.     

多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像在胰源性门脉高压症诊断中的应用

目的 研究多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像在胰源性门静脉高压患者诊断中的应用.方法 应用16排多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像,对47例临床怀疑胰腺体尾部病变的患者的门静脉系统形态改变与126例肝源性门脉高压患者和47例正常对照组进行形态学对比观察,并测量胃冠状静脉、门静脉、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉内径、门静脉期肝实质和门静脉主干CT值,对比肝脏、脾脏体积.结果 在47例胰腺体尾部病变中发现有脾静脉狭窄、闭塞者38例,其中胰腺肿瘤患者27例(71.1%),急慢性胰腺炎患者11例(28.9%).38例胰源性门脉高压患者中,发现食管静脉曲张5例(13.2%),胃底静脉曲张25例(65.8%),胃体静脉曲张22例(57.9%),胃短-胃后静脉显示26例(68.4%),胃冠状静脉显示26例(68.4%),发现胃网膜静脉曲张24例(63.2%),肠系膜静脉曲张1例.脾静脉闭塞14例(36.8%),脾静脉狭窄23例(63.2%).结论 胰源性门脉高压在影像学上表现为脾静脉栓塞,脾脏增大,脾门处大量曲张静脉,胃后-胃短静脉及胃网膜静脉增粗迂曲,胃底和胃体静脉曲张,较少合并食管静脉曲张,肝脏形态大小亦无异常.多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像检查可为胰源性门脉高压患者提供血管形态、病因诊断等多方面有价值信息,为临床诊断和治疗提供客观的影像学依据.     

食管胃底静脉曲张血供与侧支的研究

目的通过多层螺旋CT(multi—detecter row computed tomography，MDCT)了解食管胃底静脉曲张及与之相关的侧支循环，为食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血治疗方案的选择和预后的判断提供客观依据。方法选择51例临床证实的肝硬化门静脉高压患者，其中胃镜显示食管静脉曲张51例，伴胃底静脉曲张31例。对所有患者进行MDCT血管成像，重点观察食管胃底静脉曲张及相关侧支循环。结果MDCT血管成像能清晰地显示肝硬化门体侧支血管，并显示所有食管静脉曲张。MDCT显示胃底静脉曲张32例(62．7％)，与胃镜检查结果(31／51，60．8％)比较，两者具有高度一致性，Kappa值为0．876。食管曲张静脉几乎全部由胃左静脉供血，30例(58．8％)单纯由胃左静脉前支供血，21例(41．2％)伴有食管旁静脉；24例(75％)胃底曲张静脉为单纯胃左静脉供血，3例(9．4％)由胃短(胃后)静脉供血，5例(15．6％)为胃短(胃后)和胃左静脉双重供血，双重供血者因胃底静脉曲张和食管静脉曲张常相互交通，所以这些病例胃短(胃后)静脉也同时参与食管静脉曲张的形成。结论MDCT能较清晰地显示食管胃底静脉曲张侧支循环。食管静脉曲张主要由胃左静脉供血，大部分由前支经贲门进入曲张静脉，部分伴有食管旁静脉。胃底静脉曲张大部分由胃左静脉供血，但小部分则由胃短系统供血。     

MSCT血管成像技术对食管胃底静脉曲张应用价值的探讨

目的探讨MSCT血管成像技术及后期处理技术在食管胃底静脉曲张诊断及临床治疗中的价值。方法对50例门静脉高压症合并食管胃底静脉曲张的患者行MSCT门静脉血管成像技术,观察食管胃底静脉曲张的形态、位置及血供类型。结果实验组50例患者在MSCT血管成像上可见血管改变的形态显示为蔓状23例、结节状17例、瘤状9例,1例未检出;胃镜下可见血管表现形态为迂曲形23例、结节形17例、瘤形8例,未检出2例。MSCT血管成像所显示的蔓状与结节状、瘤状改变和胃镜下所直接见到的迂曲形和结节形、瘤形结果呈互相对应,说明MSCT血管成像技术与胃镜对食管胃静脉曲张诊断的形态结果对比一致性好。结论 MSCT血管成像较胃镜无创、安全、重复性好,可观察曲张迂曲走形及血供,具有很高的临床应用价值,可作为食管胃底静脉曲张诊断及治疗前的常规检查。     

无痛胃镜联合多层螺旋CT在肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张治疗中的应用

目的研究无痛胃镜联合多层螺旋CT治疗肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张的临床效果。方法选取我院普通外科自2010年3月至2015年9月收治的经内镜证实为肝硬化门静脉高压症患者90例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为两组,每组45例,对照组行无痛胃镜下食管胃底曲张静脉套扎硬化术,观察组行64层螺旋CT对门静脉及食管胃静脉成像,并在其指导下在无痛胃镜下进行食管胃底曲张静脉套扎硬化术,对比两组治疗前后食管静脉曲张分级,随访24、48周复发率、再出血率及并发症发生率。结果观察组治疗前与对照组治疗前食管静脉曲张分级方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组与观察组治疗后较治疗前相比均轻度比例增高,中度及重度比例降低,但观察组治疗后较对照组治疗后相比上述指标改善更加显著(P0.05)。观察组与对照组相比随访24、48周复发率、出血率及并发症发生率均较低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论多层螺旋CT指导无痛胃镜下治疗肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张具有显著很好的效果,可在临床上广泛应用。     

Glubran-2胶栓塞术治疗门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张

目的观察Glubran-2胶栓塞术治疗门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效。方法中重度门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张患者15例,经皮经肝穿刺门静脉造影明确出血曲张静脉后,超选择插管行Glubran-2胶栓塞术治疗。栓塞前后进行CT平扫联合增强扫描,并测定患者门静脉压力。结果 15例患者成功进行胃左静脉、胃后静脉和胃短静脉Glubran-2胶完全性栓塞术。门静脉压力术前为(34.1±7.1)cmH2O、术后为(37.7±4.1)cmH2O,手术前后相比,P<0.05。术后CT增强扫描显示曲张静脉完全栓塞,其内可见高密度铸型。术后随访3～12个月,再出血2例。结论 Glubran-2胶栓塞术治疗门静脉高压食管胃底静脉曲张安全有效,手术前后CT检查可明确诊断及判断疗效。     

超声内镜与多层螺旋CT血管造影对食管胃底静脉曲张的诊断价值研究

[目的]探讨超声内镜与多层螺旋CT血管造影对食管胃底静脉曲张的诊断价值,为临床上采取积极的预防及治疗措施提供参考。[方法]选取2016年1月～2018年10月于我院就诊的乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染患者192例,分为单纯HBV感染患者(CHB组)117例,HBV感染肝硬化患者(肝硬化组)75例。所有患者均行常规胃镜和超声内镜检查,肝硬化组患者均行多层螺旋CT血管造影检查,观察食管、胃底各部位曲张静脉情况及穿通支检出情况以及超声内镜与多层螺旋CT血管造影检出率情况。[结果]①肝硬化组食管黏膜下静脉曲张检出率为34.67%,高于CHB组的8.55%;肝硬化组胃底黏膜下静脉曲张检出率为38.67%,高于CHB组的11.97%,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。②肝硬化组在食管周围静脉曲张、食管旁静脉曲张、胃底周围静脉曲张、胃底旁静脉曲张检出率和穿通支情况均高于CHB组(36.00%vs.8.55%、37.33%vs.14.53%、29.33%vs.8.55%、41.33%vs.15.38%、28.00%vs. 7.69%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。③EUS和MSCTA在食管外周、胃底黏膜下、胃底外周静脉曲张比较,差异无统计学意义;EUS对食管黏膜下静脉曲张检出率为69.33%,高于MSCTA的49.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]超声内镜能够早期发现食管胃底黏膜下和外周静脉曲张,有助于临床早期诊断和早期干预治疗;超声内镜对食管黏膜下静脉曲张检出率明显优于MSCTA检查,在胃底黏膜下、胃底外周以及食管外周静脉与MSCTA检出率具有高度一致性。     

增强CT对食管胃底静脉曲张的诊断价值

目的探讨增强CT检查对食管胃底静脉曲张的临床诊断价值,为临床上此类疾病的诊断提供新的选择。方法对2015年1月至2016年12月我院消化内科收治的120例肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张患者进行增强CT扫描和进行胃镜检查,以胃镜检查结果作为食管胃底静脉曲张检查的金标准,检验增强CT检查对肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张的检查结果的准确率。结果经胃镜检查120例患者中单纯食管静脉曲张、单纯胃底静脉曲张和食管胃底静脉曲张患者分别为49例(40.83%)、28例(23.33%)、43例(35.83%)。增强CT检查结果中单纯食管静脉曲张、单纯胃底静脉曲张和食管胃底静脉曲张患者分别有45例(37.50%)、26例(21.67%)、40例(33.33%),有9例患者未能确诊。与胃镜检查结果相比,增强CT检查准确率分别为91.84%(45/49)、92.86%(26/28)、93.02%(40/43),两种检查方法相比差异不具统计学意义(P0.05)。将患者根据胃镜检查曲张程度分为轻中重三组,在增强CT下测量三组的门静脉、脾静脉内径值,组间比较差异明显,曲张程度越重则门静脉、脾静脉内径值越大。结论增强CT在诊断食管胃底静脉曲张时有较高的准确率,对于曲张程度判断也具有一定的准确性,因此增强CT检查对食管胃底静脉曲张有较高的临床诊断价值,可在临床上推广使用。     

内镜下套扎联合经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的临床应用

目的评价内镜下套扎(EVL)联合经皮经肝曲张静脉TH胶栓塞术(PTVE)治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血的远期疗效。方法 44例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者,先行食管曲张静脉的内镜下套扎治疗,1周后再行TH胶PTVE,栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其来源血管。联合治疗术后定期复查胃镜,观察曲张静脉消失情况,随访治疗后曲张静脉复发率及再出血率。结果 44例食管胃底静脉曲张患者,32例食管曲张静脉基本消失,消失率72.7%;8例胃底静脉曲张基本消失,消失率100%;12例食管静脉曲张程度明显减轻,总有效率100%。随访6~39个月,平均25.6个月,5例食管静脉曲张复发,复发率11.4%;3例再出血,再出血率6.8%。结论内镜下套扎治疗能机械性地消除食管曲张静脉,经皮经肝TH胶栓塞能栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其供血血管,二者联合能达到协同作用,具有更好的远期疗效。     

三维多层螺旋CT对肝硬化门脉高压患者侧支循环的诊断价值

目的　了解多层螺旋CT门体侧支循环的显示情况,并探讨其临床意义。方法　对2003 -04 ~2003-12北京友谊医院43例肝硬化门脉高压病人分别进行胃镜和多层螺旋CT门脉成像。了解食管胃底静脉曲张及门体侧支循环形成情况并加以比较,同时分析其与肝功能之间的相关性。结果　多层螺旋CT能清晰地显示门静脉及其侧支血管,胃镜显示食管静脉曲张38 /43(88. 4% ),胃底静脉曲张23 /43 (53 .5% ),螺旋CT显示食管静脉曲张37 /43(86% ),胃底静脉曲张25 /43(58 .1% )。对食管胃底静脉曲张的显示与胃镜有高度一致性,Kappa值分别为0 .876和0. 903。结论　多层螺旋CT结合多种三维重建技术进行图像后期处理,能产生高质量的血管图像,三维多层螺旋CT门脉造影,能显示肝硬化病人门体侧支血管,可能是这个领域中理想的血管成像技术。     

Gastric Varices: Profile, Classification, and Management

Development of gastric varices is an important manifestation of portal hypertension. In segmental portal hypertension, gastric varices originate from short gastric and gastroepiploic veins. In generalized portal hypertension, intrinsic veins at cardia participate in the formation of gastric varices. Endoscopy and/or splenoportovenography and a high index of suspicion are required for the diagnosis of gastric varices. The incidence of gastric varices in patients with portal hypertension has been variably reported (2-70%), probably due to difficulties in diagnosis. In a small proportion of patients with gastric varices, chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy or significant variceal bleeding develops. Gastric varices can be classified, depending on their anatomical location, into gastroesophageal varices (a continuation of esophageal varices) or "isolated" gastric varices (fundal or ectopic varices). This distinction is necessary for management. Whereas surgery is recommended for bleeding fundal varices, in acute bleeding from gastroesophageal varices, sclerotherapy could be attempted successfully. In more than a quarter of patients, gastric varices disappear after obliteration of esophageal varices. Prophylactic sclerotherapy of gastric varices is not recommended.     

螺旋CT门静脉造影对门脉高压侧支循环的研究

目的探讨多排螺旋CT门静脉造影(CT portal venography,CTPV)显示肝硬化门脉高压侧支循环血管的临床应用价值。方法对92例肝硬化门脉高压的患者分别进行CT门脉造影,获得门脉侧支循环血管的清晰图像,测量门静脉主干和胃左静脉直径,将胃镜与CT门静脉造影两种技术进行比较。结果应用CT门静脉造影能清晰显示和测量门脉侧支循环的血管。CT门静脉造影与胃镜两种方法对食管和胃底曲张静脉的显示能力具有一致性,Kappa值分别为0.502和0.478。结论应用多排螺旋CT门静脉造影能很好显示和测量门体间侧支循环血管。联合应用多排螺旋CT门静脉造影与胃镜两种方法,对于肝硬化门静脉高压患者的诊断、病情判断和估计预后有帮助。     

Prophylactic transileocolic obliteration of esophageal varices after balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of gastric varices with a gastrorenal shunt

Several non-surgical techniques have been developed to treat esophagogastric varices that occur secondary to portal hypertension, including those performed endoscopically or with interventional radiologic therapies. In patients with large gastric fundal varices and associated gastrorenal shunting, controversy still remains in defining the most appropriate non-surgical intervention. Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration has been shown to be one effective treatment for gastric varices in these instances. However, in the population treated in this manner, the inhibition of subsequent esophageal varices is essential. We report a patient with gastric fundal varices that were successfully treated using balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration and in whom prophylactic transileocolic obliteration of esophageal varices was additionally performed. This 46-year-old man was diagnosed with severe gastric varices and gastrorenal shunting with only mild esophageal varices. Five years after therapy, the patient demonstrates no evidence of recurrence of either gastric or esophageal varices and has remained otherwise healthy.     

Endoscopic Sclerotherapy for Control of Bleeding Varices in Children

Thirty-three children with esophageal varices due to portal hypertension underwent injection sclerotherapy over a period of 6 yr. Thirty-one completed the sclerotherapy course, and the varices were eradicated in all. In nine, the procedure was performed as an emergency because of continued bleeding and, in each case, a gastric fundal varix was the source of the blood loss. Sclerotherapy successfully controlled the bleeding in four of these, whereas five required surgical underrunning of the fundal varix. After surgery, these five continued sclerotherapy until the esophageal varices were eradicated. Complications included transient pyrexia (39%), retrosternal discomfort (30%), esophageal ulceration (18%), and esophageal stricture (12%). Rebleeding before initial eradication of the varices occurred in 12 patients but, thereafter, was very uncommon and always small in amount. Esophageal varices recurred after initial eradication in 33% of cases but were easily sclerosed with further injections. This study demonstrates that sclerotherapy is effective in reducing bleeding frequency in children with portal hypertension, but emphasizes the need for regular follow-up endoscopy after initial eradication of esophageal varices.     

Nodules in antrum after variceal eradication a new finding in patients with portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is known to cause esophageal varices, gastric varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG). The prevalence of gastric varices and PHG is known to increase after eradication of esophageal varices. PHG includes the presence of a mucosal mosaic pattern, cherry red spots, and/or black-brown spots and gastric vascular ectasia (GAVE). Patients with portal hypertension in whom esophageal varices were eradicated were on follow up endoscopy for detection of recurrence of esophageal varices. Their status of PHG was assessed and patients antral nodules were enrolled. Twenty patients with antral nodules were identified over one year. Fifteen out of 20 patients had cirrhosis as etiology of portal hypertension, three had non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and two had extra-hepatic portal vein thrombosis. GAVE was seen more commonly (n=8, 40%) in patients with PHG with nodules. PHG with antral nodules is a novel endoscopic finding present both in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension with unknown pathogenesis, and is seen more commonly in patients with eradicated varices who are on long-term follow up.     

Sclerotherapy of esophageal varices: an endoscopic and portographic study

A prospective series of 26 patients with portal hypertension and recent bleeding from esophageal varices was investigated with percutaneous transhepatic selective portography (PTP). PTP was performed immediately prior to and, in 23 patients, just after the initial endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (ST) session to study the acute effects of ST on the mediastinal portal-systemic collaterals. Late follow-up PTP was performed after a median of 8 months in 21 of 26 patients considered endoscopically to be free from esophageal varices after a median of 6 ST sessions. Five patients rebled from esophageal or gastric varices during the follow-up period of 15 months, but there were no fatalities due to variceal hemorrhage. In all patients, the initial PTP showed portal-systemic mediastinal collaterals. Immediately after ST, it was not possible to opacify esophageal varices at all (10 patients) or only partially (7 patients). Five patients died prior to late follow-up PTP. Endoscopic judgment of complete eradication of esophageal varices after repeated ST was in agreement with the late PTP results in 18 of 21 patients. In one patient, PTP showed residual esophageal varices subsequently confirmed by endoscopy. The results were uncertain in two patients for technical reasons. This study supports the opinion that submucosal esophageal varicose veins, as visualized by PTP, can be efficiently eradicated by serial ST, leaving the other mediastinal collaterals unaffected.     

Isolated gastric varices: splenic vein obstruction or portal hypertension?

The presence of isolated gastric varices without esophageal varices is thought to be highly suggestive of splenic vein obstruction. A review of our radiologic files revealed 14 patients with isolated gastric varices on barium studies performed during the past 10 years. Eight of the 14 patients had adequate clinical and/or radiologic follow-up to suggest the pathophysiology of the varices. Seven had evidence of portal hypertension, and the remaining patient had evidence of splenic vein obstruction. Six patients had signs of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Double-contrast upper GI examinations revealed thickened, tortuous fundal folds in 6 patients and a lobulated fundal mass in 2. Thus, most patients with isolated gastric varices have portal hypertension rather than splenic vein obstruction as the underlying cause.