高效液相色谱法测定生脉注射液中人参皂甙Rg1,Re的含量

用高效液相色谱法同时测定生脉注射液中人参皂甙ＲｇＩ和Ｒｅ含量。用十八烷基硅烷键合相柱，检测波长２０３ｎｍ，流动相乙腈－０．０５％磷酸溶液（１８：８２），人参皂甙ＲｇＩ回收率为９９．０１％，ＲＳＤ＝１．５８％，人参皂甙Ｒｅ回收率为９９．３０％，ＲＳＤ＝１．３０％，并对萃取方法进行了探讨。     

古方生脉散制剂中人参皂甙的反相高效液相色谱分离和含量测定

用反相高效液相色谱法对生脉散制剂中人参皂甙类成分进行分离，并测定处方中人参皂甙Ｒｇ１含量。用Ｉｎｅｒｔｓｉｌ ＯＤＳ－２柱，乙晴－０．０５％磷酸（１９：８１）为流动相，２０３ｎｍ为检测波长。方法准确、精密、灵敏、分离良好，可用于多种样品分析。     

薄层扫描法测定止血定痛片中人参皂甙Rg1含量

用超声波提取、薄层扫描法测定止血定痛片中人参皂甙Ｒｇ１的含量,方法简便,结果准确。薄层条件为：含０．２％ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ的硅胶Ｇ板,「正丁醇－乙酸乙酯－水（３：２：５）」上层液－甲醇（１０：１）为展开剂（展开缸预先用胺蒸汽饱和半小时）,１０％硫酸乙醇加热显色。扫描波长λｓ＝５３０ｎｍ,λＲ＝７００ｎｍ,平均回收率为９６。３８％,ＲＳＤ为１．０５％。     

TLCS法测定生脉散颗粒剂中人参皂甙Rg1,Re,Rb1的含量

用薄层扫描法（ＴＬＣＳ）对人参制剂中的人参皂甙Ｒｇ１，人参皂甙Ｒｅ，人参皂甙Ｒｂ１进行含量测定，方法快速、简便；结果准确。     

人参皂甙Rg1对老年人淋巴细胞蛋白质酪氨酸激酶活性的调控作用

选择７名健康老年人为对象，研究了人参皂甙Ｒｇ１对其淋巴细胞表面抗原。受体及蛋白质酪氨酸激酶（ＰＴＫ）活性的作用，用间接免疫荧光法测定了ＣＤ２５、ＣＤ４５ＲＡ及ＣＤ４５Ｒ阳性细胞百分率。单独ＰＨＡ（５μｇ／ｍｌ）培养７２小时分别为３８．３％±１７３％、４６．０％±１５．１％、５２６％±１４．４％；而用ＰＨＡ（５μｇ／ｍｌ）和Ｒｇ＿１（μｇ／ｍｌ）联合培养时则分别为５８．０％±１２．５％。６４．１％±１２．４％、７４．１％＋８．０％。两者相比分别皆有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５），用ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定了经ＰＨＡ及ＰＨＡ＋Ｒｇ＿１培养３０分钟和７２小时细胞浆ＰＴＫ的吸光度值，ＰＨＡ组为０．１２０±０．０２０，ＰＨＡ±Ｒｇ＿１组为０．１３８±０．０１５，（Ｐ＜０００１）。结果证明，Ｒｇ＿１显著升高ＰＴＫ活性。据此得出几点结论，并讨论广Ｒｇ＿１对ＰＴＫ的作用机理。     

薄层扫描法测定复方片仔癀软膏中人参皂甙Rg1的含量

应用薄层扫描法测定复方片仔癀软膏中人参皂甙Ｒｇ１的含量，平均回收率为９５．９２％，ＲＳＤ＝３．１１％，实验结果表明，该法可行，重现性好。     

薄层扫描法测定骨刺宁中人参皂甙Rg_1的含量

薄层扫描法测定骨刺宁中人参皂甙Ｒｇ_１的含量山西省药品检验所０３０００１郭文菊，和建国骨刺宁胶囊具有活血化瘀、消肿止痛功能，用于骨质增生、关节刺痛。其中所含三七为该方的主要药物之一，本文应用ＣＳ－９１０型双波长薄层扫描仪对三七中人参皂甙Ｒｇ１进行含量?..     

人参营养液中人参皂甙Rg1的定量分析

人参皂甙是人参及各种人参中成药制剂中的主要成分。其甙元为人参二醇和人参三醇。人参皂甙Ｒｇ１是人参三醇甙元下的一种皂甙形式。本文采用高效液相分离分析及紫我可见分光光度法检测，以人参营养液中的人参皂甙Ｒｇ１进行了定量分析，取得了较好结果，回收率９７．４６％，变异系数１．１０３％。     

薄层扫描法测定益寿永真口服液中人参皂甙Rg1的含量

采用大孔吸附树脂（ＹＰＲ－Ⅱ）柱色谱，较好地将样品进行了纯化，经薄层扫描法测定了样品中人参皂甙Ｒｇ１的含量，该方法操作简便、快速，结果准确，为复方中人参皂甙Ｒｇ１的含量测定提供了一个简单可行的方法。     

小青龙颗粒中麻黄碱的胶束薄层扫描测定

以３．５％ＳＤＳ－０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ酒石酸－甲醇（１：３）作流动相,硅胶Ｇ－ＣＭＣ－Ｎａ板作固定相,采用胶束薄层扫描法测定小青龙冲剂中麻黄碱的含量。在γｓ＝５２８ｎｍ,测定平均回收率为９９．８４％,ＲＳＤ为１．３９％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.