急性肾功能衰竭误漏诊原因分析及肾活检的意义

目的：探讨急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）误漏诊原因,提高ARF诊断水平。方法：分析入院前诊断与肾活检与肾活检后诊断的符合率,寻找误漏诊原因。结果：经肾活检证实68例ARF病例中20例（29．6％）存在病因误诊,包括急性肾小球肾炎（AGN）、急进性肾炎（RPGN）、 急性肾小管坏死（ATN）、膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MPGN）、原发性肾病综合征伴特发性急性肾功能衰竭（NS＋IARF）、狼疮肾炎（LN）、急性间 质性肾炎（AIN）、慢性肾炎急性发作等之间混淆。有30．9％（21／68）例改变了治疗方案,35．3％（24／68）部分改变了治疗方案,33．8％（23／68）按原方案治疗。结论：临床上有相当部分ARF的病因被误诊,在诊断困难时应及时肾活检,以免延误治疗。     

急性肾功能衰竭临床与病理类型分析

目的分析总结急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)病理类型与临床关联、治疗、转归情况,探讨ARF肾活检指征,提高ARF诊治水平.方法收集1998.7～2004.8我科ARF行肾活检患者的病理、临床资料、治疗以及转归情况.结果6年间肾活检ARF共261例,占同期ARF的38.7%(261/674).男性145例,女性116例;平均年龄(41.58±16.89)岁;Scr 444.24±366.19μmol/L,BUN(21.52±12.72)mmol/L.肾小管间质病变105例,占肾活检40.2%,占同期肾小管间质病变26.4%,47.6%的肾小管间质性ARF由药物引起,占首位,其中急性肾小管坏死(ATN)55例和急性间质性肾炎(AIN)30例,各占肾活检的21.1%和11.5%.肾小球小血管病变120例,占肾活检46.0%,占同期肾小球小血管病变88.9%,主要病变为新月体肾炎(CGN)58例和狼疮肾炎(LN)45例,分别占肾小球小血管病变的48.3%和37.5%,占ARF肾活检的22.2%和17.2%.肾病综合征伴肾前性ARF 36例,占13.8%.肾活检纠正诊断40例,占15.3%,主要是CGN误诊为其他类型的肾小球肾炎,AIN误诊为ATN,肾活检前后临床与病理符合率84.7%.31.8%行血液净化治疗,总治愈率达78.5%,肾小管间质病变治愈率82.9%,肾小球小血管病变68.3%.结论ARF中肾脏病理具有重要意义.CGN和LN是肾小球小血管病变ARF的主要病理类型.肾活检有助于鉴别AIN与非典型性ATN,两者治疗截然不同.早期肾活检可提高ARF诊断率、降低误诊率,及时治疗可改善或恢复肾功能.     

围术期肾功能保护

手术创伤后急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)虽不常见,但至今死亡率仍为60%～90%,对其保护方面的研究目前尚无明确进展。血液透析治疗可控制ARF高钾血症、酸血症和体液过负荷,但不能防止败血症、伤口愈合不良、出血和心肺功能衰竭等并发症。本文阐述围术期ARF的病因、识别、肾保护与预防等问题。围术期ARF病因学ARF的病因中80%～90%由急性肾小管坏死(ATN)引起。静滴去甲肾上腺素60～120分钟缺血模型,或肌注甘油诱发横纹肌溶解性肾毒模型实验证实,ARF的原发病因主要为缺血或肾毒。判断肾小管损坏的基本指标为:肾小球滤过率(GFR)不到正常的10%,…     

云南地区116例急性肾功能衰竭的临床分析

目的 探讨急性肾功能衰竭(Acute renal failure ARF)的发病情况、病因及死亡原因,以提高急性肾衰竭(ARF)的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析116例ARF的临床资料,探讨其发病情况、病因与预后关系等.方法 116例ARF病例,肾前性、肾性、肾后性ARF分别占50.00%、39.66%、10.34%.死亡6例,总病死率为5.17%,其中肾前性因素所致ARF病死率占66.67%,明显高于肾性、肾后性因素所致ARF(p<0.05).结论 引起ARF的病因以肾前性因素为主,肾前性ARF病死率最高,积极治疗原发病的同时,若明确ARF病因和死亡原因,早期充分血液净化、对症支持治疗可改善ARF预后,降低病死率.     

中药莲必治(穿心莲内酯)注射液致急性肾衰竭的临床病理分析

目的:探讨中药莲必治(穿心莲内酯)注射液致急性肾衰竭(ARF)的临床特点.方法:对9例中药莲必治治疗相关的ARF患者、7例非莲必治药物过敏引起的ARF患者和3例氨基糖苷类致ARF患者的临床与病理进行回顾性比较分析.结果:(1)9例中药莲必治注射液治疗相关的ARF病例中,年龄22岁～66岁,平均(38±12)岁;其中少尿型7例,非少尿型2例,少尿期为1～8 d,平均(4±2)d;入院时血清BUN平均为(12.23±4.97)mmol/L,Scr平均为(596.5±412.3)μmol/L.9例患者中,4例经肾活检证实为急性肾小管坏死(ATN),其余5例根据临床表现、实验室检查结果以及病情演变诊断为ATN.所有患者经停用莲必治注射液,内科保守治疗,其中5例患者行肾脏替代治疗(主要是血液透析)后,肾功能均恢复正常.所有患者的临床特点均与氨基糖苷类致ARF患者的相同.(2)7例非中药莲必治药物过敏的ARF病例中,年龄23岁～67岁,平均(45±13)岁;其中少尿型5例,非少尿型2例,少尿期为2～14 d,平均(6±4)d;入院时BUN平均(16.15±4.55)mmol/L,Scr(643.4±462.2)μmol/L.7例患者中,5例经肾活检证实为急性肾间质炎症(AIN),其余2例根据临床表现、实验室检查结果以及病情演变诊断为AIN.所有患者停用相关药物,均行血液透析,并须加用肾上腺皮质激素治疗,7例患者中5例肾功能恢复正常,另外2例好转.结论:中药莲必治注射液有一定肾毒性作用.     

急性肾衰竭90例临床分析

目的探讨急性肾衰竭（ARF）的病因、临床特点及影响预后的因素。方法回顾分析2002年1月至2006年9月在我院住院的急性肾衰竭患者。结果90例患者中男53例,女37例,平均年龄（46．08±16．33）岁。肾前性29例,主要为手术后低血容量、感染;肾性41例,主要为肾小球疾病及药物所致;肾后性20例,主要为梗阻性。90例中5例死亡,32例痊愈,16例需透析治疗,37例好转。年龄、器官衰竭数、ATN-ISI评分是影响预后的因素。结论肾小球疾病所致的ARF应尽早行肾穿刺检查;术后低血容量所致的ARF伴有多器官功能不全综合征（MODS）时预后欠佳。     

急性肾小管坏死后的修复与再生

急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）是临床上常见的急危重症．缺氧和中毒所致的急性肾小管坏死（ATN）是ARF最常见的病因。在过去的数十年，尽管血液净化技术和危重症医学有了很大的发展，但败血症、休克和严重创伤所致的ATN的病死率并没有减少，仍高达50％以上。由于人们对ATN的再生机制一直不清楚．导致临床缺乏行之有效的治疗方法。因此．如何促进坏死后肾小管上皮细胞再生与修复．降低ARF的病死率，一直是人们关注的问题。     

老年人急性肾衰竭61例临床分析

目的:观察老年人急性肾衰竭(ARF)的病因、临床转归及预后.方法:回顾性分析老年人ARF 61例的临床特点.结果:老年人ARF肾前性因素占62.2%,其中脱水电解质紊乱占34.4%,血压控制不佳占18.0%;肾性因素占24.6%,其中ATN为22.9%(包括肾毒性药物如丁胺卡那,尿酸性肾损害各占21.4%,感染、甘露醇性肾损害各占14.2%,其余为抗癌药如顺铂等),肾小血管炎肾损害占3.3%;肾后性因素(前列腺增生症、神经性膀胱)占13.2%.合并多器官功能衰竭(MODS)4例,占7.4%,均死亡.结论:老年ARF病因仍以肾前性因素为主,及时纠正脱水、调控好血压,是防治老年人ARF的关键;老年人ARF肾性因素除传统肾毒性药物致肾损伤外,尿酸性及小血管炎性肾损害因素不容忽视;老年人ARF伴系统性疾病和合并症多,预防和治疗MODS是降低死亡率的重要环节.     

创伤后急性肾功能衰竭

二次世界大战以来的战伤处理经验,以及平时创伤的临床观察和动物研究等资料,使人们有可能从病因,临床处理和予后等方面更合理地研究创伤后急性肾功能衰竭(PTARF)综合症,作者对此等方面作了概述。病因:创伤引起出血、持续性低血压,经常有肌红蛋白尿导致急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)。虽然病因主要与创伤部位和程度有关,但仍应考虑三种病因分类,即肾前因素、肾本身损害和肾后因素。创伤病人有下     

败血症并发急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床特点和影响预后的因素

目的：探讨败血症伴急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）患者的临床特点和影响预后的因素。方法：回顾分析近10年败血症ARF患者的临床资料，分别计算APACHE Ⅱ和ATN－ISI积分，并与非败血症ARF进行对比，运用多因素回归分析观察由败血症引起ARF的临床和主要生化指标与预后的关系。结果：败血症并发ARF者66例，占同期ARF患者的15．6％。多脏器衰竭发生率为87．9％，病死率高达69．7％。单因素分析发现外科原因的败血症、并发呼吸衰竭、肝功能衰竭、辅助呼吸、少尿、昏迷、多脏器衰竭、在ICU中出现ARF以及慢性疾病数目为影响其预后的因素。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示少尿、在ICU中出现的ARF、慢性疾病数目和多脏器衰竭为其独立危险因素。结论：败血症所致ARF患者预后差，其高病死率与少尿，在ICU中出现ARF、合并慢性疾病数目和多脏器衰竭有关。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.