地方高校教师职业倦怠状况及影响因素的调查研究

目的了解地方高校教师职业倦怠状况及影响因素,并为寻找消除和缓解地方高校教师职业倦怠的措施提供参考。方法采用问卷调查的方法对四川文理学院193名教师进行调查,对调查结果进行统计分析。结果职业倦怠3个雏度情绪衰竭、个人成就感降低、去人性化得分分别为（25．7±1．82）、（28．17±1．75）、（11．78±1．68）;男女教师在职业倦怠3个维度上的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;已婚和未婚教师在情绪衰竭维度的差异有统计学意叉（P〈0．05）;专业教师和公共课教师在情绪衰竭维度的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;不同学历教师在职业倦怠3个维度上的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论地方高校教师普遍存在职业倦怠现象,但倦怠程度并不严重,多表现在情绪衰竭和个人成就感降低两个维度上,去人性化现象不明显;不同个人背景因素如性别、婚姻状况、课程性质等对教师职业倦怠的各维度均有影响,尤其对情绪衰竭和个人成就感降低两方面影响比较显著。     

高职院校教师职业倦怠状况调查研究

目的探讨高职院校教师职业倦怠现状及其特点,为预防和缓解高职院校职业倦怠提供理论依据。方法用教师职业倦怠问卷对随机抽取的185名高职院校教师进行问卷调查。结果高职院校职业倦怠总分为(48.68±2.62),情绪衰竭得分为(25.94±1.81),低个人成就感得分为(28.21±1.74),去人性化得分(11.63±1.66);男性教师职业倦怠在3个维度上的得分明显低于女教师,已婚教师情绪衰竭得分明显高于未婚教师,不同年龄教师在情绪衰竭和去个性化上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高职院校教师职业倦怠状况比较明显,特别在情绪衰竭和低个人成就感得分较高,不同性别、年龄、职称和婚姻状况教师的职业倦怠状况差异显著。     

安徽省淮北市中学教师职业倦怠现状调查

目的了解中学教师职业倦怠的状况,为促进教师的身心健康发展提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法,抽取安徽省淮北市4所中学的310名教师,采用教师职业倦怠量表(MBI-ES)进行调查。结果调查对象的情绪衰竭、去个性化和自我成就感3个维度的得分分别为2.53±0.59分、2.04±0.79分和3.12±1.09分。男女教师在情绪衰竭和去个性化2个维度上的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。职业中学教师在情绪衰竭和去个性化2个维度上的得分最低,分别为2.23±0.88分和1.86±0.65分,而在自我成就感上的得分最高,为3.40±0.68分,不同学校类型的教师在3个维度上的得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论淮北地区中学教师的职业倦怠整体上并不严重,但有一定比例的教师有倦怠倾向。     

360名藏族和汉族中学教师职业倦怠的比较

目的比较分析藏、汉两族中学教师职业倦怠的差异。方法用MBI对360名中学教师进行了问卷调查。结果①汉族普通中学教师职业倦怠总分及情绪衰竭得分显著高于藏族普通中学教师。②汉族重点中学教师职业倦怠总分及各维度得分显著低于藏族重点教师。③汉族普通中学教师的职业倦怠总分及各维度得分显著高于同民族的重点中学教师。④藏族普通中学教师在职业倦怠总分和情绪衰竭、低成就感两个维度得分显著低于同民族的重点中学教师,两者去人性化维度得分差异无显著意义。结论藏、汉两族中学教师职业倦怠存在差异,文化背景是影响教师职业倦怠的因素。     

豫东地区高校体育教师职业倦怠调查

目的探讨豫东地区高校体育教师职业倦怠现状,以引起管理者对教师职业倦怠的重视和管控。方法用教师职业倦怠量表、职业自我概念量表对豫东地区5所高校的体育教师进行调查。结果豫东地区高校体育教师职业倦怠并不严重;不同学历教师在工作怠慢维度上得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);不同教龄教师在各维度上得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在情绪衰竭维度上,副教授职称教师显著高于其他职称教师(P<0.01),在工作怠慢维度上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在低专业效能和情绪衰竭维度上存在显著的学校类型差异(P<0.05);职业自我概念与职业倦怠关系密切(P<0.05);工作满意、师生关系和人际知觉对职业倦怠有预测作用(P<0.05)。结论豫东地区高校体育教师存在职业倦怠,相关部门应采取措施预防和缓解职业倦怠的发生。     

连云港市传染病专科医院医务人员职业倦怠现状分析

目的 了解传染病专科医院医务人员的职业倦怠状况,为制定干预措施提供参考。方法 采取分层随机抽样方法,抽取连云港市传染病医院370名医务人员为调查对象,采用职业倦怠量表(MBI-GS)进行问卷调查。结果 有效调查医务人员352人。情绪衰竭、去人性化、个人成就感低落检出率分别为25.0%、38.1%、52.8%;零倦怠13.9%,轻度倦怠60.5%,中度倦怠21.3%,重度倦怠4.3%;不同人口学特征医务人员职业倦怠情况调查表明,男性医务人员的情绪衰竭和去人性化维度均分高于女性。外地户籍去人性化的均分高于本地人群。已婚人群情绪衰竭和去人性化维度得分高于其他婚姻状况,个人成就感低落评分则相对较低。本科及以下去人性化维度评分低于硕士及本科。以上差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);不同职业相关因素医务人员职业倦怠情况调查表明：安排急诊坐班、中级职称、有夜班、没有编制、担任行政职务者情绪衰竭在同组内得分高于其他情况,安排急诊坐班、中级职称、有夜班、编外人员人性化平均得分高于同组内其他情况,临床专业、不安排急诊坐班、副高及以上职称者成就感低落平均得分高于同组内其他情况,以上差异均有统计学意...     

宝鸡市某高职院校教师职业倦怠与社会支持现况研究

目的了解高职教师职业倦怠与社会支持现状,分析职业倦怠与社会支持的关系。方法采用分层随机抽样方法抽取宝鸡市某高职院校教师作为调查对象,采用职业倦怠普适量表(MBI-GS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和自行设计的一般人口学问卷进行调查,采用描述流行病学方法对调查结果进行分析。结果共调查118名教师,其情绪衰竭、玩世不恭和成就感低落3个维度的平均得分分别为(3.44±0.90)、(3.02±0.98)和(3.24±0.79)分,3个维度中度及以上职业怠倦检出率分别为50.85%、32.20%和29.66%。男教师在情绪衰竭方面得分高于女教师(P0.01);各年龄组在情绪衰竭和玩世不恭方面得分差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01);从事医学类教学的教师在情绪衰竭和玩世不恭方面得分均高于非医学类(P0.01),在成就感低落方面得分则低于非医学类(P0.01);不同职称、不同工作年限和年均课时量者3个维度差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。年龄≥50岁、高级职称、工龄≥20年的教师获得的社会支持高于其他相应各组(P0.05或P0.01)。高职教师职业倦怠与其获得的社会支持呈负相关(r=-0.348~-0.298,P0.01)。结论宝鸡市高职教师职业倦怠较为严重,该群体获得的社会支持较低,需加强健康教育,采取措施积极全方位提升高职教师的社会支持度。     

北方高校辅导员职业倦怠与心理健康的关系

目的了解北方高校辅导员职业倦怠与心理健康的关系。方法采用教师职业倦怠量表和心理健康量表对北方32所高校中504名辅导员进行施测。结果 42.9%的辅导员职业倦怠感严重,其中男性占比41.2%,女性占比58.8%。9.3%心理健康状况不佳。不同性别辅导员在去个性化和低个人成就感上无显著差异,在情感衰竭上差异极其显著(P0.01)。不同学历辅导员在去个性化和低成就感维度上差异极其显著(P0.001),在情绪衰竭维度上存在统计学差异(P0.05)。在与全国常模比较躯体化和人际关系2个维度差异显著(P0.01)。职业倦怠3个维度与心理健康各维度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。躯体化和心理健康对辅导员职业倦怠有较好的预测作用。结论减少高校辅导员职业倦怠,可以提高其心理健康水平。     

新升格高职高专院校教师职业倦怠现状调查

[目的]探讨新升格高职高专院校教师职业倦怠的现状,为促进高职高专教育健康发展提供依据.[方法]采用分层整群抽样方法,运用修订的MBI-ES教师职业倦息量表对河南省部分新升格高职高专院校405名教师进行问卷调查.[结果]新升格高职高专教师均存在不同程度的职业倦怠,在情绪衰竭、去个性化、个人成就感3个维度上.年龄、性别、学历、职称、教龄、任职情况、担任班主任和承担教学任务等均可影响教师的倦怠(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).[结论]新升格高职高专院校教师普遍存在职业倦怠现象,但倦怠程度并不严重,多表现在情绪衰竭和个人成就感降低两个维度上,应引起教育管理部门和学校管理层面的重视.     

绵阳市312名心内科护士职业倦怠对工作能力及离职意愿的影响

目的探讨心内科护士职业倦怠对工作能力及离职意愿的影响。方法采用分层随机整群抽样法,调查绵阳市6家三甲综合医院312名心内科护士的职业倦怠情况及与其工作能力、离职意愿的相关性。结果 140人存在职业倦怠(44.87%),护士的情感衰竭、去人性化均值均明显低于常模,个人成就感均值明显高于常模(P0.05)。不同离职意愿护士的情感衰竭、去人性化、个人成就感评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。离职意愿很低的护士情感衰竭、去人性化评分最高,个人成就感评分最低;离职意愿很高的护士情感衰竭、去人性化评分最低,个人成就感评分最高。不同工作能力护士的职业倦怠各维度评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。工作能力各维度与职业倦怠的情感衰竭、去人性化评分呈负相关,与个人成就感评分呈正相关(P0.05)。离职意愿与职业倦怠的情感衰竭、去人性化评分均呈正相关,与个人成就感评分呈负相关(P0.05)。结论心内科护士职业倦怠可降低工作能力,增加离职意愿,而工作能力和离职意愿又会影响职业倦怠。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.