心肌梗死恢复期运动试验和动态心电图检查的意义

37例心肌梗死恢复期患者作运动试验(ET)和动态心电图(AECG)检查,ET 对 ST 段压低的检出率(27%)显著高于 AECG(13.5%);对多支病变两项检查皆有诊断价值;5例两项均有 ST 段压低者3例发生梗死后频发心绞痛,显著多于无 ST 段压低者(P=0.008)。2例发生梗死后急性左心衰者为室壁瘤伴 ET 中 ST 段抬高者,室壁瘤患者两项检查中室性心律失常显著增多。     

Ⅱ、ⅢST段抬高比值与ⅠST段偏移对急性下壁心肌梗死相关动脉的诊断价值

目的 探讨急性下壁心肌梗死体表心电图对梗死相关动脉的诊断价值。方法 对照分析61例急性下壁心肌梗死入院时心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值及Ⅰ导联ST段偏移与冠状动脉造影梗死相关动脉的关系。结果 14例左旋支阻塞所致者ST段抬高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、＜1分别为12、2例；Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等点线12例，压低2例。而47例右冠状动脉阻塞所致者ST段反转高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、＜1分别为2、45例；Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等电位线2例、压低45例。两组差异有显著性意义。结论 心电图ST段拾高Ⅱ/Ⅲ≥1、Ⅰ导联ST段抬高或等电线是诊断左旋支阻塞敏感而特异的指标，而ST段抬高Ⅱ/Ⅲ＜1、Ⅰ导联ST段压低则对诊断右冠状动脉阻塞具有很高的特异性和敏感性。     

急性下壁心肌梗死ST段改变与相关冠状动脉阻塞的关系

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死时心电图ST段改变与相关冠状动脉阻塞的关系。方法对30例急性下壁心肌梗死ST段改变与冠状动脉造影结果对比分析。结果急性心肌梗死部位下壁12例、下壁+正后壁5例、下壁+右心室8例、下壁+前壁5例。其中单支病变10例,双支病变12例,三支病变8例。右冠状动脉狭窄87.7%,左回旋支狭窄12.2%。ST段抬高Ⅲ>Ⅱ,压低aVL>Ⅰ,诊断右冠状动脉阻塞,敏感性、特异性分别为95.0%、93.4%。V4导联ST段压低与Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值>0.5,可诊断左回旋支阻塞,敏感性、特异性分别为84.9%和79.4%,ST段抬高Ⅰ>aVL、压低Ⅱ>Ⅲ,提示左回旋支阻塞,敏感性、特异性分别为52.1%和78%。结论急性下壁心肌梗死心电图ST段抬高Ⅲ>Ⅱ、ST段压低aVL>Ⅰ,提示右冠状动脉阻塞,V4导联ST段压低与Ⅲ导联ST段抬高比值>0.5,ST段抬高Ⅰ>aVL、ST段压低Ⅱ>Ⅲ,提示左回旋支阻塞。     

246例回旋支不同节段闭塞的心电图特点

目的探讨回旋支闭塞中不同节段,不同优势型,多支病变对心电图变化的影响。方法本研究共入选246例发生急性LCX闭塞的患者（其中男187例,女59例）,根据冠脉造影结果将患者根据冠脉优势型、单支、多支、合并LAD、RCA分组,结合年龄、性别及相关危险因素,对比分析心电图改变与冠脉造影结果及临床特点的关系。结果回旋支闭塞心电图变化受不同冠脉优势型影响,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V7~V9导联ST段抬高常见于左优势型的LCX闭塞。V1~V3导联ST段压低常见于均衡型的LCX闭塞,Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高在各优势型中无特异性。在单支LCX闭塞中,V1~V3导联ST段压低常见于近段闭塞,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高常见于远段闭塞,V7~V9导联ST段抬高与Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高在各节段闭塞的心电图中无特异性。合并多支病变时LCX心电图变化与单纯LCX闭塞存在差异,在LCX近段闭塞中,合并多支病变的患者更易出现V7~V9导联ST段抬高,单支病变者心电图易出现V1~V3导联ST段压低,在LCX中段闭塞的患者中,单支病变与多支病变的心电图改变大致相同。在LCX远段闭塞的患者中,多支病变患者出现V1~V3导联ST段压低可能性较大。OM闭塞在单支及合并多支病变时的心电图差异无明显统计学意义。在合并LAD或RCA病变的LCX闭塞患者中,心电图改变无明显差异。结论心电图对诊断梗死相关动脉为回旋支的急性心肌梗死有重要的预测价值,结合病史及相关一般资料可对急性心肌梗死患者的预后进行评估。     

平板运动试验心率校正的ST段压低参数对冠心病诊断价值的探讨

探讨心率校正的ST段压低参数诊断冠状动脉 (简称冠脉 )病变的准确性 ,12 8例患者接受次极量平板运动试验和冠脉造影。观察各例患者运动中心率相关的ST段压低最大速度即最大ST段 /心率斜率 ,最大心率时ST段与静息时ST段压低值之差除以最大心率与静息心率之差即ΔST/HR指数 ,以及ST段压低 ,观察值与阳性判断标准比较。结果显示 ,最大ST/HR斜率诊断冠心病的敏感性、特异性及诊断符合率最高 ,分别为 94.1%、92 .3%、94.5 % ,ST段压低诊断冠心病的敏感性、特异性及诊断符合率最低 ,分别为 74.5 %、6 9.2 %、73.4%。最大ST/HR斜率在冠脉不同程度病变间无重叠 ,其它参数虽与冠脉病变程度有平行关系 ,但有较大程度的重叠。结论 :心率校正的ST段压低参数显著提高了对冠心病的诊断价值 ,其中最大ST/HR斜率对冠脉病变支数有定量诊断价值     

心电图活动平板运动试验与冠状动脉造影结果对照分析

目的探讨心电图活动平板运动试验与冠心病的诊断价值.方法选择405例行心电图活动平板运动试验的患者,3月内接受冠状动脉造影检查,将其结果进行对比分析.结果405例中冠状动脉狭窄≥50%者141例,其中平板运动试验阳性123例,阴性18例;冠状动脉正常者264例,平板运动试验阳性48例,阴性216例.运动试验诊断冠心病的敏感性87.2%,特异性81.8%,准确性83.7%.其中ST段下移的敏感性85.3%,特异性82.1%,准确性83.2%.ST段抬高的敏感性92.3%,特异性81%,准确性85%.在运动时间、运动耐量(最大METs)、ST段改变持续时间、峰值血压等方面,冠状动脉病变组与冠状动脉阴性组差异明显(P＜0.05).双支以上冠状动脉病变组与单支以上冠状动脉病变组对比也有显著差异.(P＜0.05,P＜0.001).结论心电图活动平板运动试验具有无创、安全、经济,通过多项指标综合判断结果可以初步推测病变程度,对冠心病有较高的诊断价值.     

心电图运动试验与冠状动脉造影的对照研究

为探讨心电图运动试验对反映冠状动脉（冠脉）病变的价值及应用前景，与冠脉造影对照分析４６１例运动试验结果。运动试验诊断冠心病的敏感性为７４．５％（２４０／３２２例），特异性为８３．５％（１１６／１３９例）。如运动试验以ＳＴ段压低≥０．２ｍＶ为强阳性标准，其反映三支病变及左主干病变的敏感性与特异性分别为６１．３％和７９．１％。运动中运动功量、动脉收缩压增量与冠脉病变支数呈负相关，而ＳＴ段压低持续时间与冠脉病变支数呈正相关。多支冠脉病变及左主干病变患者运动试验阳性率显著高于单支及双支病变（Ｐ＜０．０１）。女性运动试验假阳性率高于男性（分别为２９．８％和８．７％，Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

非心肌梗死冠心病患者运动致ST段抬高的临床意义

目的 研究运动致ST段抬高在非心肌梗死患者中发生率及其临床意义。方法 2004年6月至2006年6月共有4601例患者接受了运动平板试验,其中有15例非心肌梗死患者出现ST段抬高,对这15例患者的临床特点与冠状动脉造影结果进行分析。结果 15例（3．2‰）运动致ST段抬高患者中,男性13例,女性2例,年龄40-75岁。单支病变者6例（40％）,2支病变者6例（40％）,3支病变者3例（20％）;12例（80％）累及前降支,1例（6．6％）累及左主干,7例累及右冠状动脉,在累及前降支及左主干13例患者中有8例为重度狭窄病变（狭窄程度为90％-100％）,所有ST段抬高的导联均与病变血管的供血部位一致。结论 运动致ST段抬高在非心肌梗死患者中发生率非常低,多因冠状动脉有严重的固定性狭窄,特别是前降支,可根据出现ST段抬高的导联判断缺血心肌的部位。     

aVR导联ST抬高对急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死者左主干或三支血管病变的预测

目的研究急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTE-AMI)者aVR导联抬高幅度,与冠状动脉造影(CAG)对比,判断其对左主干/三支病变(LM/3VD)诊断的指导作用。方法对比106例aVR导联ST段抬高程度,结合CAG结果,研讨诊断LM/3VD的敏感性、特异性及相关性。结果 aVR导联ST段抬高是LM/3VD的独立预测因子(P<0.01),aVR导联ST段抬高≥0.5mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为76%、86%。ST段抬高≥1.0mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为43%、96%,ST段抬高≥1.5mm预测LM/3VD的敏感性及特异性分别为18%、99%。结论 aVR导联ST段抬高是NSTE-AMI者LM/3VD非常有用的预测因子,特异性好。     

急性下壁心肌梗死心电图与冠脉造影对照分析

目的探讨急性下壁心肌梗死心电图判断罪犯血管的准确性。方法对照分析2013年~2015年我院收治的急性下壁心肌梗死患者100例入院时心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ标准导联的ST段抬高比例及Ⅰ、AVL导联的ST段是否偏移与冠状动脉造影显示的梗死相关罪犯血管的对应关系。结果 100例患者中,76例右冠状动脉急性闭塞所致ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ1占71例,ST段抬Ⅲ/Ⅱ≤1占5例;Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段抬高或等电位线5例,Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段压低71例;24例左回旋支急性闭塞所致者ST段抬高Ⅲ/Ⅱ1占5例、ST段抬Ⅲ/Ⅱ≤1占19例;Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段抬高或等电位线19例,Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段压低5例。结论急性下壁心肌硬死相关罪犯血管以右冠状动脉病变为多,少部分为回旋支病变;Ⅰ、AVL导联抬高或等电位线多见于回旋支闭塞,Ⅰ、AVL导联ST段压低则对诊断右冠状动脉闭塞具有很高的价值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.