在线积极心理干预策略及其应用研究(综述)

在线积极心理干预(OPPI)是基于积极心理学理论与实践开展的、以积极活动为依托、以在线技术为载体,旨在提升人们幸福感和优势的干预。从干预策略上看,包括提升积极情绪、挖掘个性优势、改善积极关系和实施综合干预的策略。未来研究需要探索并拓展OPPI的理论基础,降低脱落率并寻求个体-活动-技术之间的良好匹配,发展较强实效性的干预方案,以提升OPPI干预效果。     

Computer-assisted medical decision making: A critical review

This paper presents an overview of the concepts underlying computer-assisted medical decision-making (CMD) systems. Alternative approaches to constructing CMD systems are reviewed, including “conventional programming techniques,” statistical pattern classification, rule-based deduction, modelling of diagnostic reasoning, and data base comparisons. Each of these methods is illustrated with examples taken from pulmonary medicine. Although much progress has been made over the last two decades, all existing methods for creating CMD systems are seen to be limited in their ability to represent and process medical knowledge. Other problems facing the field include the time and cost of CMD system development, physician resistance to using these systems, the question of transferability, and the lack of large, reliable data bases for many clinical problems. Recent trends that may overcome these problems are identified and discussed.     

Editorial: review and commentary section

Is this the era of empirically supported practice? If it isnot, it is up to us to make it so. Many of us were trained inthe scientist–practitioner framework of the Boulder model,now almost 60 years old, which emphasized training in both researchand practice for clinical psychologists, and which seems tomake the implicit assumption that the "science" training wouldhelp to make the "practice" activities more empirically-based.Almost 60 years later, we now have a greater appreciation forthe difficulties of translating research into practice. As complicatedas it may be to integrate science and practice into a singlecareer, it may be even more difficult to find ways to have scienceinfuse our clinical activities so that the knowledge base ofclinical psychology guides our clinical work whenever possible. Currently,     

冠状病毒疫情对医务人员心理健康的影响与干预(综述)

三次冠状病毒疫情下医务人员心理问题发生率分别为SARS 29%~75%,MERS 64.1%,COVID-19 63%。疫情爆发流行期以急性应激反应为主;疫情结束1年,17.3%的医务人员存在心理问题;疫情结束3年,4%医务人员存在创伤后应激症状,并出现抑郁、焦虑和物质滥用等不良结局。直接接触患者、被隔离、自身感染、本职专业与传染病相关性小被安排一线工作者、女性、不成熟的心理防御方式、既往躯体疾病史、既往存在精神障碍病史的医务人员心理问题发生风险更高。线上和线下心理干预有助于促进医务人员心理健康恢复。     

MMPI comparisons of blacks and whites: A review and commentary

This article reviewed six of the eight summaries of Black-White MMPI studies that have been published from 1960 to 1987. The first summarizers had 4 studies to deal with; the most recent had 53. As more data have become available, the summaries have become increasingly methodologically sophisticated. Differences found, explanations offered, and conclusions drawn were noted. Disagreements are in part a function of procedures followed and findings focused on. Authors' attitudes toward racial comparisons also may play a role. Definitive answers to the racial bias question may be exceptionally difficult to reach due to the unlikelihood of finding the unbiased criteria required by the research strategy recommended to test the accuracy of inferences about racial subgroups from the MMPI.     

Direct psychological therapies for nightmares: A review

Following an historical and theoretical overview and introduction, reports on the direct psychological treatments of nightmares are reviewed. The majority of the reviewed reports are case studies, although there are several controlled and group studies. Many techniques, including desensitization, operant procedures, hypnosis, analysis, story line alteration, and “face and conquer” approaches were all noted as helpful for some subjects. Advantages and limitations of the different methods, as well as the ways the therapies impact on the anxiety, uncontrollability, perceived importance, or realism of the nightmares, are discussed. The article concludes with suggestions far both the clearer reporting of case studies are for further research.     

Burnout prevention: A review of intervention programs

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs at the workplace or elsewhere aimed at preventing burnout, a leading cause of work related mental health impairment.

Methods

A systematic search of burnout intervention studies was conducted in the databases Medline, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX from 1995 to 2007. Data was also extracted from papers found through a hand search.

Results

A total of 25 primary intervention studies were reviewed. Seventeen (68%) were person-directed interventions, 2 (8%) were organization-directed and 6 (24%) were a combination of both interventions types. Eighty percent of all programs led to a reduction in burnout. Person-directed interventions reduced burnout in the short term (6 months or less), while a combination of both person- and organization-directed interventions had longer lasting positive effects (12 months and over). In all cases, positive intervention effects diminished in the course of time.

Conclusion

Intervention programs against burnout are beneficial and can be enhanced with refresher courses. Better implemented programs including both person- and organization-directed measures should be offered and evaluated.

Practice implications

A combination of both intervention types should be further investigated, optimized and practiced. Institutions should recognize the need for and make burnout intervention programs available to employees.     

Crisis intervention in theory and practice: A selective review

Crisis intervention is a model for the treatment of acute states of psychological decompensation, including some formal psychiatric disorders. In addition to crisis resolution the intervention maximizes the related potential for psychic growth and maturation, and so represents an important tool in preventive psychiatry. Crisis intervention provides the conceptual framework for an increasing number of community-based multidisciplinary psychiatric services. In this paper, a selective review of the literature is presented in order to outline crisis theory and the practice of crisis intervention.     

Positive psychological constructs and cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AimTo synthesise evidence regarding the association between positive psychological constructs (PPCs) and cognitive function in adults aged 50 +.MethodsLiterature searches: Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus (inception to February 2022). Studies were included if they reported on the association between at least one PPC and one objective measure of cognitive function in people aged 50 + without cognitive impairment at baseline. Where at least two studies reported on the same PPC and cognitive outcome, estimates were pooled through meta-analysis.FindingsIn total, 37 studies were included. There was evidence of cross-sectional associations for ‘meaning in life’ (verbal fluency: b = 0.09, 95 %CI [0.07, 0.11], p < .001; memory: b = 0.10, 95 %CI [0.08, 0.12], p < .001), ‘purpose in life’ (verbal fluency: b = 0.07, 95 %CI [0.05, 0.08], p < .001; memory: r = 0.13, 95 %CI [0.08, 0.18], p < .001), and positive affect (cognitive state: r = 0.25, 95 %CI [0.14, 0.36], p < .001; memory: r = 0.05, 95 %CI [0.02, 0.08], p < .001) with various domains of cognitive function. However, no significant results were found for life satisfaction (p = .13) or longitudinal studies investigating positive affect and memory (p = .48). Other PPCs were included in narrative syntheses only.ImplicationsPurpose and meaning in life may be sensible primary targets for interventions to promote healthy cognitive aging. More longitudinal and causal inference research is needed to better understand this association and its implications for clinical practice.     

Computer-assisted surgery: A teacher of TKAs

IntroductionThe hypothesis of this study is that computer-aided navigation experience could improve the ability to better place components in the coronal plane and to improve visual/spatial awareness based on the ability of navigation to provide instant feedback. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the educational role of the navigation system to obtain a better alignment of the prosthetic components with standard instrumentation after a computer-aided navigation experience.Materials and methodsOne hundred fifty patients were operated by the same surgeon, with more than 5 years experience with TKA. They were equally divided in three groups: group A (operated with non-navigated technique by surgeon without computer-assisted experience); group B (operated with computer-assisted surgery by the same surgeon); group C (operated with non-navigated technique by the same surgeon after the computer-navigated experience).We evaluated by full-length weight-bearing radiographs the overall alignment of the lower limb in the coronal plane. The optimum placement of the components was considered when the angle was within the limits of ± 3° varus/valgus on the coronal x-rays.Comparison between groups was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Bonferroni test and Pearson chi-square statistics for proportions of optimum placement (P < 0.05).ResultsIn the group A 34 patients (68%) had the optimum placement on the coronal x-rays; in the group B they were 46 (92%) and in the group 41 (82%).The difference is statistically significant in comparing group A and Group B (< 0.001), group A and group C (P = 0.04), but not for group B and C (P = 0.2).ConclusionWe believe that the navigation system has an educational role to improve the ability of surgeon of positioning prosthetic components precisely in the coronal plane.     

Social support and psychological disorder: a review

With the rapid growth in the literature on social support and psychological disorder, a review of the area is in order. The present article describes current conceptualizations of social support, and presents a distillation of empirical evidence on the relationships among stress, social support, and psychological disorder. The structure of support links and the quality of the relationships they provide appear to be associated with a range of mental health issues. Methodological problems with current research are assessed, and suggestions for appropriate design and conceptualization are offered.