1997-2005年重庆市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的掌握重庆市居民食用碘盐质量和碘缺乏病病情变化。方法监测居民食用碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率；采用人口比例概率抽样法（PPS）进行抽样，用触诊法和B超法同时检查8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大情况，儿童尿碘测定采用砷铈催化分光光度法。结果1997～2005年，碘盐覆盖率为90．08％～98．17％，合格碘盐食用率为83．00％～92．37％；儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法由18．33％（220／1200）下降至10．45％（132／1263）．B超法由17．42％（209／1200）下降至9．90％（125／1263）；尿碘中位数稳定在238．75～266．65μg/L。结论重庆市普供碘盐8年来防治碘缺乏病的效果显著。     

沿海轻度缺碘地区供应碘盐后人群碘营养状况调查

目的了解沿海轻度缺碘地区人群供碘盐后碘营养状况，评价碘缺乏病防治效果。方法选择碘盐供应比较落实的吴川市黄坡镇为调查点，按5个方位随机抽查8～10岁在校儿童甲状腺肿大率(甲肿率)和尿碘，分层随机抽查部分成人尿碘、家庭食用盐情况。结果人群尿碘中位数为142．7μg/L，儿童尿碘中位数为171．5μg/L，成人男、女尿碘中位数分别为167．1和115．2μg/L；儿童甲肿率为2．58％，居民合格碘盐食用率为84．5％，水碘中位数为9．9μg/L。结论该地区人群的碘缺乏已得到纠正，碘营养处于理想状态，但居民合格碘盐食用率未达到国家消除碘缺乏病标准。     

重庆市普供碘盐5年防治碘缺乏病效果观察

目的 评价重庆市碘盐防治碘缺乏病的效果。方法 用直接滴定法检测居民户盐碘含量；用B超法和触诊法检查8～10岁儿童甲状腺，同时检查儿童尿碘含量。结果 5年碘盐覆盖率为90．08％～98．17％，合格碘盐食用率为83．00％～89．58％；触诊法和B超法检查8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率，1999年(23．75％和23．58％)均较1997年(18．33％和17．42％)显著升高，但甲状腺容积呈下降趋势；2002年8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率(14．18％和13．50％)和甲状腺容积均显著下降。结论 重庆市普供碘盐防治碘缺乏病2年病情无显著变化，5年效果显著。     

1995～2002年湖北省碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解湖北省碘缺乏病发展动态，探索其影响因素，为防治提供依据。方法 按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》对8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘水平和盐碘等指标进行流行病学调查。结果 8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率1995、1997、1999和2002年分别为6．2％、5．1％、7．4％和6．5％；儿童尿碘中位数分别为233．4、390．8、331．2和197．0μg／L；居民户碘盐合格率分别为47．8％、86．4％、90．2％、93．5％；学生健康教育平均分1997、1999、2000年分别为70．0、63．5、53．6。结论 湖北省碘盐质量逐年提高，覆盖率稳定在较高水平；人群碘营养逐步改善，但健康教育平均分呈逐年下降趋势，应引起高度重视。     

消除碘缺乏病指标的初步探讨

目的探讨合格碘盐食用率达到90％作为消除碘缺乏病指标的合理性。方法在闽东南沿海漳浦县随机抽取30个行政村，每个村各抽查8-10岁学生40名共1200名甲状腺大小，对740名学生进行智力测验、尿碘测定和食用盐碘含量测定，并检查孕妇和育龄妇女尿碘水平。结果在居民合格碘盐食用率51．1％情况下，当地儿童甲状腺肿大率为4．9％，尿碘中位数为200.3μg/L，孕妇尿碘中位数为207．8μg/L，育龄妇女尿碘中位数为228．5μg/L。结论对沿海地区而言，合格碘盐食用率是否达到90％不应作为消除碘缺乏病目标的一项首要的指标。     

乌鲁木齐县大湾乡学龄前儿童IDD调查报告

为掌握了解学龄前儿童碘营养状况，按照《新疆维吾尔自治区碘缺乏病防治监测实施方案》的通知，我们对乌鲁木齐县大湾乡辖区内4所小学383名5～7岁学龄前儿童进行了IDD调查。经触诊查出甲状腺肿大率为4．96％，男女之间无差异（5．58％、4．35％）；碘盐半定量测定，学龄前儿童自带食用碘盐合格率为82．02％；碘盐覆盖率为100％。销售商店食用盐含碘量合格率为85．71％，居民食用碘盐含量合格率为87．01％，测定水样4份，水碘含量范围2．0～3．85μg／L，均值为2．78μg／L，测定尿样47份，尿碘中位数252．81μg／L，尿碘水平为98．75～596．58μg／L，尿碘均值为274．81μg／L。调查结果显示，学龄前儿童甲肿率、碘盐覆盖率、尿碘中位数、尿碘均值均已达到IDD的基本消除标准。     

2003年黑龙江省桦川县集贤村碘缺乏病病情调查结果

目的连续观察集贤村的碘缺乏病防治措施落实情况及病情现状，为防治碘缺乏病提供依据和策略。方法以该村在校小学生为监测对象，测量其身高、体重、甲状腺容积及甲肿类型，测定8-12岁儿童的尿碘含量：用B超对2002年普查时发现的成年甲肿病人及疑似病例进行确诊；随机抽取30户居民的家庭食用盐，检测其碘含量。结果该村合格碘盐食用率为93．3％；儿童甲状腺肿大率为7．8％，儿童尿碘中位数为395．8μg/L；成年村民尿碘中位数为370．8μg／L；村民甲肿疑似病例中甲肿检出率仅为27．2％，且病人年龄大多在50岁以上。结论以碘盐为主的碘缺乏病防治措施在集贤村落实得很好，但该村居民处于碘过量状态，建议尽快制定、落实适宜浓度的碘盐，科学地防治碘缺乏病。     

天津市食盐加碘后甲状腺肿大率与碘营养状况的调查

目的：调查和研究食盐加碘后天津市居民的甲状腺肿大率和碘营养状况,方法：在6个区共调查居民31530人,7－14岁在校儿童4415人,对调查对象进行甲状腺肿大率,尿碘浓度,食盐碘含量等项目的调查。结果：（1）食盐加碘后天津市居民的平均甲状腺肿大率为5．5％,8－10岁儿童平均甲状腺肿大率为19．7％,甲状腺肿大率较食盐加碘以前有了明显下降,但下降的速度较缓慢,（2）天津市食盐加碘以后各区居民的平均尿碘中位数为287．2ug/L,各区儿童尿碘中位数平均为271．6u/L,证明总体人群碘营养充足,（3）天津市居民总体盐碘含量超过20mg/kg水平,各区居民户盐含碘量有9．9％－41．1％超过60mg/kg,说明碘盐的含碘是偏高是一个新的现象。结论：经过3年左右的食盐加碘防治工作,天津市碘缺乏情况已得到控制。     

2007年许昌市碘缺乏病监测报告

目的评价许昌市碘缺乏病防治效果,为制定和完善防治对策提供科学依据。方法按人口容量比例概率抽样方法（PPS）,从不同方位随机抽取30所小学,每所学校抽取40名8-10岁儿童,检查儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘含量和学生家中食用碘盐合格率。结果监测1280名8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为4．76％,监测1242名儿童尿碘水平,尿碘中位数为233．06μg／L,学生家中食用碘盐合格率为95．83％。结论实施全民食盐加碘干预措施以后,儿童甲状腺肿大率逐年下降,人群碘营养水平得到提高,碘缺乏病防治效果显著。     

2020—2022年天津市武清区碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解2020—2022年天津市武清区重点人群碘营养状况，观察人群尿碘、盐碘水平以及甲状腺肿大率等情况，及时掌握本区人群碘缺乏病情况，为碘缺乏病防治提供科学依据。方法 根据《天津市碘缺乏病监测方案》,每年从本区随机抽取200名8～10岁儿童，并检测儿童的家庭食用盐盐碘、尿碘和甲状腺肿大情况，每年随机抽取100名孕妇，并检测孕妇的家庭食用盐盐碘、尿碘情况。结果 2020—2022年共检测600名儿童，甲状腺肿大率为0%。儿童家庭食用盐的碘含量中位数为26.03 mg/kg,合格碘盐有393份，75.5%的家庭食用盐为碘盐，仅86.57%的碘盐是合格的，合格碘盐的食用率仅为65.5%。不同年份的数据显示，儿童家庭食用盐碘盐合格率(χ²=10.403,P<0.05)、合格碘盐食用率(χ²=10.665,P<0.05)差异均有统计学意义，检测300份孕妇家庭食用盐，孕妇家庭食用盐的碘含量中位数为27.04 mg/kg,合格碘盐有233份，83.0%的家庭食用盐为碘盐，93.57%的碘盐是合格的，合格碘盐的食用率仅为77.67%。不同年...     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.