急性心肌梗死时心电图ST段抬高恢复时间对预测溶栓治疗后心室壁运动的临床意义

目的　探讨急性心肌梗死时 (AMI)心电图ST段抬高恢复时间对预测溶栓治疗后心室壁运动的临床意义。方法　将监护病房 (CCU)收治并接受静脉尿激酶溶栓治疗且符合梗死相关血管再通标准的 36 0例AMI患者 ,根据溶栓后心电图ST段抬高达到稳定性下移 5 0 %的时间 ,分成A组 (时间在 30min内 ,n =92 )、B组(6 0min内 ,n =12 6 )及C组 (90min ,n =14 2 ) ,分别测定 3组的梗死血管室壁运动的幅度。结果　ST段抬高达到稳定性下移 5 0 %所需要的时间不同 ,梗死相关心室壁运动幅度存在差异 [急性前壁心肌梗死 (AAMI)相关室间隔运动幅度A、B、C 3组分别为 (8 15± 1 6 2 )、(7 84± 1 4 3)及 (6 5 6± 2 15 )mm ,P <0 0 5 ;急性下壁心肌梗死 (AI MI)相关左室后壁运动幅度 3组分别为 (8 78± 1 92 )、(7 32± 1 5 4 )及 (6 15± 2 0 5 )mm ,P <0 0 5 ,且随需要的时间延长 ,梗死相关的心室壁运动幅度有下降的趋势。结论　抬高的ST段恢复时间越短 ,梗死相关的心室壁运动改善越明显     

急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗后ST段恢复时间对室壁运动及左室收缩功能的影响

目的观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)溶栓治疗后ST段恢复时间对预测室壁运动的临床意义。方法将心内科及急诊监护病房收治并接受静脉尿激酶溶栓治疗且符合梗死相关血管再通标准的120例AMI患者,根据溶栓后心电图的ST段达稳定下移50%的时间,分为30min内(n=34)、60min(n=49)、90min(n=37),分别测定3组的梗死血管室壁运动幅度及射血分数。结果抬高的ST段稳定下移50%所需要的时间不同,梗死相关室壁运动幅度存在差异(P<0.05),且随需要的时间延长,梗死相关室壁运动幅度及左室前壁收缩功能有下降趋势(P<0.05)。结论抬高的ST段恢复时间越短,梗死相关的室壁运动及左室前壁的收缩功能改善越明显。     

不同ST段恢复时间与左室收缩功能的关系

目的　探讨急性心肌梗死抬高的ST段恢复时间对预测溶栓治疗后左室收缩功能的临床意义。方法　将 92例AMI患者根据溶栓后心电图抬高的ST段达到稳定下移 5 0 %的时间 ,分成A组 (时间在 3 0分钟内 ) ,B组 (时间在 60分钟内 )和C组 (时间在 90分钟内 )。比较不同组间 3 0天的左室收缩功能。结果　溶栓后心电图抬高的ST段达到稳定下移 5 0 %的时间不同 ,各组 3 0天左室收缩功能存在差异 ,其LVEF( % )分别为A组 65 4± 1 1 2、B组 5 7 6± 1 0 3、C组 49 9± 1 0 1 ,ST段恢复时间越短 ,左室收缩功能恢复越好 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并随梗死部位不同而有所变化 ,前壁MIST段恢复时间与左室收缩功能恢复关系更密切 (P <0 0 1 ) ,下壁MI随ST段恢复时间延长 ,左室收缩功能有下降趋势 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　用心电图监测溶栓后ST段的变化 ,是预测左室收缩功能的良好指标 ,尤其对前壁MI有更好的预测性。     

心电图墓碑样ST段抬高与AMI早期左室重构的关系

目的　评价墓碑样ST段抬高对AMI早期左室重构的影响。方法　对 12 5例初发的AMI,按梗死部位分为前壁和下壁组 ,根据ECG的ST段变化再分为墓碑样抬高亚组和非墓碑样抬高 (通常型 )亚组。在起病第四周用超声心动图检查室壁运动情况 ,测量并计算左室收缩末期容积(ESV) ,舒张末期容积 (EDV) ,每搏输出量 (SV)和射血分数(EF) ,并与对照组比较。结果　在前壁梗死墓碑样抬高组EDV =(16 8 19± 11 0 3)mL ,ESV =(116 93± 19 31)mL ,SV =(5 1 2 6± 7 94 )mL ,EF(30 4 7± 12 37) % ,P <0 0 1;通常组EDV =(133 4 3± 5 73)mL ,ESV =(6 6 92± 9 0 7)mL ,SV =(6 6 5 1± 9 7)mL ,EF =(49 84± 13) %。在下壁梗死 ,墓碑样抬高组EDV =(14 3 0 5± 15 4 7)mL ,ESV =(88 12± 14 75 )mL ,SV =(5 4 93± 12 0 9)mL ,EF =(38 39± 10 8) % ,P <0 0 5。通常组EDV =(12 8 78± 12 2 5 )mL ,ESV =(5 7 5 1± 8 0 4 )mL ,SV=(71 2 7± 4 4 7)mL ,EF =(5 5 34± 9 3) %。墓碑样抬高组较通常组更多发生室壁瘤。结论　心电图墓碑样ST段抬高与AMI早期左室重构高度相关     

心肌梗死后Q波导联ST段持续抬高的临床意义

目的 :探讨心肌梗死 ( MI)后 Q波导联 ST段持续抬高的临床意义。方法 :选取 MI后 Q波导联 ST段持续抬高 (静息心电图 )的患者 3 0例 ( ST段抬高组 ) ,以无 ST段持续抬高的 MI患者 2 6例为对照组 ,两组均行冠状动脉 (冠脉 )造影及左心室造影 ,观察两组病例的左室收缩末期容积 ( ESV)、左室舒张末期容积 ( EDV)、射血分数 ( EF)、局部室壁运动情况及冠脉阻塞部位、程度。结果 :ST段抬高组较对照组 EF减低 ( P <0 .0 1)、ESV增大 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ,冠脉完全闭塞、局部室壁无收缩或矛盾运动比例 ST段抬高组明显高于对照组 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ,而两组 EDV、室壁瘤发生比例差异无显著性意义 ( P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :MI后 Q波导联 ST段持续抬高与冠脉完全的闭塞、大面积的梗死、EF的显著降低、ESV的明显扩大直接相关 ;与室壁瘤、EDV无显著相关 ,是一种简便、无创的临床检测手段 ,对 MI后患者的治疗和预后提供积极的帮助。     

急性心肌梗死后左心功能及室壁运动恢复与ST段的变化关系

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者接受直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)治疗后左室收缩功能及梗死区室壁运动恢复与心电图抬高ST下降幅度的关系。方法接受直接PTCA的AMI患者共34例,比较PTCA前及术后1h12导联心电图抬高ST段的总和,按ST段下降幅度分为两组A组ST段下降≥50％;B组ST段下降＜50％。所有患者于发病第(7±2)d行小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图负荷试验并于发病第1、2、3个月行超声心动图检查。结果AMI发病急性期基础状态和负荷状态及发病后第1、2、3个月左室射血分数(LVEF)A组均明显大于B组(63.4vs56.7;68.9vs60.5;60.1vs53.1;61.4vs53.1;60.9vs52.3;P均<0.05)。基础状态和多巴酚丁胺负荷状态下总室壁运动积分指数(GWMSI)和梗死区室壁运动积分指数(IWMSI)A组均明显小于B组。AMI发病第1、2、3个月GWMSIA组均明显小于B组(1.21vs1.38,P=0.042;1.17vs1.38,P=0.015;1.18vs1.30,P=0.035)。发病第1、2个月IWMST两组间无统计学差异。发病第3个月IWMSTA组明显小于B组(2.16vs2.47,P=0.048)。结论急性心肌梗死直接PTCA后心电图ST段下降幅度≥50％组在AMI急性期和恢复期左室收缩功能及梗死区室壁运动的恢复均明显优于ST段下降幅度<50％组。     

ST段持续抬高与室壁瘤、室壁运动异常与左室大小的关系

目的　探讨Q波急性前壁心肌梗死患者心电图胸前导联ST段持续抬高与室壁瘤、室壁运动异常和左室大小的关系。方法　连续首次发病的 4 2例急性前壁心肌梗死患者 ,发病 2周时行 12导联心电图和超声心动图检查 ,分别测量心电图上胸前导联ST段抬高的程度 ,左室心内膜面积指数 (ESAi)和室壁运动异常区心内膜面积 (AWMa)和室壁运动异常得分。结果　在V2导联、抬高最大的导联上 ,室壁瘤和非室壁瘤组ST段抬高程度 ,差异无显著性 (p >0 0 5 )。V1至V6导联ST段抬高之总和室壁瘤组大于非室壁瘤组 (P <0 0 5 )。室壁瘤组的室壁运动积分明显高于非室壁瘤组 (P <0 0 1) ,但AWMa和ESAi,两组均无显著差别 (P >0 0 5 )。V2导联、抬高最大的导联和V1至V6导联ST段抬高之总和 ,室壁运动异常积分≥ 8分组显著高于室壁运动异常积分 <8分组 (P均 <0 0 1)。但入院时ESAi增大组和正常组之间无显著差别 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　梗死后 2周 ,心电图胸前导联持续抬高与左室前壁、心尖部和室间隔的运动异常程度有关 ,它并不能帮助明确诊断室壁瘤存在 ,也与左室大小无关     

肌红蛋白系列测定对两种不同心肌血流再通疗效的评价

目的 :探讨肌红蛋白时间含量测定对静脉溶栓与直接经皮腔内冠状动脉成形术 (PTCA)并安放支架对血流再通效果的评价 ,并比较不同再通方式的梗死面积差异。方法 :测定 15例静脉溶栓再通急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者 (溶栓组 )、5例直接PTCA并安放支架后TIMI血流达 3级患者 (介入组 )血流再通前 ,再通后 4、8、12、16h肌红蛋白含量并以ST段平方面积测定再通前及再通后 8、12h两组的梗死面积大小。结果 :肌红蛋白系列含量测定诊断AMI的敏感性为 10 0 %。不同溶栓方法在血流再通前肌红蛋白含量均显示明显增高。再通后 4h ,两组的肌红蛋白含量迅速上升直达高峰。介入组比溶栓组含量有所增高 [(6 80 .0 0± 99.10 )∶(372 .75± 6 7.80 )μg/L]。随后的肌红蛋白系列测定表现出成倍递减并与时间呈线性相关 (r =0 .78,P <0 .0 0 1)。ST段平方面积测定显示 ,介入组梗死面积明显小于溶栓组 [(2 2 .5± 15 .1)∶(5 8.2± 2 0 .0 )mm2 ]。结论 :介入组由于血管开通完全 ,肌红蛋白成倍高于溶栓组 ,且在ST段平方面积测定中表现梗死面积的减小     

心电图STaVR与STV1抬高的差值对鉴别冠状动脉左主干与左前降支急性闭塞的价值

目的 :探讨应用体表心电图STaVR与STV1 抬高的差值 (STaVR-STV1 )能否准确鉴别冠状动脉左主干(LM)与左前降支 (LAD)急性闭塞。方法 :5 0例急性前壁心肌梗死患者〔其中LM闭塞 15例 (LM组 ) ,LAD 6段闭塞 35例 (LAD组 )〕 ,对其心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行对比分析。以 2 0例无心肌梗死且冠状动脉造影正常的患者作为正常对照。结果 :①正常对照组aVR导联和V1导联ST段无明显抬高 ;LM组aVR导联ST段抬高程度显著大于LAD组〔(0 .15± 0 .12 )∶(0 .0 4± 0 .0 8) ,P <0 .0 5〕 ,V1导联ST段抬高程度显著小于LAD组〔(0 .0 0± 0 .19)∶(0 .15± 0 .10 ) ,P <0 .0 5〕 ,两者的差值 (STaVR-STV1 )在两组间差异有显著性意义〔(0 .15±0 .2 3)∶(- 0 .10± 0 .12 ) ,P <0 .0 1〕 ;②LM组aVR导联ST段抬高的比率显著大于LAD组 (86 .7%∶4 2 .9% ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,V1导联ST段抬高的比率显著小于LAD组 (4 0 .0 %∶71.4 % ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,STaVR-STV1 ≥ 0的比率在两组间差异有显著性意义 (80 %∶2 0 % ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :体表心电图STaVR-STV1 ≥ 0是判断急性前壁心肌梗死患者梗死相关动脉及闭塞位置的新指标。     

急性前壁心肌梗死伴不同下壁导联ST段改变的临床特点

目的探讨ST段抬高急性前壁心肌梗死(简称心梗)伴不同下壁导联ST段改变患者的梗死相关血管以及梗死面积及心功能情况。方法73例急性前壁心梗患者,根据入院时心电图下壁导联ST段改变情况将患者分为3组:A组为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF中至少两个导联ST段抬高;B组为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF中至少两个导联ST段压低,C组为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF中少于两个导联ST段有改变。比较三组CK最大值,左室射血分数以及梗死相关血管(IRCA)。结果CK最大值3组比较A组最低(1280±531IU/Lvs2034±911,1677±630IU/L,P<0.01);左室射血分数A组最高(0.54±0.09vs0.48±0.07,0.47±0.08,P<0.01);三组IRCAA组中85.7%的患者位于“绕过心尖的左前降支(LAD)”的中远段,有14.3%的患者位于右冠状动脉(RCA)的近段;B组的患者中全部为非“绕过心尖的LAD”,其中有70.4%的患者位于非“绕过心尖的LAD”的近段;C组中有96.7%的患者为非“绕过心尖的LAD”,其中有73.3%的患者位于非“绕过心尖的LAD”的近中段,三组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论IRCA为LAD的急性前壁心梗时下壁ST段改变可能与LAD长度和病变部位有关;前壁合并下壁ST段同时抬高的患者若IRCA为“绕过心尖的LAD”,其梗死面积较小,心功能较好。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。