肌筋膜触发点的热象图

<正> Travell和Simons提出了第一个有关肌肉综合征的诊断框架。他们描述的肌筋膜触发点(TrPs)是一些对刺激过敏的斑块,通常位于一束绷紧的骨骼肌肉或肌筋膜内。它们在加压时出现疼痛,并产生特征性的牵涉痛、触痛和自主神经现象。活动性TrPs 常有触痛,防碍肌肉完全伸展,降低肌力,直接加压时产生牵涉痛。当受到适当的刺激时,活动性TrPs 引起肌纤维的局部抽搐反应,并对疼痛     

颈肌筋膜触发点疼痛和头部牵涉痛的诊断与治疗

目的:调查颈肌触发点疼痛和其头部牵涉痛的特征,观察利用不同部位颈肌在不同辅助镇痛下的牵张治疗效果。方法:对80例不同颈部肌筋膜触发点疼痛患者,明确触发点疼痛和其头部牵涉痛的位置,并做正确诊断;根据诊断对这些病人在不同镇痛方法下进行不同的肌牵张疗法,有些病例在牵张前加用针刺破坏触发点或扎断挛缩增粗的纤维。治疗后教病人在家做自我牵张法和随访,并对治疗前后做VAS评分。结果:治疗前后VAS评分差异有显著性(P<0.001)。结论:本法对颈部肌触发点疼痛和其头部牵涉痛的治疗有效,并且方便易行。但治疗者必须理解其致痛病理和牵张治疗的基本原理,同时需要积累诊断经验。     

损伤性大鼠肌筋膜疼痛触发点的肌电活动和组织形态学特征

目的:观察损伤性大鼠肌筋膜疼痛模型触发点的肌电活动特征和组织形态学改变。方法:16只雄性SD大鼠(7周龄),随机分成对照组(A组)和实验组(B组)两组,实验组采取打击结合离心运动的实验方法对其进行连续8周造模干预。造模结束后,实验组与对照组均正常饲养4周。12周结束后对大鼠进行寻找触发点、记录触发点的肌电活动、病理解剖取材,然后进行触发点肌电分析和观察肌纤维病理组织形态。结果:A组大鼠没有出现触发点,B组大鼠平均出现2个触发点。正常对照组未发现自发肌电活动,实验组除了出现自发肌电活动外,其肌电电位是一种纤颤电位,与对照组的正常肌电电位有明显的区别。实验组的病理切片发现聚集的圆形或椭圆形肌纤维结节以及粗细相间的连续梭形肌纤维。结论:肌筋膜触发点是一种区域性堆集并具有肌电信号异常的挛缩肌纤维。此特征也反证了打击结合离心运动方法建立的大鼠触发点动物模型是有效的。     

肌肉牵张与冷敷对颈部肌筋膜触发点针刺后疼痛的效果

目的 探讨肌肉牵张与冷敷对颈部肌筋膜触发点针刺后疼痛的应用效果。 方法 选取2016年6月-2017年6月行颈肌筋膜触发点针刺治疗后的80例患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为实验组及对照组各40例。比较2组疼痛评分及随访3个月内颈肌筋膜疼痛复发情况。 结果 2组疼痛评分在时间效应及组间效应上比较,差异有统计学意义(F_时间=23.703,P<0.001;F_组间=29.395,P<0.001);3个月内实验组颈肌筋膜疼痛复发例数少于对照组(χ²=26.593,P<0.001)。 结论 肌筋膜触发点针刺治疗后进行肌肉牵张加冷敷能够有效地改善患者的疼痛症状,降低颈部肌筋膜疼痛的复发率,提升患者满意度。     

基于电刺激的大鼠肌筋膜疼痛触发点的发生机制

目的:探究电刺激下肌筋膜疼痛触发点肌纤维的兴奋性和耐疲劳表现。方法:将48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(CG1、CG2、CG3)和触发点组(TG1、TG2、TG3)。CG1和TG1测试刺激阈值强度和最大收缩力量(MCF)以及其最适刺激强度;CG2和TG2测试不同刺激强度下MCF的变化;CG3和TG3测试不同刺激频率下MCF的变化。钝性打击结合离心运动造模8周,恢复4周后将大鼠接入生物机能测试系统,给予肌纤维一系列电刺激,测量比较各组引起肌肉收缩的阈值强度、MCF、刺激强度和频率诱导的肌肉疲劳等指标。结果:TG1组引起肌肉开始收缩的阈值强度和最大收缩力量(MCF)的最适刺激强度比CG1组低,具有显著性差异(P0.05);TG1组与CG1组的MCF无显著性差异(P0.05)。TG2组电刺激引起的MCF第15、20次增量电刺激低于第1、5、10次增量,具有高度显著性差异(P0.01);TG2组电刺激引起的MCF第10、15、20次增量CG2组,具有高度显著性差异(P0.01);TG2组电刺激引起的MCF第1、5、10次增量无显著性差异(P0.05);TG2组电刺激引起的MCF第1、5次增量与CG2组相比无显著性差异(P0.05)。TG3组电刺激引起MCF所需的刺激频率比CG3组低,呈高度显著性差异(P0.01);TG3组电刺激引起的MCF比CG3组低,具有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:与正常肌纤维相比,触发点肌纤维对电刺激反应更敏感,受到连续电刺激时更易疲劳。     

肌筋膜触发点针刺和牵伸运动对原发性痛经的即刻镇痛效果比较

摘要 目的：探究一次腹部肌筋膜触发点针刺治疗和一次牵伸运动练习对原发性痛经女性在经期时的即刻镇痛效果。 方法：共54例原发性痛经女性参与试验,将所有受试者随机分为肌筋膜触发点组（20例）、运动组（18例）和空白对照组（16例）,肌筋膜触发点组在经期第一天痛感最强时接受一次腹部触发点针刺治疗,运动组在经期第一天痛感最强时接受一次时长为30—45min的牵伸运动练习,对照组不接受任何干预。在干预前后采集压痛阈值、McGill疼痛评分和痛经症状评分。 结果：即刻治疗后,组内比较时,肌筋膜触发点组在各个部位的压痛阈值显著升高（P＜0.05）、McGill疼痛评分和痛经症状积分均显著降低（P＜0.05）,运动组在腹部远端区域见压痛阈值显著提高（P＜0.05）,在部分腹部近端区域（腰椎左侧、上腹直肌处）见压痛阈值显著降低（P＜0.05）、McGill疼痛评分显著降低（P＜0.05）,但痛经症状积分仅有下降趋势（P＞0.05）;组间比较时,肌筋膜触发点组与对照组之间仅在腕背部右侧、斜方肌右侧、下腹直肌左侧不存在显著性差异（P＞0.05）。 结论：经期时,肌筋膜触发点针刺治疗可以立即降低机体的疼痛敏感性和疼痛强度,以及缓解痛经相关症状,而即刻的牵伸运动可能提高机体的疼痛敏感性。     

PGF2α对大鼠肌筋膜疼痛触发点自发肌电活动的影响

目的:观察肌筋膜疼痛触发点(MTrPs)模型大鼠外周血中前列腺素F2α(PGF2α)浓度变化情况,并通过体外注射PGF2α观察其对触发点肌电活动的影响,探究PGF2α与触发点的关系。方法:40只雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(CG组)、造模组(MG组)、生理盐水组(SG组)和PGF2α组(PG组),每组10只。除CG组外,其余三组采取打击结合离心运动进行干预8周,恢复4周,检测受累肌结节、紧绷带、局部抽搐反应和自发性电位;CG组正常饲养12周。12周后ELISA法测量各组大鼠血清PGF2α浓度。之后分别对SG组局部肌肉注射生理盐水,PG组局部肌肉注射PGF2α,CG组和MG组分别作为空白对照和模型对照不注射任何物质。干预后即刻记录各组静息状态下的自发性电活动。结果:与CG组相比,其余三组大鼠血清PGF2α浓度均显著性增加(P0.05)。给药后即刻,MG组、SG组和PG组大鼠均能记录到异常的自发电位,对照组大鼠基本无电活动,肌电波形形似一条直线。与CG组相比,MG组、SG组和PG组的肌电波频、波幅以及波长均有显著性差异(P0.05);PG组显著高于MG组和SG组(P0.05)。MG组和SG组之间相比各指标均无显著性差异。结论:PGF2α能增加触发点肌纤维的肌电活动,促使触发点活性增加。     

基于肌筋膜触发点理论的体外冲击波疗法治疗膝骨性关节炎的临床效果

目的 探讨基于肌筋膜触发点(MTrPs)理论的体外冲击波疗法(ESWT)治疗膝骨性关节炎(KOA)的临床效果.方法 将2018年3月至2019年12月在西安交通大学附属红会医院康复医院中医骨科住院的98例KOA患者采用随机数字表法分为对照组(47例)和观察组(51例).对照组给予临床常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用基...     

肌筋膜疼痛触发点内理化环境的改变及其作用

背景:以往研究对肌筋膜疼痛触发点的研究主要集中在发病特点和临床治疗方面,有关肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部组织的理化环境变化及其作用的研究较少.目的:总结并讨论肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部组织的理化环境变化及各种理化因子在肌筋膜疼痛中的作用.方法:由第一作者用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI:2000/2010)和Medline数据库(2000/2010),检索词分别为"肌筋膜疼痛触发点、致痛因子、神经系统致敏、伤害性感受器"和"myofascial trigger points,algogenic substance,nervous system sensitization,nociceptors".共检索到159篇文章,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入30篇文章.从肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部理化环境变化及各种理化因子的作用两方面进行总结,对理化环境在肌筋膜疼痛触发点发病中的重要作用进行介绍.结果与结论:肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部肌肉组织各种理化因子发生显著性变化,表现为各神经血管反应物质增多,炎症递质和致痛因子浓度明显升高.但是国内外对肌筋膜疼痛触发点理化环境变化及其作用的相关研究较少,了解仍不深入.     

肌筋膜疼痛触发点内理化环境的改变及其作用

背景：以往研究对肌筋膜疼痛触发点的研究主要集中在发病特点和临床治疗方面,有关肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部组织的理化环境变化及其作用的研究较少。目的：总结并讨论肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部组织的理化环境变化及各种理化因子在肌筋膜疼痛中的作用。方法：由第一作者用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI：2000/2010）和Medline数据库（2000/2010）,检索词分别为＂肌筋膜疼痛触发点、致痛因子、神经系统致敏、伤害性感受器＂和＂myofascial trigger points,algogenic substance,nervous system sensitization,nociceptors＂。共检索到159篇文章,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入30篇文章。从肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部理化环境变化及各种理化因子的作用两方面进行总结,对理化环境在肌筋膜疼痛触发点发病中的重要作用进行介绍。结果与结论：肌筋膜疼痛触发点局部肌肉组织各种理化因子发生显著性变化,表现为各神经血管反应物质增多,炎症递质和致痛因子浓度明显升高。但是国内外对肌筋膜疼痛触发点理化环境变化及其作用的相关研究较少,了解仍不深入。     

The association between myofascial trigger points and the incidence of chronic functional constipation

IntroductionChronic functional constipation (CFC) is the most prevalent type of constipation. Considering the proven effect of pelvic floor muscles dysfunction in these patients’ symptom and the fascial connection between pelvic floor and abdominal and lumbopelvic muscles, this study aimed to examine the possible relationship between this muscles and CFC.MethodWe conveniently selected 100 patients with CFC and 100 healthy participants based on the Rome IV criteria. Two groups were asked to complete the international physical activity questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire. Then both groups were assessed for the presence of trigger points in more prevalent pain sites for each muscle by pressure algometer with 50% of their caught pressure pain threshold.ResultsThere were no statistical differences between two groups in the intake of calories, carbohydrates, proteins, sugar, fiber, vegetables, and wheat products. Patients had a higher consumption of fat and dairy products. for the physical activity level, a statistical difference showed that patients were less physically active. The comparison of the presence and the number of trigger points for each muscle in patients and control groups indicated more than 50% impairment, and there was a significant difference between two groups.ConclusionsThis study revealed that the relationship between myofascial trigger points of abdominal and lumbopelvic muscles and constipation. In addition to that, it seems that a sedentary life may influence CFC patients’ condition. Moreover, it seems that the results of the dietary condition in patients could be because of conscious consumption of some certain foods.     

Myofacial trigger point

Myofascial trigger points are one of the most common causes of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Contrary to popular belief, myofascial trigger points can be primary, and not just secondary due to other non-muscular pathology. The main criteria, for which the interrater reliability has been established, include the presence of a taut band, a local twitch response, an exquisite tender point within the taut band, and typical referred pain patterns. During the past few years, the actual existence and high prevalence of myofascial trigger points are supported by worldwide research findings. The “energy crisis theory” describes the peripheral pathophysiologic events of myofascial trigger points. In most cases myofascial trigger points can be treated successfully both in acute and chronic pain syndromes. Several treatment options are available including manual therapy, injections, dry needling, and electrotherapeutic modalities. In some cases neuroplastic changes in the spinal dorsal horn and sympathetic-afferent coupling play a role in the development of chronic pain syndromes and complicate the treatment.      

The spinal cord connections of the myofascial trigger spots.

BACKGROUND: Recent electrophysiological studies revealed that endplate noise (EPN) could be specifically recorded from a myofascial trigger point (MTrP) region. EPN has been considered as the focal graded potentials due to excessive acetylcholine release in neuromuscular junction. A recent histological study has demonstrated a free nerve ending at the vicinity of the site, from where EPN could be recorded in an MTrP region. However, the sensory (afferent) and the motor (efferent) connections between an MTrP and the spinal cord still has never been fully studied. AIMS: The aim of this study was to delineate both motor and sensory connections between an MTrP and the spinal cord by applying the stain with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). METHODS: Nine Wistar rats were studied. When the rat was anesthetized, its biceps femoris muscles were exposed for localizing the myofascial trigger spot (MTrS, equivalent to MTrP in human). In one side, a monopolar Teflon-coated, hollow-needle electrode was used for searching EPN in an MTrS region, and then HRP was injected via this hollow-needle electrode into the site where EPN was recorded. HRP was also injected into a normal (non-taut band, non-MTrS) site in the contralateral side to obtain the control data. Two days after HRP injection, the rats were sacrificed and their spinal cords and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were sectioned for the identification of the sites where neurons were labeled with HRP. RESULTS: The HRP-labeled neurons were found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and in the DRG over L3, L4, and L5, while most were found in the L5 level. The mean numbers of HRP-labeled neurons in the EPN side looked smaller than that in the control side, but the difference did not reach statistically significant level (P>0.05). The mean values of the diameters of the HRP-labeled neurons in the DRG were not significantly different between the EPN side and the control side (P>0.05). However, HRP-neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord in the EPN side showed mild tendency to be smaller than that in the control side. CONCLUSIONS: The spinal cord connections of an MTrS are basically similar to that for a normal tissue region. The motor neurons related to MTrS tended to be smaller in their diameters. The findings in this study further supported the previously proposed hypotheses for the pathogenesis of an MTrP.     

Dry needling in the management of myofascial trigger points: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

ObjectiveThis systematic review of randomized controlled trials aimed to examine the effectiveness of dry needling in the treatment of myofascial trigger points and to explore the impact of specific aspects of the technique on its effectiveness.MethodsRelevant studies published between 2000 and 2015 were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Library and Physiotherapy Evidence Database. Studies identified by electronic searches were screened against a set of pre-defined inclusion criteria.ResultsFifteen studies were included in this systematic review. The main outcomes that were measured were pain, range of motion, disability, depression and quality of life. The results suggest that dry needling is effective in the short term for pain relief, increase range of motion and improve quality of life when compared to no intervention/sham/placebo. There is insufficient evidence on its effect on disability, analgesic medication intake and sleep quality.ConclusionsDespite some evidence for a positive effect in the short term, further randomized clinical trials of high methodological quality, using standardized procedures for the application of dry needling are needed.     

Traditional Chinese Medicine acupuncture and myofascial trigger needling: The same stimulation points?

BackgroundAcupuncture originates in China, and its effectiveness has been well documented in musculoskeletal pain disorders and other conditions. A widely accepted contemporary medical treatment option for myofascial pain is trigger point needling. Although there are many differences between Traditional Chinese Medicine acupuncture theory and the myofascial trigger point needling framework, it is argued that the stimulation sites for these two needling modalities are similar.DiscussionIn this paper we examined the correspondence between Traditional Chinese Medicine acupoints and myofascial trigger points. Based on this correspondence, we considered exploration of Ah-shi points from four aspects: pain recognition, distal Ah-shi points, Anti-Ah-shi points, and management approaches.Summary: The extent of correspondence is influenced by definitions of acupoints. Myofascial trigger points are significantly correlated to Traditional Chinese Medicine acupoints, including primary channel acupoints, extra acupoints, and Ah-shi points. Considering the correlation between MTrPs and acupoints and the rarely-studied research area of Ah-shi points, it may be reasonable to incorporate research findings of myofascial trigger points into further investigations into Ah-shi points. Correspondence between myofascial trigger points and acupoints enhances contemporary understanding of the mechanism of action of acupuncture, and may serve to facilitate increased integration of acupuncture into clinical management.     

Effects of burst-type transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cervical range of motion and latent myofascial trigger point pain sensitivity

Rodríguez-Fernández AL, Garrido-Santofimia V, Güeita-Rodríguez J, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Effects of burst-type transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cervical range of motion and latent myofascial trigger point pain sensitivity.

Objective

To assess the effects of a burst application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on cervical range of motion and pressure point sensitivity of latent myofascial trigger points (MTrPs).

Design

A single-session, single-blind randomized trial.

Setting

General community rehabilitation clinic.

Participants

Individuals (N=76; 45 men, 31 women) aged 18 to 41 years (mean ± SD, 23±4y) with latent MTrPs in 1 upper trapezius muscle.

Interventions

Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups: a TENS group that received a burst-type TENS (pulse width, 200μs; frequency, 100Hz; burst frequency, 2Hz) stimulation over the upper trapezius for 10 minutes, and a placebo group that received a sham-TENS application over the upper trapezius also for 10 minutes.

Main Outcome Measures

Referred pressure pain threshold (RPPT) over the MTrP and cervical range of motion in rotation were assessed before, and 1 and 5 minutes after the intervention by an assessor blinded to subjects' treatment.

Results

The analysis of covariance revealed a significant group × time interaction (P<.001) for RPPT: the TENS group exhibited a greater increase compared with the control group; however, between-group differences were small at 1 minute (0.3kg/cm²; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1–0.4) and at 5 minutes (0.6kg/cm²; 95% CI, 0.3–0.8) after treatment. A significant group × time interaction (P=.01) was also found for cervical rotation in favor of the TENS group. Between-group differences were also small at 1 minute (2.0°; 95% CI, 1.0–2.8) and at 5 minutes (2.7°; 95% CI, 1.7–3.8) after treatment.

Conclusions

A 10-minute application of burst-type TENS increases in a small but statistically significant manner the RPPT over upper trapezius latent MTrPs and the ipsilateral cervical range of motion.     

Uncovering the biochemical milieu of myofascial trigger points using in vivo microdialysis: An application of muscle pain concepts to myofascial pain syndrome

This article discusses muscle pain concepts in the context of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) and summarizes microdialysis studies that have surveyed the biochemical basis of this musculoskeletal pain condition. Though MPS is a common type of non-articular pain, its pathophysiology is only beginning to be understood due to its enormous complexity. MPS is characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs), which are defined as hyperirritable nodules located within a taut band of skeletal muscle. MTrPs may be active (spontaneously painful and symptomatic) or latent (non-spontaneously painful). Painful MTrPs activate muscle nociceptors that, upon sustained noxious stimulation, initiate motor and sensory changes in the peripheral and central nervous systems. This process is called sensitization. In order to investigate the peripheral factors that influence the sensitization process, a microdialysis technique was developed to quantitatively measure the biochemical milieu of skeletal muscle. Biochemical differences were found between active and latent MTrPs, as well as in comparison with healthy muscle tissue. In this paper we relate the findings of elevated levels of sensitizing substances within painful muscle to the current theoretical framework of muscle pain and MTrP development.