Comparison Between Concurrent Chemoradiation Followed by Surgery vs. Surgery for Locally Advanced Cancer of Esophagus

Surgery is an accepted standard in the treatment of localized stage cancer of esophagus. But the ideal approach for locally advanced lesions still remains unknown. Patients with locally advanced lesions (cT3-4N1M0) on the basis of CT chest were subjected either to primary surgery or to preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery. Major postoperative complications (mortality, anastomotic leak and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy) did not differ in either arm (P = not significant). Complete pathological response was achieved in 31.2% cases in multimodality arm. Four year overall survival was 10% for whole group. Median survival was 14 months and 20 months in surgery and multimodality arm, respectively (p = .288). In multimodal arm, there was significant survival difference between complete responders and nonresponders (p = .02). For locally advanced lesions, surgery alone gives poor outcome and preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery should be considered for complete responders.     

Bladder-Sparing Extended Resection of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Involving the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles

Purpose Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) is the standard procedure for locally advanced rectal cancer involving the prostate and seminal vesicles. We evaluated the feasibility of bladder-sparing surgery as an alternative to TPE. Methods Eleven patients with advanced primary or recurrent rectal cancer involving the prostate or seminal vesicles, or both, underwent bladder-sparing extended colorectal resection with radical prostatectomy. The procedures performed were abdominoperineal resection (APR) with prostatectomy (n = 6), colorectal resection using intersphincteric resection combined with prostatectomy (n = 4), and abdominoperineal tumor resection with prostatectomy (n = 1). Local control and urinary and anal function were evaluated postoperatively. Results Cysto-urethral anastomosis (CUA) was performed in seven patients and catheter-cystostomy was performed in four patients. Coloanal or colo-anal canal anastomosis was also performed in four patients. There was no mortality, and the morbidity rate was 38%. All patients underwent complete resection with negative surgical margins. After a median follow-up period of 26 months there was no sign of local recurrence, and ten patients were alive without disease, although distant metastases were found in three patients. Five patients had satisfactory voiding function after CUA, and three had satisfactory evacuation after intersphincteric resection (ISR). Conclusion These bladder-sparing procedures allow conservative surgery to be performed in selected patients with advanced rectal cancer involving the prostate or seminal vesicles, without compromising local control.     

超低位直肠癌行纵向部分括约肌切除术和经内外括约肌间切除术后肛门功能及生活质量比较

目的比较纵向部分括约肌切除术（PLRAs）和经内外括约肌间切除术（ISR）后直肠癌患者的肛门功能和生活质量。方法将99例超低位直肠癌患者按照手术方式的不同分为PLRAS组n=23）和ISR组（n=76）。于术后6、12及24个月,采用Saito功能问卷和Wexner评分量表评估术后的肛门功能,采用欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织开发的特为结直肠肿瘤患者而设的生活质量核心量表（EORTC-QLQ-CR29）评估术后的生活质量,并进行组间比较。结果①吻合口狭窄：与ISR组比较,在术后6个月,PLRAS组的吻合口狭窄程度较重（P〈0．001）;在术后12个月时改善并不明显,狭窄程度仍较ISR组重（P=-0．003）;在术后24个月,2组患者的吻合口狭窄程度比较差异无统计学意义（P-0．230）。②Saito功能问卷结果：术后6个月时,PLRAS组存在排便截断（P=0．016）、存在排便困难（P=0．008）及能分辨排气和排便（P〈0．001）患者的比例均较ISR组高;在术后12个月,PLRAS组能分辨排气和排便患者的比例仍较ISR组高（P=-0．017）;在术后24个月,2组间的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③Wexner得分结果：各时点2组患者的Wexner得分比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。④生活质量：在术后6个月,PLRAS组患者的会阴部疼痛得分（P=0．031）和性交困难得分（P=0．006）均高于ISR组,而排气失禁（P=0．003）、排便失禁（P=-0．043）和女性性功能（P=-0．023）得分均低于ISR组;在术后12个月,PLRAS组患者的排气失禁（P=0．012）和女性性功能（P=0．017）得分均低于ISR组,而性交困难（P=0．012）得分高于ISR组;在术后24个月,2组患者各项得分的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论PLRAS术后12个月内的肛门狭窄情况和对女性性功能的影响均较ISR术更为严重,但到术后24个月,其可达到同ISR术相似的肛门功能和生活质量。     

Laparoscopic Colonic Resection for Rectosigmoid Colonic Tumours: A Retrospective Analysis and Comparison with Open Resection

Laparoscopic approach for treatment of colorectal malignancy is gaining acceptance gradually; however the benefits of laparoscopic surgery in colonic and rectal tumours is still open to debate. This study aims at a retrospective analysis of operative and short term outcome of patients with rectosigmoid tumours. A retrospective analysis of operative, postoperative and short-term outcome of 62 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal resection for cancer of rectosigmoid region were compared with a same number of parameters-matched patients who underwent open colorectal resection. Blood transfusion requirement was significantly more in the open group compared to the laparoscopy group (38.7% versus 6.4%, p = 0.001). ICU stay was less in the laparoscopy group (p = <0.05) and they were started on oral liquid diet earlier (p = 0.013). The number of the lymph nodes retrieved, positive distal margin and radial involvement were similar in both groups. The hospital stay was significantly shorter in laparoscopy group (8.4 versus 13.8 days, p < 0.05). Radical operation for rectosigmoid tumors is technically feasible with laparoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic approach is associated with less blood loss, transfusion and significantly less ICU stay. Laparoscopic group recovers early and needs less hospital stay     

Major Liver Resection for Large and Locally Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Optimal management of large and locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a clinical challenge especially in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). We present our experience of major liver resection for large and locally advanced HCC. Prospectively collected data of patients with large and locally advanced HCC who underwent major liver resection between March 2011 and May 2015. The outcome measures of interest were the characteristics of tumor, surgical outcome, and overall as well as disease-free survival. Eighteen patients (14 male) with median age of 59 years (20 to 73 years) with good performance status underwent resection. Fifteen patients were in Child Pugh class A and three in class B. On contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan, four patients had lobar/segmental portal vein involvement, two patients had bilobar disease, and one had biliary obstruction. Seven patients underwent extended resection (>5 segments), five right hepatectomy, two modified right hepatectomy, one modified right hepatectomy with wedge resection of segment six, two left hepatectomy, and one left lateral sectionectomy. On histopathology, 12 were solitary and six were multiple, the median tumor diameter was 9 cm (5–18 cm). All 18 patients had R0 resection. Eight patients had cirrhosis, six had fibrosis, and four had chronic hepatitis. Vascular invasion was noticed in 12 and out of these, six had large-vessel embolization. Morbidity according to Clavien-Dindo class was grades 1–11, grades 2–5, grade 3B-1, and grades 5–1. After a median follow-up of 32 months (6–54 months), the overall survival at 1 and 3 years was 83 and 54 %, respectively. The disease-free survival at 1 and 3 years was 75 and 54 % respectively. In carefully selected patients with large and locally advanced HCC, acceptable perioperative and medium term outcomes can be achieved with major liver resection.     

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌气管隆凸切除气道重建的临床分析

目的探讨局部晚期非小细胞肺癌患者隆凸切除气道重建术的适应证,分析其临床特征和预后。方法回顾性分析我院15例气管隆凸切除气道重建肺癌手术患者的临床资料,其中单纯气管隆凸完全切除重建术1例,右全肺切除加隆凸切除重建术6例,右肺上叶切除加隆凸完全切除重建术3例,左全肺切除加隆凸切除气道重建术5例。采用Kaplan Meier法计算生存率,采用Log-rank检验比较生存期。结果手术时间155～410min（261．3±81．6min）,术中清扫纵隔淋巴结10．8±3．7枚。全部患者无围术期死亡;术后并发肺部感染2例,经呼吸机辅助通气加抗感染治疗后出院;乳糜胸1例,保守治疗后康复出院;1例患者因胸管持续Ⅱ度漏气而行开胸探查,术中发现是余肺而非气管吻合口漏气,缝扎肺组织漏气处痊愈。全组患者中位生存期为39个月,3年生存率52．5％,5年生存率22．5％。右全肺切除加隆凸重建患者中位生存期12个月,非右全肺切除患者中位生存期40个月。结论对侵犯主支气管近端及隆凸的局部晚期肺癌患者,肺切除加隆凸切除重建术可取得较为理想的治疗效果,但其中需行右全肺切除患者预后较差,采用手术治疗应慎重。     

局部进展期大肠癌扩大切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨局部进展期大肠癌扩大根治术并发症的防治,评价其疗效。方法 对68例行扩大根治术的结直肠癌病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 手术并发症发生率为16．2％(11／68)。死亡率为1．5％(1／68)。与常规的根治手术无显性差异。术后5年生存率为52．9％(36／68),其中恶性程度高的粘液腺癌和未分化癌低于其他类型肿瘤。淋巴结转移达N3期疗效显下降。结论 对于扩大根治术。防止并发症的关键是围手术期处理和切除范围的选择,提高生存率应从确保局部无肿瘤残存和足够的淋巴清除范围方面努力。     

Relationship Between Pathologic T-Stage and Nodal Metastasis After Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Background We investigated the relationship between pathologic T-stage and mesorectal metastases after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for clinical stage II to III rectal carcinoma.Methods The records of consecutive patients with clinical stage II to III carcinoma of the mid or low rectum who underwent surgery after CRT were reviewed. Indications for preoperative CRT were cancer up to 11 cm from the anal verge, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2, age 18 to 75 years, and clinical tumor-node-metastasis stage II or III.Results The study group consisted of 235 patients (148 men and 87 women; median age, 61 years). The pretreatment tumor-node-metastasis stage was as follows: I, n = 1; II, n = 96; and III, n = 138. Radiotherapy was delivered at a median dose of 50.4 Gy. A pathologic complete response on the rectal wall was found in 24% of patients, and nodal metastases were found in 20% of patients. According to the pT stage, the rate of node positivity was 2% for pT0, 15% for pT1, 17% for pT2, 38% for pT3, and 33% for pT4 cases. At multivariate analysis, the best model for predicting pathologic node involvement included young age, positive pretreatment N status, and pT status. On considering pT stage alone, the odds ratio was in the region of 10 for pT1/2 and >20 for pT3/4 patients.Conclusions In patients with pT0 after preoperative CRT for clinical stage II to III mid or low rectal cancer, the risk of nodal metastases is very low. More conservative surgery (local excision) may be considered in these cases.Presented at the 57th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, New York, New York, March 18–21, 2004.     

Neoadjuvant Therapy and Vascular Resection During Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Shifting the Survival Curve for Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Background

Neoadjuvant therapy and vascular resection may offer patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer potential cure.

Methods

We reviewed medical records of patients with ductal adenocarcinoma who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) from 1992 through 2011. We identified patients who received neoadjuvant therapy (NA+) or required vascular resection (VR+) for locally advanced disease and compared outcomes to those who did not.

Results

Of the 643 patients who were initially explored, 506 (143 NA+ and 363 NA? patients) ultimately underwent PD. There were no significant differences in R0 resection or morbidity. Mortality was higher in the NA+ versus NA? group (7.0 vs 3.0 %, p = 0.04). More NA+ patients underwent PD VR+ (p < 0.001). Among VR+ patients, neoadjuvant therapy resulted in significantly lower R1 resection. Among resected patients, survival of NA+ patients was significantly longer than both NA? patients (27.3 vs 19.7 months, p < 0.05) and patients abandoned because of locally advanced disease. Age, tumor grade, lymph node ratio, and R1 resection were independent predictors of poor survival.

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant therapy and vascular resection offer patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer the chance for cure with acceptable morbidity and mortality. These patients have improved survival over patients deemed locally inoperable by traditional criteria.     

Resection of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer without Regression of Arterial Encasement After Modern-Era Neoadjuvant Therapy

Introduction

Modern-era systemic therapy for locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPC) offers improved survival relative to historical regimens but not necessarily improved radiographic downstaging to allow more patients to undergo resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival, progression, and pathologic outcomes after resection of LAPC that did not regress from > 180 degrees arterial encasement after neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods

Sixty-one LAPC patients were brought to the operating room after neoadjuvant therapy for NCCN-defined unresectable pancreatic cancer between 2012 and 2017. Pts were explored with intent of pancreatectomy and irreversible electroporation for margin extension; 5 (8%) had metastatic lesions on exploratory laparoscopy and were excluded from analyses. Imaging was re-examined to confirm LAPC prior to surgery. Data were analyzed from a prospective pancreatic cancer database.

Results

Patients had arterial involvement of the celiac axis (37.5%) and/or superior mesenteric artery (42.9%) and/or an extended length of the common hepatic (n = 44.6%) artery. Twenty-nine males and 27 females, median 65 years of age, received neoadjuvant gemcitabine-based (58.9%) or FOLFIRINOX (35.7%) chemotherapy and stereotactic body (42.9%) or intensity-modulated (51.8%) radiation therapy. Median months from initiation of neoadjuvant therapy to surgery was 7.5. Sixty-one percent underwent Whipple, 21% distal, and 18% modified Appleby procedures; 57% patients underwent venous reconstruction. Ninety-day mortality was 2%. An R0 margin was achieved in 80%, and 53% were N0. Median overall and progression-free survival was 18.5 (95%CI 12.27–32.33) and 8.5 months (95%CI 6.0–15.0), respectively. One- and 3-year survival from surgery was 68.5% (95%CI 53.0–79.7) and 39.0% (95%CI 23.7–53.8), respectively.

Conclusion

With modern-era neoadjuvant therapy, R0 resections can be achieved in a majority of non-metastatic patients with locally advanced, unresectable disease based on cross-sectional imaging.

     

体外循环下局部晚期肺癌扩大切除的手术配合

对9例局部晚期肺癌患者在体外循环(CPB)技术支持下施行肿瘤扩大切除术.结果 手术过程均顺利,1例术后18 h并发呼吸衰竭死亡;8例无术后并发症,均临床痊愈出院.随访1～12个月,1例因脑转移而死亡,其余7例仍存活.提示局部晚期肺癌侵犯心脏大血管时,CPB可降低外科手术的危险性,扩大手术的适应证;充分的术前准备和熟练的手术配合是保证手术顺利完成的重要环节.     

Combined Modality Treatment for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Purpose: To assess the value of aggressive loco-regional surgery in desperate situations with locally advanced breast cancer .

Methods: In this study there were considered 31 patients with locally advanced breast cancer who underwent surgery in a 5-year period. 10 of them received 3 cycles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy before surgical intervention; the rest of the 21 patients had systemic or local contra-indications for neo-adjuvant therapy. We describe clinical aspects and technical difficulties. Surgical intervention focused on tumour removal and lymph node dissection. Skin defect was covered with flaps according to the Mortimer-Show technique. Postoperatively, the outcome was influenced in a favourable way by the use of Detralex, a micronised flavonoid; all but 2 patients received chemotherapy and locoregional radiotherapy.

Results: 25 patients survived free of disease; from 6 patients who suffered recurrence, 2 are still living and 4 have died. Conclusions: In some forms of locally advanced breast cancer, aggressive surgery offers improvement in the quality of life and increases survival.     

Multivisceral Resection for Locally Advanced Primary Colon and Rectal Cancer: An Analysis of Prognostic Factors in 201 Patients

OBJECTIVE: To review a single-center experience with 201 multivisceral resections for primary colorectal cancer to determine the accuracy of intraoperative prediction of potential curability, to identify prognostic factors, and to examine the effect of surgical experience on immediate outcome and long-term results. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Locally advanced colorectal cancer may require an intraoperative decision for en bloc resection of surrounding organs or structures to achieve complete tumor removal. This decision must weigh the risk of complications and death of multivisceral resection against a potential survival benefit. Little is known about prognostic factors and the influence of surgical experience on the outcome of multivisceral resection for colorectal cancer. METHODS: Patients undergoing multivisceral resection for primary colon or rectal cancer between 1982 and 1998 were identified from a prospective database. Patients were followed up according to a standard protocol. RESULTS: Multivisceral resection was performed in 201 of 2,712 patients with a median age of 64 years. Postoperative rates of complications and death in 201 patients were 33% and 7.5%, respectively. A potentially curative resection was possible in 130 of 201 patients (65%) and histologic tumor infiltration was shown in 44% of patients with curative resection. Intraoperative assessment of curability was unreliable. After curative resection, the local recurrence rate was 11% and the overall 5-year survival rate was 51%. Multivariate analysis identified intraoperative blood loss (relative risk 1.7-6.4, P <.001), age 64 years or older (RR 3.7; P <.001), and UICC stage as independent prognostic factors (RR 2.0; P =.009). No prognostic significance was found for histologic tumor infiltration, the number of resected organs, or surgical experience. CONCLUSIONS: Multivisceral resection is safe, and long-term survival after curative resection is similar to that after standard resection. Because palliative resections cannot be predicted accurately at the time of surgery, every effort should be made to achieve complete tumor resection. Major blood loss but not surgical experience per se is an independent prognostic factor.