第2剂MMR疫苗的免疫原性及血清学监测的重要性

麻疹、腮腺炎爆发在麻疹 -腮腺炎 -风疹( MMR)疫苗单剂接种率高的人群中常有报道。多次试验已显示消灭麻疹需要进行两次麻疹免疫。本文报道在各种人群中第 1和第2剂 MMR疫苗对特异性抗体水平的影响。　　研究在参加无细胞百日咳 DTP疫苗试验的学龄前儿童中进行 ,1 995年 9月到 1 997年 1 0月选择 6 1 0名接种过 1剂 MMR疫苗的儿童 ,按随机双盲法分成两组 ,389人在接种 1剂无细胞百日咳 DTP或 DT后 4周采血 ,2 2 1人在接种 1剂无细胞百日咳 DTP或DT和第 2剂 MMR后 4周采血。检测结果表明 ,接种 1剂 MMR者中的麻疹抗体阴性率或不…     

儿童麻疹疫苗的接种效果及不良反应分析

目的评价麻疹疫苗强化免疫接种的效果及不良反应。方法采用随机抽样方法,于2010年3月在我县小学中调查500名7～14岁儿童,于2010年6月对我县开展强化免疫接种的7～14岁儿童620名进行调查,用ELISA方法检测麻疹血清标志物lgG抗体,分别统计阳性率和保护率。结果 2010年06月620名儿童(麻疹疫苗强化接种后)血清中IgG阳性率为95.5%,保护率为90.3%,2010年03月调查的500名儿童(麻疹疫苗强化接种前)麻疹基础免疫情况:IgG的阳性率92.2%,保护率为70.2%。两组阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),保护率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。本次调查的620名麻疹强化接种儿童主要不良反应有发热、一过性皮疹、腹泻等。除个别高热患者需要对症治疗外,其余1～2d均自愈。结论实施麻疹强化接种后取得了良好的免疫效果,提高了人群保护率,但我们认为仍有相一部分人群处于低抗体水平,仍有被麻疹病毒感染的可能。     

某区儿童麻疹抗体水平的监测及分析

目的了解2012年荆州区麻疹疫苗免疫状况,为制定免疫措施提供依据。方法采用分层多级抽样的方法,调查荆州区城区和所属8个乡镇1～1.5、1.5～4、4～7、7～15岁儿童共3491人,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清麻疹IgG抗体。结果在采集的3491份血样中阳性例数3121例,阳性率89.40%,不同年龄组抗体阳性率分别为90.36%、93.43%、88.54%、86.21%,各年龄组间阳转率差异显著(P<0.001)。不同性别、出生体质量、出生医院、户籍、乡镇间抗体水平差异无显著的统计学意义。结论荆州区1～15岁儿童麻疹IgG抗体阳性率89.40%,未达到世界卫生组织西太平洋区消除麻疹队列人群免疫力>95%的指标,且接种率与抗体阳性率不相符,说明存在接种质量问题。为按期实现国家控制和消除麻疹的目标,须认真落实麻疹疫苗的常规免疫接种,适时开展麻疹强化免疫,且避免用多人份疫苗,同时加强疫苗冷链系统及疫苗接种质量的监督与管理。     

铁岭市正常人群麻疹抗体水平监测结果与分析

目的了解铁岭市正常人群麻疹抗体水平状况,为实现麻疹控制目标,制定麻疹免疫接种策略提供科学依据。方法在铁岭市五县二区分8月龄以下,8个月龄~2岁,3~4岁,5~6岁,7~14岁,15~19岁,20岁以上本地常住正常人群为监测对象,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹IgG抗体。结果正常人群麻疹抗体阳性率为95.06%,保护率为88.20%,GMT为1∶2433。结论控制麻疹不但要加强麻疹疫苗初免和复种,提高免疫接种率和成功率,同时也要在重点人群中开展强化免疫,提高人群抗体水平。     

启东市实施麻疹疫苗强化接种后免疫效果评价

目的：评价实施麻疹疫苗强化接种后的免疫效果。方法：采用多阶段随机抽样方法,于2009年3月在启东市汇龙镇、吕四镇调查600名7。14岁儿童,于2009年5月在启东市汇龙镇、吕四镇、近海镇、惠萍镇、海复镇南阳镇6个乡镇抽取7～14岁儿童540名进行调查,用ELISA方法检测麻疹血清标志物IgG抗体,分别统计阳性率和保护率。结果：2009年5月540名儿童麻疹疫苗强化接种后IgG阳性率为95．5％,保护率为90．2％,2009年3月600名儿童麻疹疫苗强化接种前IgG抗体的阳性率为92．2％,保护率为70．1％,分别比较阳性率和保护率,阳性率差异无统计学意义,保护率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：实施麻疹强化接种后取得了良好的免疫效果。     

盘锦市双台子区部分儿童免疫规划四种疫苗免疫效果监测

目的：了解双台子区儿童免疫规划四种疫苗接种后抗体阳性率。方法采用随机抽样方法,以双台子区1~15岁儿童为调查对象,用酶联免疫法检测麻疹、乙脑、流脑A＋C、脊髓灰质炎IgG抗体。结果共检测2980例,四种疫苗的抗体阳性率分别为：麻疹96.01%、乙脑95.11%、流脑86.98%、脊髓灰质炎91.48%。结论双台子区1~15岁儿童四种疫苗抗体阳性率维持在较高水平。     

与白喉-破伤风类毒素结合的11价肺炎球菌疫苗诱导功能性抗体

铝佐剂吸附的 1 1价肺炎球菌结合疫苗含血清型 1、4、5、7F、9V、1 9F、2 3F多糖 (与破伤风类毒素结合 )和 3、6 B、1 4、1 8C多糖(与白喉类毒素结合 ) ,对 6、1 0、1 4周龄和 9月龄菲律宾婴儿接种 ,诱导产生高浓度抗体。作者采用活细胞调理吞噬活性检测法( OPA)评价这些抗体的功能活性。　　 50名 6～ 9周龄婴儿参加该项研究。在6、1 0、1 4周龄接种 3针 ,同时按国家扩大免疫规划接种 DTP、b型流感杆菌疫苗、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗和血源乙肝疫苗 ;9月龄与麻疹疫苗同时接种第 4针。于 6、1 8周龄和1 0月龄采血。用标准 EIA法测定血清型…     

预防麻疹、风疹和流行性腮腺炎免疫学模式的变化:实施两针免疫计划后3～7年的研究

瑞典从1982年开始,用麻疹、风疹和流行性腮腺炎(MMR)三联疫苗在18月龄和12岁儿童中实施两针免疫计划。1985～1989年,每年接种12岁的在校学生。在接种前和接种后两个月采血,用琼脂扩散溶血试验(HIG)检测抗体,其中麻疹抗体也用ELISA和中和试验检测。本文未提及18月龄儿童的免疫情况。在实施两针免疫计划前,自70年     

接种第2剂麻疹疫苗的时间有争论

据美国Fitzsimmons部队医学中心的Wittler宣称,儿童接种第2剂麻疹疫苗的年龄应大于政府目前建议的接种年龄。据报道,尽管183名青少年和青年早期曾接种过麻疹疫苗,但是仍有10%的人对麻疹易感。Wittier说,在接种首剂麻疹疫苗10年以后,再接种第2剂麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹(MMR)疫苗对麻疹的低抵抗力加强最有     

麻疹初免后血清学阴性儿童的再接种

1989年美国免疫实施咨询委员会推荐4～6岁学龄儿童接种第2剂麻疹疫苗,而美国儿科学会推荐10～11岁接种第2剂麻疹疫苗.作者对接种单剂麻疹疫苗后4～11年血清学阴性的学龄儿童再接种的成功率作了评价.选择美国明尼苏达州奥姆斯特德县和加拿大北纽芬兰和拉布拉多进行大规模横断面血清流行病学调查.在北纽芬兰和拉布拉多收集603份7～11岁学龄儿童血清标本,在奥姆斯特德县收集887份5～12岁儿童血清     

上海市青浦区健康成年人麻疹抗体水平及免疫效果观察

目的 了解青浦区健康成年人麻疹抗体水平及免疫效果,为在健康成年人中开展免疫接种提供背景资料.  方法 采用分层抽样的方法抽取3个年龄组的294名健康成年人,采集静脉血,同时随机抽取其中123人进行麻疹疫苗接种,1个月后采集静脉血,采用ELISA方法检测麻疹IgG抗体.  结果 青浦区健康成年人麻疹抗体阳性率和麻疹抗体水平均处于较高水平.同时,健康成年人,特别是低抗体水平的健康成年人,在麻疹疫苗接种后麻疹抗体滴度有显著提高.  结论 在低抗体水平健康人群中进行麻疹疫苗接种具有重要意义.     

荆州区2012年儿童麻疹、脊髓灰质炎、乙型脑炎、破伤风抗体水平调查

目的了解2012年荆州区儿童麻疹、脊髓灰质炎、乙型脑炎、破伤风抗体水平。方法采用分层多级抽样的方法,调查荆州城区和所属8个乡镇1．0～1．5、1．6～4．0、5~7、8～15岁儿童共3491名,用酶联免疫吸附试验测定血清麻疹、脊髓灰质炎、乙型脑炎、破伤风抗体水平。结果在采集的3491份血样中,麻疹、脊髓灰质炎、乙型脑炎、破伤风抗体阳性率分别为89．401％、90．776％、93．154％、97．537％。结论荆州区1～15岁儿童对麻疹、脊髓灰质炎、乙型脑炎、破伤风形成了一定的免疫屏障,但麻疹抗体阳性率未达到世界卫生组织西太平洋区消除麻疹队列人群免疫力〉95％的指标,且接种率与抗体阳性率不相符,说明存在接种质量问题。为维持无脊髓灰质炎状态及按期实现国家消除麻疹的目标,控制乙型脑炎、破伤风的发生,须认真落实常规免疫接种,适时开展脊髓灰质炎疫苗的查漏补种、麻疹强化免疫,同时加强疫苗冷链系统及疫苗接种质量的监督与安全管理。     

罗定市适龄儿童麻疹疫苗免疫效果检测结果分析

目的罗定市适龄儿童麻疹免疫效果检测结果分析。方法筛选2008~2013年罗定市自愿接种麻疹疫苗的适龄儿童9958例作为研究对象。采集所有研究对象的手指末梢血样本应用麻疹病毒Ig G抗体检测试剂盒进行定性检测分析,比较各年龄组Ig G抗体检测结果。结果 9958例研究对象中,麻疹Ig G抗体阳性检出9061例,各年龄组的Ig G抗体阳性率均在85%以上,低年龄组儿童麻疹Ig G阳性率高于高年龄组儿童（P〈0.05）,本组研究中存在41例儿童患麻疹,另存在4例麻疹患者年龄〉15周岁。结论本市儿童麻疹疫苗接种免疫效果较好,同时儿童麻疹发病率较低,为进一步降低麻疹发病率、控制麻疹传播,今后免疫的工作应以广泛宣教、社会动员及强化免疫人员技能培训为主。     

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of acellular pertussis booster vaccines in children: standard pediatric versus a reduced-antigen content formulation

Booster vaccination with a reduced-antigen-content dTpa, pediatric DTPa or adult Td vaccine in DTPa-primed children aged 4-6 years was evaluated. Immunogenicity and CMI was assessed one month and 3.5 years after vaccination. Symptoms were solicited for 15 days post-vaccination. There were no differences between groups in diphtheria or tetanus seroprotection or pertussis vaccine-response rates. Anti-diphtheria and anti-PRN concentrations were higher after DTPa, but groups differences reduced over time. Non-significant trends toward reduced reactogenicity of dTpa were observed. Many factors influence vaccine choice at preschool age. The dTpa vaccine was as immunogenic and possibly better tolerated than DTPa at this age.     

Live attenuated measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster virus vaccine (Priorix-Tetra)

The live attenuated tetravalent vaccine against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster viruses (MMRV) is a combination of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella zoster virus vaccine. The immunogenicity after each dose of a two-dose vaccination course of MMRV vaccine was generally similar to that of two doses of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines, or a single dose of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines followed by a dose of MMR vaccine, in infants aged 9-24 months. In infants aged 9-24 months administered a two-dose course of MMRV vaccine, geometric mean titers for antibodies against all vaccine antigens increased after the second dose relative to the first dose, with the increase being most pronounced for varicella zoster virus antibodies (10- to 21-fold). MMRV as the second vaccination was immunogenic in children aged 5-6 years who had previously received either MMRV or MMR as the first vaccination at 12-24 months of age. The immunogenicity for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella zoster viruses, in terms of seropositivity and antibody titers, was not altered when MMRV was coadministered with a booster dose of diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in infants aged 12-23 months. Nor was the immunogenicity of the latter vaccine altered by coadministration. The tolerability profile of MMRV vaccine was comparable to that of separately administered MMR plus varicella zoster vaccines or of MMR vaccine alone. Injection-site redness and fever (rectal temperature > or =38degreesC or axillary temperature > or =37.5degreesC) were the most frequent adverse events in both groups.     

某市2009-2011年麻疹监测分析

目的 评价眉山市2009-2011年麻疹监测系统现状,了解麻疹流行病学特征.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法分析四川省眉山市2009-2011年麻疹监测资料.结果 2009-2011年监测疑似麻疹病例316例,确诊麻疹24例,其中年龄小于8个月者占20.83％,≥15岁者达50.00％.8-11月龄未及时接种麻疹疫苗者达20.83％,免疫失败者达12.50％,外地报告的眉山地区病例达37.50％麻疹监测系统灵敏性较高,超过排除病例报告发病率2/10万的要求;监测系统及时性、个案调查质量、麻疹实验室质量均保持在高水平.结论 四川省眉山市麻疹发病率处于较低水平,发病年龄呈“双向分布”,需提高8月龄和1.5岁儿童麻疹疫苗的及时接种率,提高免疫接种质量,继续保持麻疹监测系统良好运转.     

Optimum age for measles immunization in Romania

From 1979 to 1985 a serological survey was carried out to evaluate the opportunity to start measles vaccination at the age of 9 months. The following aspects were investigated: the persistence of maternal measles antibodies in 188 infants aged 1-8 months: such antibodies could not be detected over 7 months of age; the antibody response to measles vaccination in 181 infants vaccinated at the age of 9-11 months versus 291 children vaccinated when aged more than 12 months: no significant differences were found between the two groups; the age-specific persistence of vaccine-induced hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies during the 1-4 years following vaccination: no significant difference was found in terms of the children's age upon vaccination. The results lend support to the recommendation to consider 9 months as a satisfactory age to initiate measles immunization in Romania.     

The effects of booster vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine on anti-HBV surface antigen negative children 11-15 years after primary vaccination

The twin aims of this study were to investigate the changes in anti-HBs IgG levels after booster vaccinations and to compare the effects of different vaccine doses in children aged 11-15 years who were both negative for HBsAg and had an Anti-HBs < 10.0 mIU/mL after primary vaccination. Children who were born between 1993 and 1998 and who had completed their Hepatitis B vaccination program in infancy were randomly recruited to the study. The participants were divided into three groups according to their anti-HBs IgG levels: group I had a level < 0.1 mIU/mL; group II 0.1 - < 1.0 mIU/mL, and group III 1.0 - < 10.0 mIU/mL. The booster vaccination program comprised three (20μg) doses of HepB (CHO) vaccine administered at zero, one and six months after they are join this program: anti-HBs levels were measured one month after the first and third vaccinations. Among 448 HBsAg-negative infants, anti-HBs seroconversion rates (defined as an anti-HBs >= 10 mIU/mL) after the first and third vaccinations were 85.5% and 98.6% respectively - these observed differences were statistically significant (χ2 [1dof] = 50.11, p< 0.05). Seroconversion rates and GMTs after the first and third doses were significantly lower for group I children than the other two groups (p< 0.05). Compared, the OR of being negative (anti-HBs< 10mIU/ml) in group I after the first and the third dose were 7.66 (95%CI: 4.35-13.47, P< 0.05) and 20.48 (95% CI: 2.36-177.67, P< 0.05). So the anti-HBs titer levels decay to 10mIU/ml in 11-15 years of age children completed HepB Basic immunization, which need for booster immunization. The effect is better for those children with a relatively higher antibody titer before booster, and the effect of three doses booster is best.     

1959～2008年包头市东河区麻疹流行趋势分析

目的：了解1959～2008年东河区麻疹的流行趋势,全面掌握麻疹的流行动态,为制订消除麻疹策略提供科学依据。方法用回顾性调查的方法搜集了麻疹疫情报告资料并用Excel2003对数据进行统计处理。结果东河区麻疹的发病率、发病构成总体呈下降趋势,春季是发病的高峰期,发病年龄介于3个月～50岁之间,儿童发病数最多。结论加强对流动人口麻疹疫苗的常规接种,在特定人群中开展麻疹抗体检测,及时进行麻疹疫苗补种,防止出现麻疹疫情反弹。