子宫动脉栓塞治疗子宫肌瘤的临床应用研究

分析子宫动脉栓塞治疗子宫肌瘤的有效性和安全性。材料和方法：５１例子宫肌瘤行子宫通读动脉栓塞治疗,分别于栓塞后１、３、６、１２个月行Ｂ超随访肿瘤体积变化。结果：现例均无子宫坏死一严重并发症。栓塞后６个月,肿瘤体积缩小大于５０％、２０％￣５０％和小于２０％者分别为４１例（占８０．４％）、９例（１７．６％）和１例（占２％）,其中２例肿瘤全部消失。所有病例临床症状减轻或消失。４例自然受孕。结论：子宫动脉栓     

Preoperative Uterine Artery Embolization (PUAE) Before Uterine Fibroid Myomectomy

Purpose To evaluate the potential of uterine artery embolization to minimize blood loss and facilitate easier removal of fibroids during subsequent myomectomy. Methods This retrospective study included 22 patients (median age 37 years), of whom at least 15 wished to preserve their fertility. They presented with at least one fibroid (mean diameter 85.6 mm) and had undergone preoperative uterine artery embolization (PUAE) with resorbable gelatin sponge. Results No complication or technical failure of embolization was identified. Myomectomies were performed during laparoscopy (12 cases) and laparotomy (9 cases). One hysterectomy was performed. The following were noted: easier dissection of fibroids (mean 5.6 per patient, range 1–30); mean intervention time 113 min (range 25–210 min); almost bloodless surgery, with a mean peroperative blood loss of 90 ml (range 0–806 ml); mean hemoglobin pretherapeutically 12.3 g/dl (range 5.9–15.2 g/dl) and post-therapeutically 10.3 g/dl (range 5.6–13.3 g/dl), with no blood transfusion needed. Patients were discharged on day 4 on average and the mean sick leave was 1 month. Conclusion Preoperative embolization is associated with minimal intraoperative blood loss. It does not increase the complication rate or impair operative dissection, and improves the chances of performing conservative surgery.     

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Analysis of Fibroid Location in Women Achieving Pregnancy After Uterine Artery Embolization

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fibroid morphology in a cohort of women achieving pregnancy following treatment with uterine artery embolization (UAE) for symptomatic uterine fibroids. A retrospective review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the uterus was performed to assess pre-embolization fibroid morphology. Data were collected on fibroid size, type, and number and included analysis of follow-up imaging to assess response. There have been 67 pregnancies in 51 women, with 40 live births. Intramural fibroids were seen in 62.7% of the women (32/48). Of these the fibroids were multiple in 16. A further 12 women had submucosal fibroids, with equal numbers of types 1 and 2. Two of these women had coexistent intramural fibroids. In six women the fibroids could not be individually delineated and formed a complex mass. All subtypes of fibroid were represented in those subgroups of women achieving a live birth versus those who did not. These results demonstrate that the location of uterine fibroids did not adversely affect subsequent pregnancy in the patient population investigated. Although this is only a small qualitative study, it does suggest that all types of fibroids treated with UAE have the potential for future fertility.     

Treatment of Uterine Artery Vasospasm with Transdermal Nitroglycerin Ointment During Uterine Artery Embolization

Uterine artery vasospasm can complicate uterine artery embolization (UAE) by prolonging procedure times or even causing treatment failure. Embolization must be delayed until the spasm improves and adequate antegrade flow in the vessel is restored. Vasospasm can also produce a “false endpoint” to the procedure, where stasis of flow in the vessel is falsely attributed to successful embolization but is actually the result of vasospasm, leading to undertreatment or treatment failure. Traditional treatments for uterine artery vasospasm have included transcatheter intra-arterial vasodilators and catheter withdrawal from the vessel, both of which can yield mixed results. We report a case of uterine artery vasospasm during UAE successfully treated with transdermal nitroglycerine ointment. Case Report     

经导管子宫动脉栓塞治疗子宫腺肌病的初步效果观察

目的　探讨经导管子宫动脉栓塞 (TUAE)治疗子宫腺肌病的效果。资料与方法　 2 5例子宫腺肌病患者接受TUAE治疗 ,2 5例均伴有继发性痛经 ,其中 2 1例伴月经增多 ,12例伴轻到中度贫血。 2 5例中弥漫型腺肌病 10例 ,局灶型腺肌病 15例 ,其中 4例尚合并子宫肌瘤。所有病例均采用经导管两侧子宫动脉注射超液态碘油 平阳霉素乳剂 (LPE)加明胶海绵颗粒栓塞 ,其中碘油用量 6～ 10ml(平均 8ml) ,平阳霉素用量 8mg,明胶海绵 0 .5～ 1.5块(6 .0cm× 3.0cm× 0 .3cm/块 )。结果　所有病例随访超过半年 ,痛经缓解有效率达 96 .0 % (其中痛经消失占80 .0 % ) ,月经改善有效率达 10 0 % (其中月经恢复正常者占 76 .2 % )。 12例贫血患者栓塞后 3～ 6个月血红蛋白浓度均得到显著升高或恢复正常 ;栓塞后 6个月B超复查子宫体积平均缩小 4 4 .1% ,2 1个局限性病灶体积平均缩小5 8.2 %。所有病例无严重并发症发生。结论　TUAE治疗子宫腺肌病具有较好的近期疗效 ,远期效果有待进一步观察。     

Development of a Hypertrophic Ovarian Artery After Uterine Artery Embolization with Polyvinyl Alcohol Particles

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) for the treatment of symptomatic leiomyomata has shown excellent short-term clinical efficacy and minimal complications, yet recurrences after successful treatments at mid- and long-term follow-up have been reported. Exact etiologies for such recurrences have not been fully understood. We present a case of symptom recurrence with the development of a hypertrophic ovarian artery after successful UAE with polyvinyl alcohol particles, successfully treated with ovarian and repeat UAEs.     

Intractable Postpartum Hemorrhage Resulting from Uterine Artery Pseudoaneurysm: Superselective Arteriographic Embolization via the Collateral Route

We present a patient with intractable postpartum hemorrhage resulting from uterine artery pseudoaneurysm despite bilateral hypogastric artery ligation who was successfully treated by an endovascular approach via the collateral route. Although there is a good argument for postponing surgery until transcatheter embolization has been attempted, this case shows that embolization can still be successful even if the iliac vessels have been ligated.     

Uterine Artery Anatomy Relevant to Uterine Leiomyomata Embolization

To categorize the anatomic variants of uterine arteries, and determine the incidence of menopausal symptoms where the tubo-ovarian branches were seen prior to embolization. Between July 1997 and June 2000, 257 (n = 257) uterine fibroid embolizations were performed at our institution. Arteriograms were retrospectively evaluated. Uterine arteries were classified into groups: type I (the uterine artery as first branch of the inferior gluteal artery), type II (the uterine artery as second or third branch of the inferior gluteal artery), type III (the uterine artery, the inferior gluteal and the superior gluteal arteries arising as a trifurcation), type IV (the uterine artery as first branch of the hypogastric artery), inconclusive, or not studied. Tubo-ovarian branches were recorded if visualized prior to and/or after embolization. Menopausal symptoms were recorded (n = 175 at 3 months, n = 139 at 6 months, n = 98 at 1 year, n = 22 at 2 years) using written questionnaires. Five hundred and fourteen uterine arteries (n = 514) were evaluated. There were 38% classifiable types, 23% inconclusive, and 39% not studied. Classification was as follows: type I, 45%; type II, 6%; type III, 43%; type IV, 6%. Among 256 patients, tubo-ovarian arteries were seen in 36 prior to embolization, but not afterwards. In this group, 25 patients reported transient menopausal symptoms (hot flashes, amenorrhea). Five patients did not report any menopausal symptoms. Six patients did not answer the questionnaires. Type I is the most common type of anatomy, followed by type III. The tubo-ovarian arteries may be visualized prior to and/or after embolization. The embolization was monitored to avoid embolization of the tubo-ovarian branches. Menopausal symptoms were transient all patients when the tubo-ovarian branches were seen prior to embolization.     

Ovarian Artery: Angiographic Appearance,Embolization and Relevance to Uterine Fibroid Embolization

Purpose: To describe the angiographic appearance of the ovarian artery and its main variations that may be relevant to uterine fibroid embolization. Methods: The flush aortograms of 294 women who had been treated by uterine artery embolization for fibroids were reviewed. Significant arterial supply to the fibroid, and the origin and diameter of identified ovarian arteries were recorded. In patients with additional embolization of the ovarian artery, the follow-up evaluation also included hormonal levels and Doppler imaging of the ovaries. Results: A total of 75 ovarian arteries were identified in 59 women (bilaterally in 16 women and unilaterally in 43 women). All ovarian arteries originated from the aorta below the level of the renal arteries with a characteristic tortuous course. Fifteen women had at least one enlarged ovarian artery supplying the fibroids. Fourteen women (14/15, 93%) presented at least one of the following factors: prior pelvic surgery, tubo-ovarian pathology or large fundal fibroids. Conclusion: We advocate the use of flush aortography in women with prior tubo-ovarian pathology or surgery or in cases of large fundal fibroids. In the case of an ovarian artery supply to the fibroids, superselective catheterization and embolization of the ovarian artery should be considered.     

Uterine Artery Embolization for Ureteric Obstruction Secondary to Fibroids

This case series examines the safety and efficacy of uterine artery embolization (UAE) in the treatment of obstructive nephropathy caused by large fibroids. Between 2004 and 2007, 10 patients referred with symptomatic uterine fibroids that were found to be causing either unilateral (7 patients) or bilateral (3 patients) hydronephrosis were treated by UAE. Presenting complaints included menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, bulk symptoms, loin pain, postobstructive atrophy, and mild renal impairment. All had posterior intramural dominant fibroids >11 cm in maximum sagittal diameter and uterine volumes between 3776 and 15,625 ml. Outcome measures at between 12 and 36 months included procedural success, repeat intervention, relief of symptoms, resolution of hydronephrosis, stable renal function and size, and avoidance of hysterectomy. In all cases the cause of renal obstruction was confirmed to be a giant fibroid compressing the ureter at the pelvic brim. In all cases UAE was technically successful, though two patients required a repeat procedure. In eight patients hydronephrosis resolved and the obstruction was relieved, though two still had some bulk symptoms not requiring further treatment. Renal function improved or was stable in all cases. Renal size was stable in all cases. Where menorrhagia was part of the symptom complex it was relieved in all cases. Two patients diagnosed as having postobstructive atrophy of one kidney underwent retrograde ureteric stenting on the nonatrophied side prior to UAE. This was unsuccessful in one of the cases due to the distortion caused by the fibroid. Despite improvement in hydronephrosis this patient underwent hysterectomy at 7 months after a renogram demonstrated persistent obstruction at the pelvic brim. In the second patient a double pigtail stent was inserted with difficulty and eventually removed at 8 months. This patient has had stable renal function and size for 3 years post-UAE. We conclude that UAE is safe and effective in treating patients with obstructive hydronephrosis caused by large fibroids.     

Mid-term Clinical Results and Patient Satisfaction After Uterine Artery Embolization in Women with Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids

Purpose To evaluate the mid-term clinical results and patient satisfaction following uterine artery embolization (UAE) in women with symptomatic fibroids. Methods Between August 1998 and December 2002, 135 patients had UAE for symptomatic uterine fibroids. All patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire. Questions were aimed at changes in bleeding, pain, and bulk-related symptoms. Symptoms after UAE were scored as disappeared, improved, unchanged or worsened. Adverse events were noted, such as vaginal dryness and discharge, menopausal complaints or fibroid expulsion. Patient satisfaction after UAE was assessed. Patient satisfaction of women embolized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles was compared with satisfaction of women embolized with calibrated microspheres. Results The questionnaire was returned by 110 of 135 women (81%) at a median time interval of 14 months following UAE. In 10 women additional embolization or hysterectomy had been performed. Of the 110 responders, 86 (78%) were satisfied with the result of UAE. The proportion of satisfied women was higher in the group embolized with calibrated microspheres than in women embolized with PVA, although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.053). Conclusion UAE in women with symptomatic uterine fibroids leads to improvement of symptoms and patient satisfaction is good in the vast majority after a median follow-up period of 14 months.     

经导管子宫动脉栓塞对卵巢功能及正常子宫肌组织的影响

目的：探讨经导管子宫动脉栓塞（TUAE）对卵巢功能与正常子宫肌组织的影响及意义。资料与方法：101例子宫肌瘤与25例子宫腺肌病患者行经导管子宫动脉注射碘油平阳霉素乳剂（LPE）加明胶海绵颗粒栓塞治疗。通过栓塞后月经观察、卵巢内分泌功能测试、MR检查、经前诊刮及栓塞后全子宫切除标本病理研究，了解栓塞后卵巢功能及正常子宫肌组织的改变。结果：月经观察无闭经发生，经前诊刮病理提示子宫内膜呈分泌期改变。卵巢内分泌功能测试栓塞前后变化无明显差异（P＞0．05）。MR检查正常子宫肌层未见缺血改变，切除标本病理观察正常子宫肌组织亦未见坏死发生。结论：TUAE是一项安全的治疗技术，对卵巢功能及正常子宫肌组织无不良影响。     

Patient Presentation and Management of Labial Ulceration Following Uterine Artery Embolization

Uterine artery embolization is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids. Nontarget embolization of adjacent internal iliac artery branches is a reported complication of uterine artery embolization. The following report describes the presentation and management of ulcerations of the labium minora due to nontarget embolization of the internal pudendal artery.     

The Feasibility of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound During Uterine Artery Embolization: A Pilot Study

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) during uterine artery embolization (UAE) in order to define the correct end-point of embolization with complete devascularization of all fibroids. Methods In this prospective study of 10 consecutive women undergoing UAE, CEUS was performed in the angiographic suite during embolization. When the angiographic end-point, defined as the “pruned-tree” appearance of the uterine arteries was reached, CEUS was performed while the angiographic catheters to both uterine arteries were kept in place. The decision whether or not to continue the embolization was based on the findings at CEUS. The results of CEUS were compared with those of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1 day as well as 3 months following UAE. Results CEUS was successfully performed in all women. In 4 cases injection of particles was continued based on the findings at CEUS despite angiographically complete embolization. CEUS imaging at completion of UAE correlated well with the findings at MRI. Conclusion The use of CEUS during UAE is feasible and may increase the quality of UAE.     

Uterine Artery Embolization for Pedunculated Subserosal Leiomyomas: Evidence of Safety and Efficacy

Purpose

To evaluate safety and efficacy of uterine artery embolization (UAE) for pedunculated subserosal (PS) leiomyomas.

Acute Renal Failure after Uterine Artery Embolization

Renal failure is a potential complication of any endovascular procedure using iodinated contrast, including uterine artery embolization (UAE). In this report we present a case of acute renal failure (ARF) following UAE performed as a treatment for uterine fibroids. The likely causes of ARF in this patient are explored and the possible etiologies of renal failure in patients undergoing UAE are reviewed.     

创伤性肾出血的DSA诊断与介入栓塞治疗

目的评价创伤性肾出血的DSA诊断与介入栓塞止血治疗的临床应用价值。资料与方法48例创伤性肾出血患者均行肾动脉DSA检查,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵、聚乙烯醇(PVA)微粒或弹簧钢圈。结果48例肾内血管损伤患者经选择性或超选择性肾动脉造影均获得了明确的诊断,36例可见对比剂外溢;7例肾内受损动脉痉挛、移位,末梢血管不规则、毛糙、其中3例合并动-静脉瘘;5例肾内受损动脉分支中断、缺支,其中2例合并假性动脉瘤。6例单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞后,其中2例分别于术后7天、12天再发血尿,其余病例采用PVA微粒或弹簧钢圈栓塞均一次成功。所有患者肉眼血尿术后平均3天消失,平均随访18个月无肾出血复发,血尿素氮、肌酐及血压正常,静脉尿路造影见肾未栓塞部分肾功能正常,栓塞部分肾盏有不同程度变形。结论DSA是诊断创伤性肾出血的可靠方法,选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗创伤性肾出血微创、疗效好且迅速、并发症少,能最大程度保护损肾功能。选择恰当的栓塞材料可以减少复发率及异位栓塞。     

子宫动脉栓塞在宫颈或切口妊娠人工流产手术前的作用

目的:将双侧子宫动脉栓塞术应用于宫颈或切口妊娠中止前,期望减少人工流产手术的危险性和出血量。材料和方法:12例宫颈或切口妊娠患者,术前采用明胶海绵进行双侧子宫动脉超选择性栓塞术,术后即刻或24h左右进行清宫手术,观察术中出血量和术后伴发症状。结果:双侧子宫动脉栓塞治疗过程非常顺利,12例清宫手术均安全顺利完成,出血量仅10~20ml,没有出现栓塞术或清宫手术的并发症。术后随访血液HCG均在4周内消失。结论:宫颈妊娠或切口妊娠在清宫手术前进行双侧子宫动脉栓塞的辅助治疗,安全性好,并发症少,操作简单,可有效地控制宫颈或切口妊娠中止手术中的出血量。     

Transcatheter Coil Embolization of Splenic Artery Aneurysm

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical results and technical problems of transcatheter coil embolization for splenic artery aneurysm. Subjects were 16 patients (8 men, 8 women; age range, 40-80 years) who underwent transcatheter embolization for splenic artery aneurysm (14 true aneurysms, 2 false aneurysms) at one of our hospitals during the period January 1997 through July 2005. Two aneurysms (12.5%) were diagnosed at the time of rupture. Multiple splenic aneurysms were found in seven patients. Aneurysms were classified by site as proximal (or strictly ostial) (n = 3), middle (n = 3), or hilar (n = 10). The indication for transcatheter arterial embolization was a false or true aneurysm 20 mm in diameter. Embolic materials were fibered coils and interlocking detachable coils. Embolization was performed by the isolation technique, the packing technique, or both. Technically, all aneurysms were devascularized without severe complications. Embolized aneurysms were 6–40 mm in diameter (mean, 25 mm). Overall, the primary technical success rate was 88% (14 of 16 patients). In the remaining 2 patients (12.5%), partial recanalization occurred, and re-embolization was performed. The secondary technical success rate was 100%. Seven (44%) of the 16 study patients suffered partial splenic infarction. Intrasplenic branching originating from the aneurysm was observed in five patients. We conclude that transcatheter coil embolization should be the initial treatment of choice for splenic artery aneurysm.     

子宫肌瘤导管栓塞治疗的远期效果观察

目的探讨经导管子宫动脉栓塞（TUAE）治疗子宫肌瘤的远期效果及安全性。资料与方法对231例子宫肌瘤患者行TUAE治疗。患者肌瘤体积19—504cm^3（平均121cm^3）,其中壁间肌瘤191例,黏膜下肌瘤36例,浆膜下肌瘤4例;单发16例,多发215例。所有病例均行双侧子宫动脉栓塞,栓塞剂为碘油．平阳霉素乳剂,其中186例加用了明胶海绵颗粒栓塞。随访期间,观察患者症状改善情况、肌瘤与子宫体积变化、有无复发、有无闭经及其他并发症情况。结果随访6—48个月,月经恢复正常或经血显著减少占96．0％（193／201）;下腹部、腰腿胀痛消失或明显缓解占94．9％（94／99）,压迫症状消失或显著减轻占96．0％（48／50）。B超复查,TUAE后1、2、3、4年肌瘤平均体积缩小率分别为60．7％、63．3％、65．6％、67．4％,子宫平均体积缩小率分别为49．6％、54．3％、55．2％、57．1％,无肌瘤复发现象。并发症包括臀部瘀血溃烂（1例）、小阴唇溃疡（1例）、尿潴留（12例）、尿路感染（1例）、阴道排泄坏死肌瘤组织（24例）、卵巢囊肿继发感染（1例）、子宫内膜增厚与钙化（1例）以及闭经（2例）等。结论TUAE治疗子宫肌瘤的远期效果确切,个别患者可以引起某些严重的并发症和／或后遗症,因此应严格选择病例。