后路半椎体切除钉棒系统内固定治疗先天性脊柱后凸

目的评价后路半椎体切除钉棒系统内固定治疗先天性脊柱后凸畸形的疗效。方法采用后路半椎体切除或椎体截骨经椎弓根内固定术治疗3例患者,术后支具固定6～12个月,通过对比术前术后X线片评估患者躯干平衡和失代偿情况。结果术前后凸Cobb角平均102°,术后为21°,3个月后为23°,所有患者外形正常,躯干平衡良好,未发现失代偿现象。结论对先天性脊柱后凸畸形进行后路半椎体切除或截骨椎弓根钉棒矫形可矫正和控制冠状面和矢状面畸形。     

后路半椎体切除矫正先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的 评价后路半椎体切除术治疗半椎体所致先天性脊柱侧后凸的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析施行后路半椎体切除术的先天性脊柱侧后凸14例患者的临床资料,男5例,女9例;手术时年龄4～15岁,平均9.6岁.其中胸椎6例、腰椎8例.均行后路一期半椎体切除及矫形固定融合术.结果 手术时间3.0～7.5h,平均5.0h;术中出血量500-2 000ml,平均1 085ml,平均输血量800ml;固定节段2～8个椎体,平均4.6个椎体.术后随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月.站立位全脊柱正侧位x线片示冠状面Cobb角由术前平均48.450矫正至15.25.,平均矫正率68.52%;矢状面Cobb角由术前48.27°矫正至15.32°,平均矫正率68.26%;终末随访时冠状面C0bb角平均19.47°,丢失4.22°,矢状面Cobb角平均15.67°,无明显丢失.围手术期并发症包括伤口愈合不良1例,无神经系统并发症.结论 后路半椎体切除可直接去除致畸因素,在冠状面和矢状面均可获得良好的矫形,手术适应证为由胸椎或胸腰段半椎体畸形所引起的青少年患者的结构性侧后凸畸形.     

一期后路胸腰段半椎体切除固定矫形术患者围手术期的康复护理

目的观察和总结应用一期后路半椎体切除、椎弓根内固定、矫形术治疗胸腰椎半椎体引起先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的围手术期护理经验。方法自2008年1月至2011年1月,对28例胸腰椎半椎体引起的脊柱侧后凸畸形患者行经后路半椎体切除、椎弓根系统内固定矫形术,并给予围手术期的护理,随访12⁴2个月。结果患儿均安全渡过围手术期。手术时间242个月。结果患儿均安全渡过围手术期。手术时间2⁶ h。无脊髓及神经根损伤,无钉棒移位断裂等并发症。2例术后出现双下肢酸沉麻木,给予脱水剂26 h。无脊髓及神经根损伤,无钉棒移位断裂等并发症。2例术后出现双下肢酸沉麻木,给予脱水剂2³ d后症状消失,2例术后出现脑脊液漏。术后侧凸畸形矫正至Cobb角平均15.5°,后凸畸形矫正至Cobb角平均10.8°。住院133 d后症状消失,2例术后出现脑脊液漏。术后侧凸畸形矫正至Cobb角平均15.5°,后凸畸形矫正至Cobb角平均10.8°。住院13¹9 d,平均住院15.3 d。X线摄片检查28例均获坚强融合,矫正效果满意。结论术前做好心理护理、脊柱柔韧性训练、牵引护理、肺功能训练及各项准备,术后保持正确体位、严密监测生命体征并及时处理不稳定的情况、观察并记录脊髓神经功能变化、注意切口及引流情况、加强并发症的观察及护理、积极的康复功能训练及支具的正确佩戴,是手术成功的重要保证。     

后路半椎体切除椎弓根钉内固定治疗青少年先天性脊柱侧凸

目的总结青少年先天性脊柱侧凸的手术治疗方法和疗效。方法本院2006年7月～2008年5月采用后路半椎体切除椎弓根钉内固定治疗青少年先天性脊柱侧凸5例,平均随访2年,随访观察其功能效果,分析手术的适应证及优缺点。结果手术时间为250～390min,平均310min。术后平均随访2年,平均矫正率为68.92%。结论切除半椎体所致脊柱侧凸畸形的半椎体,再矫正融合,术后疗效满意。     

伤椎固定在严重胸腰椎骨折中的应用

的 探讨在严重胸腰椎骨折中应用短节段椎弓根螺钉系统加伤椎固定的方法和效果.方法 回顾了我院2003年5月～2008年1月,对严重胸腰椎骨折采用短节段椎弓根螺钉系统加伤椎固定方法治疗41 例.术前骨折椎体前缘高度平均丢失53%(37%～82%),Cobb角平均29.6°(17°～39°),均在伤后2周内手术.结果 所有病例均获得随访,平均随访时间9.7个月(6～29个月).影像学资料显示伤椎前缘高度恢复至92%(87%～96%),术后Cobb角平均为5.6°(3°～10°),植骨均愈合、椎体脱位纠正,复位良好.结论 对严重胸腰椎骨折应用伤椎椎弓根螺钉固定可以增强后路短节段内固定系统的牢固性,有利于维持矫正效果、减少后凸畸形.     

后路一期半椎体切除短节段固定治疗婴幼儿先天性脊柱侧弯

目的研究先天性脊柱侧弯后路一期半椎体切除短节短固定治疗的安全性和有效性。方法对6名年龄在14～30个月的先天性脊柱侧弯儿童进行了一期后路半椎体切除植骨融合内固定治疗,对治疗结果进行分析。所有患儿为重度脊柱侧弯或者进展性先天性脊柱侧弯,且均有半椎体引起,侧弯矫形需要半椎体切除植骨内固定,通过1次手术完成。所有患者接受12～48个月随访,分析X线片,测量术前、术中、术后和随访时的Cobb角,计算矫正率和丢失度数。结果侧凸矫正率为96.5%,无断棒拔钉,所有患者均未出现下肢瘫痪症状,X线显示断端可见明显骨性愈合,凹侧骨柱形成,病变椎体与上下椎体融合。结论半椎体切除植骨融合短节段固定治疗婴幼儿先天性脊柱侧弯是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

牵引下钉棒系统治疗特发性脊柱侧凸临床疗效观察

目的观察牵引下钉棒系统治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的临床疗效。方法对2009年5月至2011年10月收治的31例特发性脊柱侧凸患者在牵引下,采用徒手植入椎弓根螺钉技术进行手术治疗。患者年龄14～18岁,平均15.6岁。脊柱弯曲度分类:COBB角40°～45°15例,COBB角45°～50°10例,COBB角大于50°~70°6例。按椎体旋转度分类:采用顶椎旋转度测量法(NASH-MOE法),0~Ⅰ度13例,Ⅰ~Ⅱ度11例,Ⅱ度以上7例。King分型:Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型7例,Ⅳ型8例,Ⅴ型5例。结果全部病例随访6～29个月,平均25个月,术前COBB角40°~70°,平均59°,术后矫正率为90%,最大矫正率为98%;增高2～6 cm,平均4.1 cm。术后无截瘫,内植物无断钉、断棒等并发症,均获得良好效果。结论牵引下钉棒系统治疗特发性脊柱侧凸具有操作方便、安全、固定可靠等优点,是治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的理想方法。     

后路经关节突V形截骨及经椎弓根截骨矫形治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折后凸畸形

目的探讨经关节突V形截骨以及经椎弓根截骨矫形治疗胸腰椎陈旧性骨折后凸畸形的效果。方法对31例胸腰椎陈旧骨折伴后凸畸形患者,行经椎弓根或经关节突截骨矫形术治疗。后凸畸形Cobb角平均35.1°（17～58°）。神经功能按Frankel分级均为D级3例,E级28例,31例均有腰背部疼痛不适。结果术后脊柱后凸Cobb角0-15°,平均5°,矫正率为85.7%。术后腰痛明显缓解。结论后路经关节突V形截骨及经椎弓根截骨治疗胸腰椎陈旧骨折术后腰背部疼痛改善良好,植骨愈合率高,是治疗胸腰椎陈旧骨折并后凸畸形较好的方法。     

腰椎退变性侧凸合并椎管狭窄症的外科治疗

目的探讨腰椎退变性侧凸合并椎管狭窄症手术治疗的方法与疗效。方法采用后路椎管扩大减压、植骨融合、椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗DLSSS患者30例。结果术后临床疗效优良率为86．7％,术后随访6个月～7年（平均3年9个月）,腰椎冠状面平均矫正40．5°,矢状面平均矫正33．6°,腰椎融合率为83．3％。结论后路椎管扩大减压、植骨融合、椎弓根螺钉内固定是治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症伴脊柱侧凸的有效手术方式。     

经椎弓根截骨矫正骨质疏松的胸腰段脊后凸畸形19例分析

目的研究经椎弓根椎体截骨矫正骨质疏松患者胸腰段脊后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2007-2009年陈旧性胸腰段脊后凸畸形的骨质疏松患者,采用经椎弓根椎体截骨脊柱短缩术治疗。结果后凸角平均矫正27°,腰背疼痛均明显缓解。结论经椎弓根椎体截骨矫正骨质疏松患者的胸腰段后凸畸形,借助关节镜避免了脊髓损伤,上下椎改良固定,术后骨性融合率高,矫正效果可靠,是一可行的有效方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.