内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体瘤鞍区应用解剖

目的 :为临床开展神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤提供解剖基础。方法 :对 2 5例成人头部固定标本进行蝶鞍区的解剖测量 ,并对 9具新鲜尸头进行内窥镜下经鼻蝶至蝶鞍的解剖观察。结果 :鞍膈高度(5 .5± 0 .6)mm ,鞍膈孔前后径 (6.2± 1.3 )mm ,鞍膈孔左右径 (6.5± 1.5 )mm ,鞍膈孔前缘到鞍结节 (3 .4± 1.3 )mm ,鞍膈孔前缘到垂体柄 (2 .5± 1.1)mm ;视神经出视神经颅口宽 (5 .0± 0 .4)mm ,两侧内缘间距 (13 .7±2 .3 )mm ,视交叉前缘距视神经间沟中点 (6.8± 1.3 )mm ,视交叉宽 (11.5± 1.4)mm。结论 :神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤应熟悉蝶鞍底及窦内的解剖标志 ,并充分利用鞍膈等解剖结构有序地做肿瘤切除。     

经鼻腔内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术解剖及其临床应用

目的：为经鼻内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术提供解剖学参数和临床经验。方法：在２０个尸头标本上观测蝶窦及周围重要解剖结构。结果：７７．５％的蝶窦口内窥镜直接窥见,窦口距离蝶窦顶壁、外壁、蝶腭动脉孔、鞍前壁、鼻中隔后端分别为 ８． ６±３． １ｍｍ、９． ２±１． ８ ｍｍ、 １１． １±１． ６ ｍｍ、 １４． ７±３． ６ ｍｍ、３． ６±０． ５ｍｍ,距离鼻小柱根部前缘 ６１．６ ± ３．７ ｍｍ,与鼻底夹角 ３１．８° ± ５． ２°。视神经管和颈内动脉在蝶窦外侧上隆起率分别为２５％和７２．５％。６９％蝶窦中隔非正中位。海绵窦前、下、后间窦出现率分别是８０％、５５％、３５％。结论：进行内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术时注意蝶窦口、蝶窦外侧壁和蝶鞍底壁与周围结构关系,避免损伤重要血管神经。     

神经内镜经蝶窦入路的解剖标志研究及其临床应用

目的:探讨神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路的解剖标志,并将其应用于神经内镜经蝶垂体瘤手术.方法:8具成人尸头标本,模拟内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路,鼻腔、蝶窦和鞍底分阶段观察并测量解剖标志;指导临床实施内镜下经鼻蝶窦垂体瘤手术10例.结果:内镜下经蝶入路可清晰显露各阶段解剖标志,蝶窦开口下缘距后鼻孔上缘为(15.4±1.8)mm;蝶窦开口中心点至鞍底中心点相距(13.4±2.1)mm;双侧视神经颈内动脉隐窝(OCR)连线中点至鞍底中心点距离(11.0±2.8)mm;鞍底均位于中线部位,以鞍底为中心,可看到鞍底前外方的视神经隆突,侧下方的颈内动脉隆突,前上方可见鞍结节,后方可见斜坡凹陷.10例内镜经蝶垂体瘤手术患者,肿瘤全切除7例(70%),次全切除3例(30%);术后患者临床症状都得到明显改善.结论:熟悉蝶鞍区结构的内镜下解剖关系有助于手术中准确定位,避免损伤重要的神经、血管结构,以提高手术成功率,减少并发症的发生.     

与鼻内窥镜手术有关的眶尖区解剖及临床应用

目的为鼻内窥镜手术路径提供应用解剖学数据和资料,以利于临床手术的成功开展和减少并发症的发生.方法采用30例随机选取的国人成人无病损的10%福尔马林固定的成人尸头(男21例,女9例),依经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术的相同体位和路径,逐层解剖并测量各解剖标志的深度、仰角、外偏角和旁开距等,观察其正常解剖和变异情况.同时,采用"FV"线为轴位扫描基线进行扫描并对图像径"Sharp"加工处理.结果①视神经管眶口和颅口内上壁距前鼻棘的距离分别为62.01±5.51mm和68.23±5.82mm;②眶口内上壁和颅口内上壁与鼻底平面的仰角(前鼻棘为基点)分别为38.77±5.71°和34.08±4.94°,随着深度增加,仰角逐渐减少;③眶口外上壁和颅口外上壁与自前鼻棘的颅正中线的外偏角分别为13.25°±1.15°和8.87±0.94°,随着深度增加,角度越来越小,并向中线靠近;④眶口与颅口离颅正中矢状面的旁开距分别为(1/2)32.01±2.20mm和(1/2)22.94±2.00mm;⑤眶口和颅口外上缘与自喙突的正中矢状线的外偏角分别为26.39±1.87°和26.63±2.84°.结论①眶尖部和视神经管的CT扫描,应以"FV线为轴位基线,进行2mm连续断层扫描.②经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术,应以经筛窦、蝶窦、眶尖和视神经管入路为最便捷和安全的入路,以视神经管内侧壁中段为视神经管开放的最佳入口.     

CT扫描和断层解剖观察蝶窦断层的解剖及临床意义*

背景：正确掌握蝶窦的断层解剖是临床经鼻-蝶入路的关键。 目的：观测蝶窦断层解剖结构,为经鼻-蝶入路手术提供解剖学依据。 方法：采用CT扫描技术和断层解剖方法,对60例CT扫描头颅和20例尸头进行观察。 结果与结论：①蝶窦冠状断面显示视神经和海绵窦,两侧视神经和两侧颈内动脉间距分别是(16.02±3.47),(17.23±3.64) mm。②正中矢状位,蝶窦口距离颅前窝底、蝶窦底、蝶窦后壁和前鼻棘分别是(9.57±2.51),(12.75±3.64),(23.42±4.36),(57.82± 3.94) mm。前鼻棘距离鞍底中心(71.98±6.12) mm。③CT扫描可见“3房”“4房”蝶窦。提示蝶窦的断层解剖能为临床医生提供相应指导。      

与鼻内窥镜手术有关的眶尖区解剖及临床应用

目的:为鼻内窥镜手术路径提供应用解剖学数据和资料,以利于临床手术的成功开展和减少并发症的发生。方法:采用30例随机选取的国人成人无病损的10％福尔马林固定的成人尸头(男21例,女9例),依经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术的相同体位和路径,逐层解剖并测量各解剖标志的深度、仰角、外偏角和旁开距等,观察其正常解剖和变异情况。同时,采用“Fv”线为轴位扫描基线进行扫描并对图像径“Sharp”加工处理。结果:①视神经管眶口和颅口内上壁距前鼻棘的距离分别为62.01±5.51mm和68.23±5.82mm;②眶口内上壁和颅口内上壁与鼻底平面的仰角(前鼻棘为基点)分别为38.77±5.71°和34.08±4.94°,随着深度增加,仰角逐渐减少;③眶口外上壁和颅口外上壁与自前鼻棘的颅正中线的外偏角分别为13.25°±1.15°和8.87±0.94°,随着深度增加,角度越来越小,并向中线靠近;④眶口与颅口离颅正中矢状面的旁开距分别为(1/2)32.01±2.20mm和(1/2)22.94±2.00mm;⑤眶口和颅口外上缘与自喙突的正中矢状线的外偏角分别为26.39±1.87°和26.63±2.84°。结论:①眶尖部和视神经管的CT扫描,应以“FV线为轴位基线,进行2mm连续断层扫描。②经鼻腔鼻窦内窥镜下眶尖部手术,应以经筛窦、蝶窦、眶尖和视神经管入路为最便捷和安伞的入路,以视神经管     

蝶腭动脉区的显微外科解剖学

目的 :为鼻内镜下经鼻蝶腭动脉结扎术提供解剖学资料。方法 :对固定的成人尸头蝶腭动脉区进行显微外科解剖及干性颅骨的骨性标志进行观察 ,并测量筛骨嵴与前鼻棘、下鼻甲上端、中鼻甲后端的距离。结果 :筛骨嵴位于蝶腭孔的前下方 ,蝶腭动脉分出的鼻后外侧动脉的前方。筛骨嵴与前鼻棘间距为 ( 5 0 .5 4± 3 .2 8)mm ,与下鼻甲上端垂直间距为 ( 9.99± 1 .79)mm ,与中鼻甲后端间距为 ( 9.5 1± 1 .88)mm。结论 :筛骨嵴是经鼻内镜下定位蝶腭动脉及蝶腭孔的重要解剖标志     

内窥镜蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术应用解剖学研究

１１０个头部标本和蝶窦解剖观察测量表明，蝶窦双侧气比相同占４１．８％，不同占５８．２％，前鼻棘玛蝶窦口和鞍底的距离分别为５４．６ｍｍ和７１．３ｍｍ蝶窦口和鞍底与鼻底的角度分别为３２．６°３３．１°，视神经管和颈内动脉在蝶窦内形成隆起的比率分别是５２．７％５０．９％，中讨论了蝶窦气化类型，蝶窦膜性开口和中隔，以及蝶窦与视神经管和颈内动脉的毗邻关系在内窥镜蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术时的意义。     

蝶窦前壁的外科解剖学研究

目的　探讨蝶窦前壁区的解剖特征及其在经蝶窦入路手术中的意义。 方法　用15例（30侧）成人头部标本及20例（40侧）成人头骨标本,在手术显微镜下对蝶窦前壁骨质、蝶腭动脉及其分支等结构进行观察和测量。 结果 蝶窦前壁的基本形态酷似鸟头,正中线棱状高起,两侧为鸟眼样的蝶窦口,下方为鸟喙样的蝶嘴。蝶窦口距上鼻道末端（14.5±1.1）mm,距后鼻孔上缘（12.2±1.0）mm,距鼻后中隔动脉上支（8.2±0.5)mm。自鼻孔伸入探条探测蝶窦前壁时,所探及的“最浅点”大致位于蝶窦口与后鼻孔之间的中点附近。蝶腭孔位于蝶窦口的外下方和中鼻甲的后端区域,与蝶窦口间距(6.9±1.3)mm,两侧蝶腭孔内侧缘间距(18.2±2.5)mm。 结论 蝶窦前壁具有特征性的形态,蝶窦口大致位于蝶窦前壁的上中1/3交界处,其下方的骨质向前方突起。蝶腭孔位于蝶窦口下外侧方约7 mm处,经蝶窦入路手术中可以依此定位蝶腭孔。     

内窥镜下第三脑室手术的应用解剖

目的 :为神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室手术提供解剖学资料。方法 :对 2 1例成人尸头固定标本进行第三脑室的解剖观察和测量 ,对 9具新鲜尸头进行经室间孔入路神经内窥镜下第三脑室的解剖学观察。结果 :室间孔长径、宽径为 (5 .4± 1.2 )mm、(2 .7± 0 .9)mm ,中间块长径、宽径为 (6.8± 2 .3 )mm、(3 .8± 1.0 )mm ,前后联合间距 (2 1.8± 2 .1)mm ,前、后联合到中间块为 (6.3± 0 .8)mm、(8.8± 1.3 )mm ,前后联合中点处第三脑室高度 (13 .8± 1.4)mm ,室间孔下、后联合前及中间块上、下第三脑室宽度分别为 (6.3±2 .2 )mm、(4 .9± 1.8)mm、(3 .4± 1.6)mm和 (4 .3± 1.8)mm ,中间块上、下最小高度为 (4 .4± 1.3 )mm和(4 .3± 1.3 )mm。内窥镜可较清晰显示第三脑室内结构 ,但中间块可影响显露。结论 :内窥镜下经室间孔入路进行第三脑室手术有一个理想的操作空间。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.