皮瓣结合外固定架治疗胫骨骨折伴小腿软组织缺损

[目的]探讨小腿软组织缺损伴有胫骨骨折或骨缺损的有效治疗方法，[方法]对5例小腿大面积软绀织缺损同时伴有胫骨骨折或骨缺损的病例，采用游离皮瓣腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣小腿内侧皮瓣等移植加外固定架结合的方法治疗，[结果]5例小腿创面均愈合，外同定架固定骨折在6～14个月内愈合，[结论]外同定架与皮瓣结合是治疗小腿大面积软组织缺损伴有骨折、骨缺损的一种良好办法。     

隐神经营养血管皮瓣联合外固定架治疗儿童小腿骨折伴软组织缺损（英文）

[目的]探讨隐神经营养血管皮瓣结合外固定架治疗儿童胫骨骨折伴小腿软组织缺损的临床效果。[方法]选取胫骨骨折伴小腿软组织缺损患儿8例,采用一期组合外固定架固定骨折,4例一期隐神经营养血管皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损;4例二期隐神经营养血管皮瓣移植修复软组织缺损。[结果]术后随访时间为6¹8个月,8例隐神经营养血管皮瓣移植后全部成活,质地与色泽较好,供区伤口一期愈合,无原发性感染。骨折全部愈合,骨折愈合时间为1.518个月,8例隐神经营养血管皮瓣移植后全部成活,质地与色泽较好,供区伤口一期愈合,无原发性感染。骨折全部愈合,骨折愈合时间为1.5²个月,平均1.8个月,所有肢体血运正常,无断钉和螺钉拔出。去除外固后未发生再骨折,且无继发骨髓炎及骨关节感染发生,肢体外形与功能满意。[结论]儿童胫骨骨折伴小腿软组织缺损,治疗关键在于有效覆盖创面和骨折端的可靠固定。应用隐神经营养血管皮瓣移植修复、重建软组织;结合外固定架快速、有效、可靠的固定各型骨折,可以避免儿童患肢功能障碍。     

Ilizarov外固定架骨搬移技术联合皮瓣、VSD技术治疗胫骨长段骨缺损及骨外露的疗效分析

[目的]探讨和总结Ilizarov外固定架骨搬移技术联合皮瓣、VSD技术治疗胫骨长段骨缺损及骨外露的手术方法及其疗效。[方法]本科2011年10月~2013年12月应用Ilizarov环形外固定架联合皮瓣、VSD技术治疗胫骨长段骨缺损及骨外露患者16例;小腿软组织缺损范围(4.0~6.0)cm×(3.0~4.5)cm,胫骨骨缺损长度4.5~8.0 cm,平均6 cm。先清创取出死骨块、VSD技术覆盖创面控制感染,再用Ilizarov骨搬移技术使骨缺损修复,骨折愈合。参照Paley评价标准进行功能评价,并分析其骨折愈合时间、带外固定架时间、术后患肢功能恢复情况。[结果]所有病例均获得随访,随访时间9~24个月,平均10.5个月。其中11例应用皮瓣转移覆盖创面修复,3例通过游离皮片移植创面愈合,2例经换药愈合,软组织修复良好。使用VSD 3~6期,平均4.8期;带外固定架时间6~18个月,平均10.3个月;骨段搬移延长4.5~8.0 cm,平均6 cm;骨折愈合时间6~15个月,平均9.8个月。根据Paley骨折愈合与功能分级评价骨搬移结果及功能,优9例,良5例,可2例。[结论]Ilizarov外固定架骨搬移技术联合皮瓣、VSD技术治疗胫骨长段骨缺损及骨外露具有操作简便、疗效肯定、并发症发生率低、可随时调整纠正畸形等优点,值得推广。     

外固定架结合皮瓣技术治疗合并软组织缺损的胫骨和腓骨骨折

目的应用外固定架结合皮瓣技术治疗合并软组织缺损的胫、腓骨骨折。方法应用单臂或环型外固定架固定胫骨骨折，根据小腿皮肤软组织损伤情况选用背阔肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、腓肠肌皮瓣、足背岛状皮瓣等8种不同皮瓣修复。结果临床应用30例，其中合并软组织缺损的胫、腓骨骨折急诊治疗16例、骨或钢板外露12例、骨不愈合及软组织瘢痕2例。经2年以上随访全部骨折均愈合，无感染发生。2例皮瓣出现小面积组织坏死，经换药后治愈，其余皮瓣成活良好。结论应用外固定架结合皮瓣技术是治疗合并软组织缺损的胫、腓骨骨折的有效方法。     

骨搬移联合皮瓣移植术在小腿医源性感染治疗中的应用

目的总结骨搬移联合皮瓣移植术修复胫骨骨折内固定术后医源性感染导致皮肤软组织及骨缺损的经验。方法自2009-06—2013-02诊治13例胫骨骨折内固定术后医源性感染而发生骨髓炎患者,皮肤软组织缺损采用游离皮瓣进行修复;骨缺损修复二期进行,均采用Ilizarov环形外固定架作为牵张和外固定支具。结果 13例均获得随访6~48个月,平均14个月。10例创面一期愈合,3例皮瓣部分坏死,再次行交腿皮瓣和局部皮瓣转移修复,1例成功,2例因感染迁延不愈而截肢。11例骨再生良好,6例骨端一期愈合,5例完成牵张过程后二次手术植骨愈合。结论 Ilizalov技术能很好地促进骨缺损后骨的再生,结合皮瓣移植术治疗医源性感染后发生的骨髓炎效果良好。     

分期治疗伴有皮肤软组织缺损的胫腓骨骨折

目的探讨分期治疗伴有皮肤软组织缺损的胫腓骨骨折的临床疗效。方法36例伴有皮肤软组织缺损的胫腓骨骨折急诊采用外固定架固定同时皮瓣转移修复11例,急诊钢板或髓内钉内固定同时皮瓣转移修复7例;急诊先行外固定架固定VSD负压引流装置覆盖创面,再二期皮瓣转移修复18例。结果32例伤口一期愈合,4例伤口表皮发生坏死,经过换药后愈合。1例发生骨折延迟愈合,未发生畸形愈合。外固定架针道感染6例,外固定取出后痊愈,6例骨髓炎一次性治愈。随访6—34个月,骨折平均愈合时间为（8．25±1．63）个月。结论伴有皮肤软组织缺损的胫腓骨骨折通过分期治疗可获得满意的临床治疗效果,值得推广应用。     

邻近皮瓣转移结合外固定架联合治疗合并软组织缺损的胫腓骨骨折

[目的]探讨邻近皮瓣转移结合外固定架治疗合并软组织缺损的胫腓骨骨折的疗效. [方法]根据小腿软组织缺损情况选用邻近腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,隐神经营养血管皮瓣,腓肠肌内外侧头肌皮瓣等不同皮瓣修复创面,创面缺损面积4.5 cm×3 cm～16 cm×8 cm,切取较创面缺损面积稍大的皮瓣覆盖修复创面,应用单臂及半环形外固定架固定胫骨骨折. [结果]临床应用15例,其中胫腓骨开放性陈旧性骨折合并软组织缺损、骨外露9例,急诊胫腓骨开放性骨折、皮肤软组织缺损3例,胫腓骨骨折不愈合并贴骨瘢痕3例;所有转移皮瓣全部成活良好,经12～72个月随访,平均36个月,全部病例骨折均愈合,无感染发生,下肢功能恢复良好. [结论]邻近皮瓣转移结合外固定架技术的联合应用是治疗合并软组织缺损的胫腓骨骨折的切实有效方法.     

髂骨皮瓣移植加外固定器固定修复胫骨缺损伴小腿软组织缺损

目的 探讨髂骨皮瓣移植加外固定器固定修复胫骨缺损伴小腿软组织缺损的方法和临床效果。方法1998年5月～2001年5月,应用Bastiani外固定器固定腔骨骨折及缺损端,同时行旋骼深血管为蒂的骼骨皮瓣移植,治疗腔骨缺损伴小腿软组织缺损共22例。男15例,女7例;年龄16～58岁,平均37岁。随访5～36个月,平均25.5个月。结果22例髂骨皮瓣均完全成活,胚骨及软组织缺损Ⅰ期修复,骨外固定器固定牢固,骨折愈合快,植骨与骨折端于术后2～4个月达临床愈合,术后3～6个月达骨性愈合。患肢功能恢复良好,无一例发生骨不连、骨坏死、关节僵直等并发症。结论 吻合旋骼深血管的髂骨皮瓣移植,可Ⅰ期修复胫骨缺损伴小腿软组织缺损。结合骨外固定器固定,可为植骨愈合创造便利条件,且固定牢靠,受区创伤小,可早期进行功能锻炼,避免应力遮挡,促进骨折愈合,是目前治疗胚骨缺损伴小腿软组织缺损的有效方法。     

一期游离组织瓣移植二期Ilizarov技术手术治疗小腿大面积软组织缺损并大段胫骨缺损

目的探讨一期游离组织瓣移植二期Ilizarov技术手术治疗小腿大面积软组织缺损并大段胫骨缺损的疗效。方法笔者自2008-10—2014-10应用一期游离组织瓣移植二期Ilizarov技术手术治疗小腿大面积软组织缺损并大段胫骨缺损28例,感染性骨缺损23例,非感染性骨缺损5例。结果 28例均获随访1.5~3.0年,平均2.1年。创面游离组织瓣及皮片均成活,愈合时间3~10周,平均6周。其中创面一期愈合10例,游离组织瓣术后游离植皮12例,游离组织瓣术后换药治疗创面愈合6例。本组5例骨折对合端对位良好,直接愈合;其余23例由于新生骨轴向偏移、骨折端软组织嵌入使断端对位欠佳,行外固定架调整、取自体髂骨移植术,术后对合端均愈合。去除外固定架时间10~26个月,平均18个月,骨愈合指数1.4~1.8个月,平均1.6个月。伤肢均恢复无辅助下行走功能,15例步态正常,7例因腓总神经损失或伸肌群缺损而跛行,6例因踝关节活动受限而跛行。结论一期游离组织瓣移植二期Ilizarov技术手术治疗小腿大面积软组织缺损并大段胫骨缺损安全性高,供区损伤小,肢体功能恢复好。     

小腿外侧腓骨皮瓣交腿修复合并血管损伤的大段胫骨骨感染及缺损

 目的 探讨小腿外侧腓骨皮瓣交腿修复合并血管损伤、大面积皮肤软组织缺损的大段胫骨骨感染及缺损的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2004 年9 月至2008 年9月治疗8 例合并血管损伤的大段胫骨骨感染及缺损患者资料, 男6 例, 女2 例;年龄19~55 岁, 平均36 岁;病史2 周至3 个月, 平均2 个月;胫骨缺损长度8~20 cm, 平均13 cm;皮肤缺损面积10 cm x 7 cm~22 cm x 12 cm。彻底清创, 根据皮肤软组织缺损面积及胫骨缺损长度在健侧小腿设计外侧腓骨皮瓣的切取范围、腓骨切取长度、切取位置。切取皮瓣及腓骨, 将双下肢交叉于蒂部松弛位置, 外固定支架固定, 腓骨修复胫骨骨缺损, 外固定支架一期重建胫骨稳定性, 皮瓣覆盖创面修复皮肤软组织缺损。术后4~6 周, 二次手术断蒂。结果 8 例患者全部获得随访, 随访时间6~36 个月, 平均24 个月。术后8 例移植组织全部成活, 无一例发生感染及骨髓炎, 皮瓣均在术后2 周顺利愈合;骨折愈合时间6~15 个月, 平均11 个月;移植皮瓣外形良好;患者基本恢复负重行走功能。末次随访时, 根据Edwards 胫骨骨折评定标准, 优4 例, 良2 例, 差2 例。结论 小腿外侧腓骨皮瓣交腿修复合并血管损伤、大面积皮肤软组织缺损的大段胫骨骨感染及缺损具有手术操作相对简单、成功率高、疗效好等优点, 可恢复患者下肢行走功能。     

改良延迟小腿内侧逆行筋膜皮瓣交腿移植修复下肢复杂创面

目的：探讨小腿内侧逆行筋膜皮瓣经改良延迟处理后交腿移植修复下肢复杂创面的临床应用效果,并总结改良方法。方法：针对不同的创面修复要求分别对拟转移的健侧小腿内侧逆行筋膜皮瓣进行针对性改良延迟处理,交腿移植修复骨、肌腱、关节、钢板外露创面12个病例17个创面。结果：全部病例移植的皮瓣均一期完全成活,随访4个月～2年,骨折愈合,外固定架、钢板均去除,外形和功能恢复良好。结论：小腿内侧逆行筋膜皮瓣在进行改良性延迟处理后,交腿移植修复创面可获得更好外形和功能恢复,且操作简便,安全可靠。     

小腿严重开放性骨折伴软组织缺损的治疗

目的 探讨小腿严重开放性骨折伴软组织缺损(Gustilo ⅢB型或ⅢC型)的治疗方法.方法 1990年1月至2008年12月,收治开放性胫腓骨骨折53例,其中Gustilo ⅢB型45例,ⅢC型8例.软组织缺损面积为6 cm×4 cm～18 cm×8 cm,8例伴骨缺损.急诊行骨折复位同定和血管修复,二期对软组织或骨缺损采用13种53块组织瓣移位或移植修复.骨折外固定支架固定35例,内固定16例,骨牵引及石膏固定2例.皮瓣或肌皮瓣47例,骨皮瓣6例.结果 51例获得随访,时间8个月～9年(平均18个月).骨折顺利愈合44例,愈合时间3.5～9.5个月,平均6.5个月.骨延迟愈合4例,骨不愈合3例,经手术植骨(5例)或骨外固定支架加压同定治疗(2例)均治愈.组织瓣移植53块,成活51块,坏死2块,成活率为96.2%.无截肢病例.结论 Gustilo ⅢB型或ⅢC型小腿严重开放性骨折,初期清创并采用以骨外支架为主的方法固定骨折,二期采用适当组织瓣移植修复软组织或骨缺损,是安全有效的治疗策略.     

游离胸脐皮瓣与单侧外固定支架联合应用修复小腿严重创伤

目的探讨应用吻合血管游离胸脐皮瓣与单侧外固定支架联合修复小腿严重创伤的疗效。方法应用单侧外固定架固定胫骨骨折,重建肢体血运,延期应用吻合血管的游离胸脐皮瓣修复小腿软组织缺损17例。结果17例经2年~3年4个月随访,全部骨折均愈合。无感染发生,2例皮瓣出现小面积组织坏死,经换药后治愈,其余皮瓣成活良好。结论应用游离胸脐皮瓣与单侧外固定支架联合应用修复小腿严重创伤是有效的方法。     

Repair and reconstruction of severe leg injuries： retrospective review of eighty-five patients

Objective:To explore a good way of the reconstruction of severe tibial shaft fractures by using different flaps and external fixators. Methods: Eighty-five patients of TypeⅢC tibial shaft fractures with average age of 42.5 years were treated in our hospital from 1990 to 2005. Injuries were caused by motorcycle accidents in 66 patients, by machine accidents in 16 patients, and by stone bruise in 3 patients. The management procedures consisted of administration of antibiotics, serial debridment, bone grafting if needed, application of different flaps, such as free thoracoumbilical flaps, fasciocutaneous flaps, saphenous neurocutaneous vascular flaps, sural neurocutaneous vascular flaps and gastrocnemius muscular flaps, and different external fixations, for instance, half-ring fixators, unilateral axial dynamic fixators, AO fixators, Weifang fixators, and Hybrid fixators. The average follow up was 6.3 years. Results: All flaps survived. Eighty-three cases had bone healed. The average bone healing time of different external fixations was 5.5 months in 47 cases with half-ring fixators, 9.2 months in 4 cases treated with unilateral axial dynamic fixators, 8.5 months in 6 cases with AO fixators, 10.7 months in 16 cases with Weifang fixators, and 7.8 months in 10 cases with assembly fixators. Except half-ring fixation, other fixations all needed necessary bone graft. Two cases treated with unilateral axial dynamic fixators had nonunion of bone and developed osteomyelitis. The wounds healed after the removal of the fixators and immobilization by plaster. The last follow up examination showed ankle and knee motion was normal and no pain was noted. Conclusions: The combination of half-ring external fixators with various flaps provides good results for TypeⅢC tibial shaft fractures.     

Subacute reconstruction of lower leg and foot defects due to high velocity-high energy injuries caused by gunshots, missiles, and land mines

The present study reviews 215 male patients suffering high velocity-high energy injuries of the lower leg or foot caused by war weapons such as missiles, gunshots, and land mines. They were treated in the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Gulhane Military Medical Academy (Ankara, Turkey) between November 1993-January 2001. Severe soft-tissue defects requiring flap coverage and associated open bone fractures that were treated 7-21 days (mean, 9.6 days) after the injury were included in the study. Twenty-three of 226 extremities (10.2%) underwent primary below-knee amputation. The number of debridements prior to definitive treatment was between 1-3 (mean, 1.9). Gustilo type III open tibia fractures accompanied 104 of 126 soft-tissue defects of the lower leg. Sixty-four bone defects accompanied 83 soft-tissue defects of the feet. Eighteen local pedicled muscle flaps and 208 free muscle flaps (latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, and gracilis) were used in soft-tissue coverage of 209 defects. Overall, the free muscle flap success rate was 91.3%. Bone defects were restored with 106 bone grafts, 25 free fibula flaps, and 14 distraction osteogenesis procedures. Osseous and soft-tissue defects were reconstructed simultaneously at the first definitive treatment in 94% of cases. The mean follow-up after definitive treatment was 25 (range, 9-47) months. The average full weight-bearing times for lower leg and feet injuries were 8.4 months and 4 months, respectively. Early, aggressive, and serial debridement of osseous and soft tissue, early restoration of bone and soft-tissue defects at the same stage, intensive rehabilitation, and patient education were the key points in the management of high velocity-high energy injuries of the lower leg and foot.     

小腿前外侧的皮瓣及筋膜瓣的临床应用

目的介绍小腿前外侧的皮瓣筋膜瓣的应用解剖、手术方式、方法及临床应用。方法在14侧成人下肢标本及1条断腿上,观察了腓浅血管的起始部位、行程及皮支的分布情况,设计了小腿前外侧组织瓣的4种术式。1988年以来,临床应用26例。结果术后皮瓣筋膜瓣全部成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合23例,Ⅱ期愈合3例,20例随访4个月到5年,情况稳定良好,无复发。结论手术操作简单、安全可靠,对供区影响小,是修复小腿及对侧踝及跟部后方创面及治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎的一种可供选用的方法。     

小腿前外侧的皮瓣及筋膜瓣的临床应用

目的介绍小腿前外侧的皮瓣筋膜瓣的应用解剖、手术方式、方法及临床应用。方法在１４侧成人下肢标本及１条断腿上,观察了腓浅血管的起始部位、行程及皮支的分布情况,设计了小腿前外侧组织瓣的４种术式。１９８８年以来,临床应用２６例。结果术后皮瓣筋膜瓣全部成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合２３例,Ⅱ期愈合３例,２０例随访４个月到５年,情况稳定良好,无复发。结论手术操作简单、安全可靠,对供区影响小,是修复小腿及对侧踝及跟部后方创面及治疗胫骨慢性骨髓炎的一种可供选用的方法。     

小腿前外侧的皮瓣及筋膜瓣的临床应用

目的 介绍小腿前外侧的皮瓣筋膜瓣的应用解剖、手术方式、方法及临床应用。方法 在１４侧成人下肢标本及１条断腿上,观察了腓浅血管的起始部位、行程及皮支的分布情况,设计了小腿前外侧组织瓣的４种术式。１９９８年以来,临床应用２６例。结果 术后皮折筋膜全部成活,切口Ⅰ期愈合２３例,Ⅱ期愈合３例,２０例随访４个月到５年,情况稳定良好,无复发。结论 手术操作简单、安全可靠,对供区影响小,是修复小腿及对侧踝及跟部     

Bifocal compression-distraction in the acute treatment of grade III open tibia fractures with bone and soft-tissue loss: a report of 24 cases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of bifocal compression-distraction method for the acute treatment of open tibia fractures with bone and soft-tissue loss. DESIGN: Patients were selected for bifocal compression-distraction (shortening and lengthening) who had open tibia fractures with bone and soft-tissue loss and a Mangled Extremity Severe Score of 6 and below indicating good leg viability. PATIENTS: Bifocal compression-distraction osteogenesis using the Ilizarov type circular external fixator was applied to 24 patients with 14 grade IIIA and 10 grade IIIB open tibia fractures with bone and soft-tissue loss. Mean age of the patients was 30.6 years (range 18-53). The mean bone defect was 5 cm (range 3-8.5). The mean soft tissue defect was 2.5 x 3.5 (1 x 2-10 x 5) cm. INTERVENTIONS: Acute shortening at the fracture site was done for patients with bone defects up to 3 cm to achieve apposition of bone ends. Gradual shortening at a rate of 2 mm/d was done for patients who had bone defects more than 3 cm. Leg length discrepancy was overcome by lengthening at the same time through a corticotomy at a proximal or distal level depending on fracture localization, until there was equalization of leg lengths. RESULTS: Mean follow-up period was 30 months (range 18-60). Mean bone healing time was 7.5 months (range 4-11). The mean time in external fixation was 7.1 months (range 3-10), and the average external fixator index was 1.4 months/cm. Results were evaluated using the Paley bone and functional assessment scores. The bone assessment results were excellent in 21 and good in 3 patients. Functional assessment scores were excellent in 19, good in 4, and fair in 1 patient. Pin site infections were present in 10.7% of the pin sites. There were 52 complications in 24 patients, for a complication rate per patient of 2.08. Of the complications, 48.1% were problems (minor complications), 38.5% obstacles (major complications requiring a surgical solution), and 13.4% sequelae (true complications). Minor complications included soft tissue inflammation and infection, translation/angulation, and delayed maturation during distraction and transient knee contracture and loss of motion. All grade 1 and 2 soft tissue inflammations and infections healed with nonoperative therapy. Major complications included pin tract infection and reinfection, equinus deformity, frame failure, and premature consolidation, all of which required additional surgery to correct the problem. Sequelae included leg length discrepancy, loss of knee/ankle range of motion, knee flexion contracture, malalignment, and chronic osteomyelitis. CONCLUSION: Bifocal compression-distraction osteogenesis is a safe, reliable, and largely successful method for the acute treatment of open tibia fractures with bone and soft-tissue loss. Further nonoperative or operative treatment can correct most complications.