Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have higher risk for acute pancreatitis compared with those without diabetes

Aim: The aetiology of acute pancreatitis (AP) is complex, and many risk factors for AP are shared by patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, few have assessed risk factors for AP specifically in T2DM patients. Methods: Patients in the General Practice Research Database (2 984 755, 5.0% with T2DM) were used to estimate incidence of AP for T2DM relative to non‐diabetes, adjusting for prior pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, obesity, smoking and alcohol use. Multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusting for risk factors and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Between 2003 and 2007, 301 of 148 903 patients with T2DM and 2434 of almost 3 million patients without diabetes developed AP. Patients with T2DM had higher risk for AP compared with patients without diabetes (crude HR: 2.89, 95% CI: 2.56–3.27). Patients with T2DM had significantly higher rates of prior alcohol and tobacco exposure (44.2 and 61.9% vs. 34.1 and 35.9%, p < 0.001) and of comorbid conditions (14.7% with CCI ≥1 vs. 4.3%, p < 0.001). Histories of obesity, pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, smoking or alcohol use were significant predictors of AP. After adjusting for these factors, age, gender and comorbidities, the risk of developing AP remained elevated in patients with T2DM (adjusted HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.31–1.70). Conclusion: After adjusting for risk factors, patients with T2DM had an elevated risk of AP compared with patients without diabetes. Physicians should be aware of the increased risk in patients with T2DM, particularly in those with prior pancreatitis.     

Screening for type 2 diabetes: an update of the evidence

A growing body of evidence on diabetes screening has been published during the last 10 years. Type 2 diabetes meets many but not all of the criteria for screening. Concerns about potential harms of screening have largely been resolved. Screening identifies a high-risk population with the potential to gain from widely available interventions. However, in spite of the findings of modelling studies, the size of the benefit of earlier initiation of treatment and the overall cost-effectiveness remains uncertain, in contrast to other screening programmes (such as for abdominal aortic aneurysms) that are yet to be fully implemented. There is also uncertainty about optimal specifications and implementation of a screening programme, and further work to complete concerning development and delivery of individual- and population-level preventive strategies. While there is growing evidence of the net benefit of earlier detection of individuals with prevalent but undiagnosed diabetes, there remains limited justification for a policy of universal population-based screening for type 2 diabetes at the present time. Data from ongoing studies should inform the key assumptions in existing modelling studies and further reduce uncertainty.     

老年2型糖尿病肾功能异常的相关影响因素分析

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）肾功能异常的相关影响因素及临床意义。方法回顾性分析1997-2006年在解放军总医院住院治疗的老年T2DM患者临床资料,根据其肾小球滤过率（GFR）水平分为：GFR≥90（A组）、60～90（B组）、〈60（C组,肾功能异常组）ml/（min.1.73m^2）。对各组临床及实验室指标进行比较。结果共收集老年T2DM病例525例,A组159例（30.3%）,B组239例（45.5%）,C组127例（24.2%）。临床诊断糖尿病肾病（DN）者占13.7%,合并高血压者占71.05%;肾功能异常组中,DN仅占29.9%。在老年T2DM中,高血压病程、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、餐后2h血糖（2hPBG）、血清总胆固醇（TC）、血尿酸（BUa）为肾功能异常的独立相关影响因素,且高血压对其肾功能的影响更为显著。随血压水平增高、DM病程延长、尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（Alb/Cr）增加,GFR下降,肾功能异常发生率增加。血压〈130/80mmHg、≥130/80mmHg者,肾功能异常发生率分别为4.09%、41.72%;DM病程〈5年、5～10年、〉10年者,肾功能异常发生率依次为18.64%、26.09%和28.90%;尿Alb/Cr〈30、30～299、≥300mg/g者,肾功能异常发生率分别为10.53%、40.38%和75%。结论老年T2DM肾功能异常的影响因素较多,高血压病程、SBP、DBP、2hPBG、TC、BUa与之独立相关,高血压对其影响更为显著。血压、血糖控制良好为保护因素,针对上述影响因素的综合治疗对预防及延缓肾功能异常的发生、发展有重要的临床意义。     

Exercise is not associated with better diabetes control in type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects

In the clinical setting, the impact of educational efforts on the amount of regular exercise and its effects on diabetes control are unclear. Fifty type 1 diabetic, 50 type 2 diabetic and 70 non-diabetic subjects were evaluated using a questionnaire for type, duration and intensity of exercise to assess weekly energy expenditure. Diabetic subjects did not exercise more than controls: 36% of the type 1, 46% of the type 2 and 46% of the control subjects admitted no physical activity, and those exercising regularly had similar energy expenditure: 1808±320, 2722±617, 2523±304 (mean±SEM) kcal/week respectively (P=NS). There was no correlation between the degree of activity and HbA_1c levels, or hypoglycaemic events. HbA_1c levels were less than 6,8% in 31% of non-active active patients versus 21% of active patients (P=NS). A negative correlation was found between physical activity and daily insulin usage (r=0.27,P<0.05), but differences between patients averaged only 4 IU/1000 kcal energy expenditure/day. We conclude that patients' attitude towards exercise was not improved by our educational methods and that physical exercise was not necessarily associated with good blood glucose control.     

2型糖尿病与肺癌的相关性

研究表明2型糖尿病可能增加肺癌发生的风险，但其尚缺乏有力的相关机制研究。本文从2型糖尿病和肺癌间的流行病学特点、2型糖尿病患者的肺癌发病率升高、高血糖、胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、胰岛素样生长因子、血管内皮生长因子、炎症细胞因子、激素调节功能紊乱、免疫系统功能降低、微量元素及降糖药物等方面综述二者可能的相关性，但2型糖尿病加重肺癌的机制仍需要大量研究证明。     

艾塞那肽治疗肥胖2型糖尿病23例临床分析

在2型糖尿病患者中存在较为严重的胰岛素抵抗,患者血糖波动大,不易控制。艾塞那肽(exenatide)是胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂,是一种新型的2型糖尿病治疗药物。本研究就艾塞那肽在肥胖2型糖尿病患者中的作用与疗效进行探讨。     

合并2型糖尿病的甲状腺疾病的管理

甲状腺疾病和2型糖尿病是内分泌代谢性疾病中最常见的两种疾病.糖尿病对甲状腺疾病会产生影响,糖尿病急症或严重感染可能会诱发甲状腺危象;甲状腺疾病及抗甲状腺药物或糖皮质激素等另一方面又影响到糖代谢,导致血糖波动甚至心血管风险增加,故合并2型糖尿病的甲状腺疾病患者病情较复杂.文章就合并2型糖尿病的甲状腺疾病包括甲状腺功能亢进...     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并2型糖尿病血糖管理

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并2型糖尿病患者的降糖方案。方法 51例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并2型糖尿病患者随机分为A组和B组。A组使用预混胰岛素治疗,B组在A组方案基础上加用艾塞那肽治疗,随访4个月,比较两组患者血糖控制、胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛β细胞功能以及血脂、呼吸功能等变化情况。结果两组患者血糖均得到良好控制,B组患者BMI、TG、HOMA-IR较A组低;HOMA-β、FC-P较A组高。另外,两组呼吸功能均有改善,B组AHI、ESS评分低于A组;SPO2、最低SPO2较A组高。结论 OSAS合并2型糖尿病患者采用艾塞那肽联合胰岛素治疗可以安全有效控制血糖,调节血脂,改善胰岛素抵抗,进而改善低氧血症。     

The changing world demography of type 2 diabetes

In recent years it has been estimated that the current global prevalence of type 2 diabetes amounts to about 150 million patients. Projections suggest that by the year 2025 the number of prevalent patients in the world will reach approximately 300 million. It is assumed that the increase in the number of patients will be most pronounced in nations currently undergoing socio-economic development including increasing urbanization. The technique used to provide these estimates is based on results from available, contemporary survey results, combined with expected future trends in demographic indicators. We suggest that the currently available methods for the estimation of the future global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus yield underestimates. Further modifications and validity tests of the modelling techniques are necessary in order to develop a reliable instrument to globally monitor the effects of the struggle against the diabetes problem.     

Baseline factors associated with glycaemic response to treatment with once‐weekly dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes

Dulaglutide glycaemic efficacy has been demonstrated in the AWARD clinical trial programme. The objective of the present analysis was to determine the major baseline factors associated with the reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in response to dulaglutide. Baseline covariates from patients receiving dulaglutide in six phase III studies (n = 2806) were analysed using a gradient‐boosting method to assess their relative influence on the change in HbA1c after 26 weeks of treatment. Influential variables (relative influence >5%) were further evaluated in univariate and multivariable modelling. The gradient‐boosting analysis showed that the top influential baseline factors associated with HbA1c reduction were: HbA1c (48.8%), age (9.1%), fasting serum glucose (FSG; 8.2%), fasting serum insulin (FSI; 6.7%) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; 5.4%). Multivariable regression showed that higher baseline HbA1c was the major factor associated with greater HbA1c reduction [coefficient estimates: ?0.6% (?6.6 mmol/mol); p < 0.0001]. Age ≤65 years, lower FSG level, FSI level ≤55 pmol/L and eGFR ≤100 mL/min/1.73 m² were associated with greater decreases in HbA1c, but the effect was very small [coefficient estimates: ?0.05% to ?0.2% (?0.6 to ?2.2 mmol/mol)]. These data indicate that higher baseline HbA1c, reflecting poor glycaemic status, is the major factor associated with greater reduction in HbA1c in response to dulaglutide treatment.     

Curalin supplement for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective

To examine the efficacy and safety of Curalin supplement in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Research design and methods

Adult patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized 1:1 to receive Curalin supplement or placebo. The primary endpoint was HbA1c decrease at 1 month. The secondary endpoint was a decrease in HbA1c by more than 0.5% and 1% and a change in 7 daily blood glucose measurements. A satisfaction questionnaire was used as an exploratory endpoint. Safety variables and adverse events were assessed.

Results

After 1 month of intervention, HbA1c was reduced by 0.94% in the Curalin arm versus 0.4% in the placebo arm (P = 0.008). 72% of Curalin patients had decreased HbA1c levels >0.5% versus 35% in the placebo arm (P < 0.05). The Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire indicated that Curalin arm patients reported higher overall satisfaction.

Conclusions

Curalin treatment significantly reduced HbA1c over a 1-month period and was well-tolerated.