扁桃体与IgA肾病的发病和治疗

自从1968年法国学者Berger首先报道IgA肾病以来,30多年的研究表明,以肾小球系膜区IgA沉积为特征的IgA肾病是最常见的、慢性进展的原发性肾小球疾病。因其发病机制不明,至今仍缺乏行之有效的治疗[1]。由于IgA肾病患者扁桃体感染后常常出现肉眼血尿或尿检异常加重,因此IgA肾病与扁桃体的关系一直受到人们的关注,文章也很多,但系统阐述扁桃体与IgA肾病关系的专论或综述很少。现根据我们最近在国际肾脏病杂志上发表的2篇有关IgA肾病与扁桃体的论著[2]和综述[3],对其二者之间关系进一步深入阐述,从而加深大家对IgA肾病发病机制和治疗的进…     

血清尿酸对IgA肾病临床病理及预后的影响

目的 探讨血清尿酸对IgA肾病临床病理及预后的影响。 方法 对我院348例经肾穿刺活检确诊为原发性IgA肾病患者的临床、病理及随访资料进行回顾性分析。 结果 不同肾小球滤过率（GFR）的高尿酸组患者尿蛋白量（24 h）、BUN及Scr等与非高尿酸组患者差异均无统计学意义。高血尿酸组患者球性硬化、肾小管间质积分、血管病变积分的病理改变与非高尿酸组差异有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）。随访结束时,高尿酸组GFR下降和终末期肾衰竭的发生率均高于非高尿酸组,分别为40.82%比15.70%和64.71%比35.00%（P ＜ 0.05）。 结论 不同血清尿酸水平的IgA肾病临床表现相似,但病理存在差异,且影响患者的预后。加强血清尿酸水平随访具有重要的意义。     

IgA肾病患者腭扁桃体单个核细胞IgA类别转换基因表达变化

目的 研究脂多糖(LPS)或溶血性链球菌(HS)刺激IgA肾病和非肾脏疾病慢性扁桃体炎患者腭扁桃体单个核细胞Iα-Cα胚系转录本、激活诱导的胞嘧啶脱氨酶(AID)mRNA和蛋白的表达,以探讨IgA肾病腭扁桃体单个核细胞IgA及IgA1产生异常的分子机制.方法 入组2009年1月到2010年2月在我院住院的IgA肾病患者27例,非肾脏疾病慢性扁桃体炎患者27例作为对照.通过单个核细胞分离液和密度梯度离心法分离出腭扁桃体单个核细胞.IgA肾病组及非肾脏疾病慢性扁桃体炎组腭扁桃体单个核细胞分别分为3组:LPS刺激组,HS刺激组和未刺激组.ELISA法检测培养上清中IgA和IgA1的浓度.实时PCR检测Iα-Cα胚系转录本和AID mRNA的表达;Western印迹检测AID蛋白的表达.结果 IgA肾病组腭扁桃体单个核细胞IgA和IgA1的分泌,特别是IgA1/IgA较慢性扁桃体炎组显著增加(P＜0.05),Iα-Cα和AID mRNA和AID蛋白的表达较慢性扁桃体炎组显著增加(均P＜0.05).IgA肾病组腭扁桃体单个核细胞IgA和IgA1的水平在刺激后明显增加(P＜0.05);Iα-Cα和AID mRNA的表达明显上调(均P＜0.05);AID蛋白表达明显增加(LPS刺激组P＜0.05,HS刺激组P＜0.01).结论 LPS和HS均能够诱导IgA肾病患者腭扁桃体单个核细胞IgA和IgA1的分泌、AID和Iα-Cα的表达增加,提示IgA肾病患者腭扁桃体IgA和IgA1的分泌增加可能与IgA类别转换相关基因AID和Iα-Cα高表达有关.     

IgA肾病患者扁桃体B1a细胞和IgA1阳性细胞表达及相关因素分析

目的 研究B1a和IgA1阳性细胞在IgA肾病患者扁桃体中的表达及B1a细胞与血尿、蛋白尿和病理Lee分级的关系。 方法 肾活检确诊为原发性IgA肾病及非肾炎慢性扁桃体炎患者各8例为对象,用免疫荧光法和激光共聚焦显微镜对其扁桃体组织进行B1a及IgA1细胞定位和定量计算,并按蛋白尿程度和Lee分级标准与IgA肾病组B1a细胞数量行统计学分析。 结果 B1a细胞主要分布在扁桃体生发中心和小结帽;IgA1细胞主要分布在上皮内、上皮下,以上皮和淋巴组织交界区为多。与慢性扁桃体炎组比较,IgA肾病组两种细胞表达明显增多（P < 0.01）,且呈正相关（r = 0.778,P = 0.023）。在血尿伴蛋白尿和Lee≥Ⅲ级组B1a细胞显著高于单纯血尿和Lee<Ⅲ级组（P < 0.05）。 结论 IgA肾病患者扁桃体中IgA1可能是B1a细胞分泌的。B1a细胞数量随着患者蛋白尿的出现和病理严重程度的加重而增加,可能在疾病发生和进展过程中起着重要的作用。     

IgA肾病研究进展

自1968年Berger氏首先开始IgA肾病(Berger氏病)的研究以来,迄今已有20年的历史。80年代以前,人们过分强调IgA肾病是一良性过程,因此对其研究不够;80年代以后,由于方法学的进步,特别是肾活体组织检查的开展,认识到IgA肾病是终未期肾功能衰竭的常见原因,才使其研究受到重视并取得了较大进展。     

IgA肾病的进展因素与治疗新进展

IgA肾病是最常见的一种原发性肾小球肾炎，其发病机制尚未明确，现有较多探讨与研究，对治疗仍是比较棘手的问题，本文就近年疾病的进展因素与治疗新进展作一综述。     

IgA肾病的进展因素与治疗新进展

IgA肾病是最常见的一种原发性肾小球肾炎,其发病机制尚未明确,现有较多探讨与研究,对治疗仍是比较棘手的问题,本文就近年疾病的进展因素与治疗新进展作一综述。     

IgA肾病研究新进展

IgA肾病是最常见的原发性肾小球性肾炎,最新定义为自体肾活检组织免疫荧光或免疫酶标染色显示以IgA或IgA沉积为主的肾小球疾病（不要求所有肾小球均有IgA沉积）,同时除外狼疮性肾炎等继发性IgA沉积。IgA沉积须有一定强度,分布于系膜区,可伴有或不伴有毛细血管袢沉积。除外单纯膜性、弥漫、球性、颗粒状或线状肾小球基底膜（GBM）沉积。     

MPO-ANCA-positive IgA nephropathy successfully treated with tonsillectomy

A 20-year-old Japanese woman was admitted to a hospital because of gross hematuria. She was diagnosed with IgA nephropathy with a poor prognosis, based on the formation of many crescents in the glomerulus and monocyte infiltration in the interstitium in a renal biopsy specimen in February 2003. Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) was not identified at that time. After treatment with high-dose steroid pulse therapy and heparin/warfarin, her urinary protein improved, to 0.5 g/day. However, 1 year after the steroid pulse therapy, urinary protein was increased to 1.2 g/day, associated with repeated episodes of tonsillitis. A second renal biopsy was performed, and showed an improving tendency, compared to the findings of the previous one, although some crescent formation and adhesions of Bowman's capsule remained. Interestingly, MPO-ANCA was positive in the serological examination done at this time. One month and a half after the second renal biopsy, she had a tonsillectomy, followed by a regimen of 5 mg oral prednisolone daily, in order to prevent the progression of IgA nephropathy. After the tonsillectomy, her urinary protein level was markedly improved, at 0.14 g/day. Her creatinine clearance was ameliorated, at 102 ml/min, and in addition, MPO-ANCA had disappeared. This case suggests that an inflammation such as tonsillitis may be associated not only with the activity of IgA nephropathy but also with the production of MPO-ANCA.     

Efficacy of tonsillectomy for patients with recurrence of IgA nephropathy after kidney transplantation

Abstract:  From January 2007, we started to perform the tonsillectomy for every patient with recurrent IgA nephropathy (IgAN) after kidney transplantation. Up to September 2008, four recipients with primary IgAN had biopsy-proven recurrent IgAN. They had also progressive hematuria or proteinuria from on the average 14.3 months after transplantation. Then their specimens diagnosed as recurrent IgAN were collected and they underwent tonsillectomies on the average 52.3 months after transplantation. Abnormal urinary findings of all patients favorably improved after tonsillectomy. All cases but one had mild renal injury, where the severity of glomerular lesions, glomerular hypercellularity, segmental lesions, and sclerosis was mild, and no deteriorated serum creatinine (SCr) before their tonsillectomies. Even the case with exacerbated SCr and severe renal injury, where the severity of glomerular lesions was severe, had her urinary findings ameliorated promptly after tonsillectomy likely as others. At present, they have almost no symptoms after tonsillectomy and no remarkable change of SCr level compared with before and after tonsillectomy and maintain ameliorated urinary findings continuously. Tonsillectomy had possibility to be a favorable treatment of hematuria or proteinuria in recurrent IgAN recipients.     

Effect and therapeutic mechanisms of tonsillectomy for childhood IgA nephropathy

Aim: We investigated efficacy and therapeutic mechanisms of tonsillectomy for intractable childhood IgA nephropathy. Five patients refused tonsillectomy. Among 25 patients, 19 patients were able to evaluate histological findings before and after surgery. Patients with poor (n = 7) or relatively poor (n = 18) histologically determined prognosis and an age of at least 7 years, together with proteinuria of at least 0.3 g/day or severe persisting despite ongoing drug treatment, are candidates for surgery. Patients were grouped by interval between diagnosis of IgA nephropathy and tonsillectomy (within 3 years; early group vs 3 years or later; later group). Patients underwent kidney biopsy shortly before and 1 to 2 years after tonsillectomy. Results: Proteinuria was reduced after tonsillectomy over 2 years of follow‐up in both early and later groups compared with proteinuria in the 6 months preceding surgery. Complete remission was achieved in 10 patients, most often among those having surgery within 3 years, while patients refusing surgery failed to attain complete remission of urinary findings. Histological activity decreased in both groups, significantly when surgery was early. Complement component C3 deposition and activated macrophages in glomeruli decreased after tonsillectomy, especially with early surgery. Conclusion: Tonsillectomy improved clinicopathological features in relatively severe paediatric IgA nephropathy, especially with the early‐surgery group. Therapeutic mechanisms may include inhibition of complement activity in glomeruli and glomerular infiltration by activated macrophages.     

Specific binding of circulating IgA antibodies in patients with IgA nephropathy

Detection of circulating IgA antibodies which are specific in patients with IgA nephropathy is described. Freeze and thawed extracts of pharyngeal cells obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy, other glomerular diseases, and healthy adults were cultured with fibroblasts such as Vero or Hel cells at 37 degrees C for 2 weeks. Serum samples were obtained from these patients and healthy adults. The cultured fibroblasts were fixed on slide glasses, and then incubated with the serum samples from the same or other patients with IgA nephropathy. The cells were stained with FITC-labeled heavy-chain specific anti-human IgA antiserum and then examined with a fluorescent microscope. It was demonstrated that the IgA antibodies in sera obtained from patients with IgA nephropathy or HSP nephritis were bound with the nuclear regions of such fibroblasts. It was suggested that IgA antibodies in sera could be bound with some antigenic substances which were transferred from pharyngeal cells of patients with IgA nephropathy to fibroblasts in vitro.     

Demonstration of secretory IgA in kidneys of patients with IgA nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Recently we reported a possible role for secretory IgA (SIgA) in IgA nephropathy (IgAN), as suggested by increased serum levels in patients with active disease and accumulation of SIgA in a glomerular eluate. Therefore, we attempted to find support for these findings by analysis of the presence of SIgA in biopsies of IgAN patients. METHODS: Renal biopsies of 26 patients with biopsy-proven IgAN were analysed for the presence of SIgA and complement proteins. RESULTS: In 15% mesangial deposition of SIgA was demonstrated, using a specific staining for secretory component (SC) and colocalization with IgA. The presence of SIgA in these biopsies showed a strong correlation with deposition of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and C4d. Moreover, we observed a strong colocalization between SIgA and MBL or C4d. This local complement activation has previously been linked to more severe renal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, these data provide additional evidence for a pathogenic role for SIgA in IgA nephropathy.     

Low-antigen-content diet in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy

Since dietary macromolecular antigens can be involved in thepathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), the effect of a low-antigen-contentdiet was evaluated in 21 patients (10 women, 11 men, mean age27.7±10 years) with immunohistochemical findings of activeIgAN. The diet was followed for a 14–24-week period (mean18.8±6); in all cases the effects of the treatment wereevaluated by clinical and serological parameters, and in 11patients also by repeat renal biopsy. After dietetic therapy a significant reduction of urinary proteinswas recorded (P< 0.001); in particular, heavy proteinuria(>1 g/day), present in 12 cases during the 6 months precedingthe treatment, was markedly reduced or disappeared in 11. Atposttreatment control biopsy mesangial and parietal depositsof immunoglobulins, complement C₅, fraction and fibrinogen weresignificantly reduced. The improvement of the objective parameterssuch as heavy proteinuria, a strong predictor of a poor prognosis,and of immunohistochemical alterations indicate that a low-antigendiet can positively affect patients with IgAN. These resultscould be ascribed to a reduction of nephritogenic food antigeninput and to a putative functional restoration of the mononuclearphagocytic system.     

The efficacy of tonsillectomy on clinical remission and relapse in patients with IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial

Background The efficacy of tonsillectomy in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) remains controversial. The aim of the study was to conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of tonsillectomy in patients with IgAN. Methods We randomly selected 98 patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy and randomly allocated to receive tonsillectomy combined with drug therapy (Group A) or drug therapy alone (Group B). The participating patients were entered into a 4-year single-center study. Remission and relapse rate were calculated for hematuria and proteinuria using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results No differences were found between the two groups in their baseline clinical and histological characteristics. Patients with tonsillectomy exhibited considerable improvement in the following aspects compared to those patients who did not undergo tonsillectomy: time to reach first remission (3.1 vs. 24.9 months, p?p?p?p?p?=?0.0047) for hematuria and (23.5 vs. 10.5 months, p?=?0.0012) for proteinuria, as well as lower relapse rate for hematuria and proteinuria in Group A. Conclusion Our clinical data demonstrated that tonsillectomy could be beneficial for IgAN patients, particularly by contributing to faster and longer remission, as well as reducing the frequency of possible future relapses.     

家族性IgA肾病--777例中国IgA肾病回顾性调查分析

目的报道中国家族性IgA肾病(FIgAN)发生情况以及临床病理特征,提高对家族性IgA肾病的认识。方法利用肾脏疾病数据库IgA肾病子库中我院1988～2001年收集的777例IgA肾病患者,进行家族史调查,以及部分家庭成员中行尿常规肾功能检查确定FIgAN发病情况,比较家族性与家族史阴性的IgA肾病患者临床表型的差异。结果(1)在调查的777例IgA肾病患者中,35例患者同时合并薄基底膜肾病,另外742例患者中,65例IgA肾病患者家族史阳性,占8.7%,其中10例(1.3%)患者为FIgAN,55例(7.4%)为可疑家族性IgA肾病。(2)与家族史阴性的患者相比,FIgAN患者在发病年龄、性别、肾穿时的血压、血尿、蛋白尿、肾功能上差异无显著性意义。结论FIgAN在中国人并非少见,加强家系调查特别是在IgA肾病患者亲属中常规进行尿检查将有助于发现该病。家族性IgA肾病诊断应强调同时电镜检查以除外薄基底膜肾病和早期Alport综合征。初步研究提示,本组患者与家族史阴性的IgAN患者相比,其临床病理表现不具有特征性。     

IgA肾病患者高血压的相关因素分析

目的探讨IgA肾病患者高血压的相关因素。方法经肾脏活体组织检查确诊的IgA肾病患者120例,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析IgA肾病患者高血压发生的相关因素。结果120例IgA肾病患者中伴有高血压患者39例（占32．5％）。单因素分析发现,24h尿蛋白定量≥2．0g、尿素氮（BUN）≥8mmol／L、血肌酐（SCr）≥133μmol／L、肾小球率过滤（GFR）〈60ml·min^-1·（1．73m^2）^-1、高尿酸血症、贫血、肾小球慢性病变指数≥4分、肾间质炎症细胞侵润〉25％、肾小管萎缩和问质纤维化〉25％、肾小动脉管壁增厚、Lee分级Ⅳ～Ⅴ级与IgA肾病患者高血压相关。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,蛋白尿程度、GFR水平为IgA肾病高血压发生的独立危险因素。结论32．5％的IgA肾病患者伴有高血压,蛋白尿程度、GFR水平是高血压的独立危险因素。     

Effect of tonsillectomy combined with glucocorticoids in the treatment of IgA nephropathy children on long-term clinical remission and renal prognosis

Objective To investigate the effect of tonsillectomy combined with glucocorticoids therapy on long-term clinical remission and renal prognosis in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) children with recurrent acute onset history of tonsillitis. Methods The clinical data of children who were diagnosed with primary IgAN from January 2000 to December 2017 in Jinling Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All participants were treated with long course therapy of glucocorticoids. The children with recurrent acute onset history of tonsillitis were divided into tonsillectomy group and non-tonsillectomy group according to whether to perform tonsillectomy, followed up until the patients' serum creatinine doubled, the estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased by more than 50%, progression to end-stage renal disease, renal replacement therapy or death. The renal survival rate was calculated and compared by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the effect of tonsillectomy on the renal prognosis of IgAN children. Results A total of 120 children with IgAN were enrolled in this study, including 40 cases in tonsillectomy group and 80 cases in non-tonsillectomy group. The median follow-up time was 97.5(57.3, 132.0) months. The clinical remission rate in the tonsillectomy group was higher than that in the non-tonsillectomy group (72.5% vs 45.0%, χ2=8.123, P=0.004). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that there was no significant difference in renal survival rate between the two groups (Log-rank test χ2=0.070, P=0.791). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that tonsillectomy was not an independent risk factor affecting renal end-point events in IgAN children (HR=0.986, 95%CI 0.499-1.948, P=0.967). Conclusions The clinical remission rate of IgAN children undergoing tonsillectomy is higher than that of children without tonsillectomy. Tonsillectomy is not an independent factor affecting renal end-point events in IgAN children. Tonsillectomy does not delay the time of entry into end-stage renal disease for children with IgAN.