Is postmenopausal bone loss an age-related phenomenon?

Summary Forearm bone mineral content (BMC), an index of skeletal mineralization, and lean body mass (LBM), an index of the muscle mass in the body, were calculated in 574 healthy, white subjects, aged 20–89 years. In women, there was no significant change in BMC with age until the menopause. Thereafter, a significant decline averaging 15% per decade was found up to the age of 70 years, after which it was 10% per decade. In men, there was a significant overall decline of about 4% per decade from the age of 20. When BMC was corrected for LBM, the age-related fall in men disappeared, while remaining without a significant trend in premenopausal women. This was, however, not the case in women after the menopause, where a significant decline of about 12% per decade was noted. These data clearly demonstrate that the major contribution to the well-known bone loss in postmenopausal women is not a simple age-related phenomenon. The development of osteoporosis must be due to some additional bone-diminishing effect on the female skeleton, most likely the absence of estrogen.     

The effects of menopause on longitudinal bone loss from the spine

Summary Two hundred and thirty women aged 45–66 years were divided into three groups according to their menopausal status and were followed to assess the changes in vertebral bone mineral density (BMD). These included 71 premenopausal, 42 perimenopausal, and 117 postmenopausal women. Menopausal status was assessed through menstrual history and plasma concentrations of 17 estradiol and luteinizing hormone. BMD was measured by dual photon absorptiometry between 2 and 5 times over an average period of 27 months, and annual rates of changes were calculated by linear regression. BMD decreased significantly (P<0.0001) in the three groups during the follow-up. Mean (±SD) annual rate of change was-0.79±1.5% for premenopausal,-2.35±1.5% for perimenopausal, and-1.24±1.5% for postmenopausal women. There was no difference in the rates of bone loss between the perimenopausal group and the postmenopausal group within 3 years after menopause (1–2 years:-2.34±2.1%; 2–3 years:-1.9±1.5%). Thereafter, rates decreased exponentially with time since menopause to fall out at the same level as the premenopausal level. These longitudinal data indicate that vertebral bone loss begins before menopause and accelerates sharply during menopause to decline exponentially with time after 3 years.     

血糖控制对绝经后糖尿病妇女骨密度水平影响的研究

目的 分析血糖水平控制良好的绝经和绝经后Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女腰椎和髋部骨密度(BMD)变化特点及与相关因素的相互关系。方法 对绝经和绝经后排除其他影响骨代谢疾病的，并经内科治疗血糖水平控制良好的151例Ⅰ型糖尿病、270例Ⅱ型糖尿病和574非糖尿病妇女，用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测量髋部和腰椎骨密度，通过计算机分析用SSPS10．0医学统计软件比较3类人群腰椎和髋部骨密度的差异及其与有关因素的相互关系。结果 血糖水平控制良好的绝经和绝经后Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女髋部和腰椎骨密度随年龄增长，绝经时间的延长和病程的延长呈同步下降趋势，其中以Ward’s区骨密度下降最为明显。同时随着年龄的增加，Ⅰ型糖尿病、Ⅱ型糖尿病和非糖尿病妇女骨质疏松及骨量减少的发生率呈明显增加的趋势。而且与年龄和绝经时间呈明显的负相关，其相关程度要大于与病程和体重的相关程度。结论 糖尿病妇女良好的血糖控制有利于其骨量的保护，但绝经后雌激素水平的下降乃是其骨量丢失的主要原因。     

Cyclical behavior of bone remodeling and bone loss in healthy women after menopause: results of a prospective study

Annual changes in lumbar bone mineral density (LBMD) and bone remodeling markers were measured in 238 healthy pre- and postmenopausal women, aged 45–74 years. The subjects were divided into groups according to their menstrual status and years since menopause. The results obtained indicate that bone loss is not a constant process over time but rather exhibits cyclical damping oscillations. When the log-linear trend of LBMD decrement was transformed into a constant by considering annual percentage changes, the presence of a cyclical component of 7 years was evident. By employing a harmonic regression model, the cyclical component was also statistically significant on baseline data. The cyclical behavior of LBMD decrement corresponded to an analogous behavior of the bone remodeling markers. These results suggest that a lack of estrogen acts as a synchronizer on bone remodeling by triggering a latent cyclical rhythm of bone loss that persists throughout life after menopause. The existence of a chronobiological rhythm of bone loss starting after menopause, if confirmed, could have important clinical implications.     

Cyclical changes of vertebral body heights and bone loss in healthy women after menopause

Annual changes in vertebral body heights (VHs) and lumbar bone mineral density (LBMD) were evaluated in 120 healthy pre- and post-menopausal women aged 45–74 years. Subjects were divided into groups according to menstrual status and years since menopause (YSM).

Vertebral heights were evaluated, using radiological morphometry as the sum of anterior vertebral body heights (AVHs) from T4 to L5 at baseline and exactly 12 months later.

Results indicate that the sum of VHs is inversely correlated with advancing age, and the decrease in VHs is not a constant process over time but rather exhibits cyclical damping oscillations.

When log-linear trend of VH decrease was transformed into a constant considering annual percentage changes, the presence of a cyclical component of 7 years was evident. Employing a harmonic regression model, the cyclical component was also statistically significant on baseline data. The cyclical decrease of VHs corresponds to an analogous cyclical behavior of LBMD values.

These results suggest that a lack of estrogen acts as a synchronizer on bone remodeling, triggering a latent cyclical rhythm of bone loss, accompanied by cyclical bone microarchitecture deterioration and consequent vertebral body deformities, which after menopause persists throughout life. The existence of a chronobiological rhythm of bone loss and trabecular bone strength reduction at vertebral level after menopause, if confirmed, could have important clinical implications.     

基于VIBE-Dixon技术的女性腰椎脂肪测量及其与骨密度的相关性

目的应用磁共振脂肪定量技术评估女性腰椎骨质疏松程度与骨密度(BMD)的相关性。方法将121名健康女性研究对象按年龄分为21～30岁组(n=17)、31～40岁组(n=11)、41～50岁组(n=24)、51～60岁组(n=63)、61～70岁组(n=6)。以DXA测量L_1-L_4椎体骨密度,以VIBE-Dixon技术测量L1-L4椎体骨髓脂肪分数。比较不同组间骨髓脂肪分数差异,同时分别对骨髓脂肪分数与BMD、年龄进行相关性分析。另外,分别对BMD、骨髓脂肪分数与绝经年限做相关性分析。结果组间差异有统计学意义(F值:14.541,P0.001)。骨髓脂肪分数与年龄之间存在相关性(r=0.659,P0.001);骨密度随脂肪分数上升呈下降趋势;随绝经年限的延长,BMD呈下降趋势,骨髓脂肪分数呈上升趋势。结论 VIBE-Dixon能定量测量妇女腰椎椎体脂肪含量,可间接评估骨质疏松程度;与DXA的结果具有相关性。     

A Simulation Model at Trabecular Level to Predict Effects of Antiresorptive Treatment after Menopause

Antiresorptive drugs are widely used to prevent osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Large clinical trials have shown vertebral fracture risk reductions up to 50%, resulting from relatively small increases of 3–8% in bone mineral density (BMD). We developed a computer model that mimics bone turnover in human vertebral cancellous bone during menopause and antiresorptive treatment. This model links cell activity in trabeculae to changes in bone volume and mechanical properties. We asked whether treatment started shortly after menopause is better than treatment started late after menopause. In order to answer this question we used the model to simulate menopause and 5 years of anti-resorptive treatment with two different agents: one incorporated in the tissue, one not incorporated. We found that late treatment can result in almost the same bone mass as early treatment, but early treatment is much better in conserving the strength and stiffness of the cancellous bone. The effect of the incorporation of drugs in the tissue (giving the drugs a long half-life) was small. After discontinuation of treatment, bone was lost slower, but after 20 years the difference between the incorporated and the not incorporated drug in stiffness and bone volume was below 3%. This kind of simulation model may be used to preclinically test new pharmaceuticals and treatment protocols and to predict long-term effects of treatment before patient data become available.     

A nonhuman primate model of age-related bone loss: a longitudinal study in male and premenopausal female rhesus monkeys

Aging is associated with gradual bone loss in men and premenopausal women, with an accelerated rate of loss after menopause in women. Although many studies have investigated bone loss due to surgically induced estrogen depletion, little is known regarding normal age-related changes in bone mass in animal models. We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and projected area (PA) at four skeletal sites over 4 years in 20 premenopausal female (8-23 years) and 29 male (8-27 years) rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Forearm BMD declined with age in both male and female monkeys. Lean mass was positively associated with BMD at all sites in males and with the distal radius in females. Serum osteocalcin declined and urinary cross-links increased with age in males but not females. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations decreased with age in females, and a similar trend was observed in males. In conclusion, an age-related decline in forearm BMD was observed in male and female rhesus monkeys. Total body BMC declined over time in older females, with a similar trend in males. Changes in markers of bone turnover with age were also observed in male monkeys. The results of this longitudinal study suggest that the rhesus monkey is a potential model for age-related changes in the human skeleton.     

Baseline BMD and Bone Loss at Distal Radius Measured by Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography in Peri- and Postmenopausal Hong Kong Chinese Women

The current study was designed to investigate the rate of bone loss in distal radius and its association with baseline volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) and years since menopause (YSM) in peri- and postmenopausal women using precise and multislice peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT; Densiscan 2000). Two hundred and five healthy Hong Kong Chinese perimenopausal (n = 26) and postmenopausal (n = 179) women within 10 years of the onset of menopause were recruited. Anthropometric parameters and menstrual status were also measured. The linear regression model derived from the baseline volumetric BMD revealed a significant and slightly better correlation with YSM than age, with a YSM-related annual decline of 2.56%, 1.82% and 0.65% in trabecular BMD (tBMD), integral BMD (iBMD) and cortical BMD (cBMD), respectively. Follow-up measurements after a time interval of 12 months showed that the rate of bone loss was higher than the annual decline in BMD calculated from the baseline BMD, with decreases of 2.89%, 2.16% 0.91% in tBMD, iBMD and cBMD, respectively. Baseline BMD was associated with age or YSM (r ranges from −0.283 to −0.502; p<0.001 in all cases), but no relationship was found between annual rate of bone loss and age or YSM. The rate of bone loss did not correlate with baseline volumetric BMD values or YSM after dividing the subjects into fast bone losers (with annual tBMD loss ≥3%), normal bone losers (with annual tBMD loss ≥ 1% but <3%) or slow bone losers (with annual tBMD loss <1%). The rate of bone loss was greater in both trabecular and cortical bone of postmenopausal women within the first 3 menopausal years but was only significant in the iBMD as compared with perimenopausal and postmenopausal women over 7 years after onset of menopause. The percentage distribution of slow and fast bone losers was not found to be associated with YSM. As a total of only 4 fracture cases were documented, the study could not provide conclusive information on whether perimenopausal and early postmenopausal baseline volumetric BMD or rate of bone loss determines the development of osteoporosis or fracture occurrence. Received: 12 November 2001 / Accepted: 18 July 2002     

Age-related differences in total and regional bone mass: A cross-sectional study with DXA in 429 normal women

Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC), total body bone mineral density (TBBMD) and regional bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 429 normal women aged 15–83 years, of whom 242 were premenopausal and 187 postmenopausal. The population was divided into 5-year age groups. In the premenopausal women no changes in TBBMC, TBBMD or regional BMC and BMD were observed with age, and TBBMC and TBBMD values correlated well with body weight (p<0.001). Postmenopausal women showed an overall reduction in bone mass (p<0.001), more marked at the axial level than peripherally (1.6% vs. 0.8%/year). The values of TBBMC and TBBMD correlated well with chronological age, time since the onset of menopause and body weight (p<0.001). In these women age did not correlate with body weight, which suggests that postmenopausal bone mass loss depends more on chronological age and time since the onset of menopause than on other variables. The stability observed in bone mass values from ages 15–19 to menopause highlights the importance of stimulating the acquisition of an appropriate peak bone mass in women before adolescence begins.     

血清催产素浓度与绝经后女性骨密度相关性研究

目的探讨催产素与绝经后妇女骨代谢指标以及腰椎和髋部骨密度之间相关性。方法检测185例骨密度正常和132例患骨质疏松症女性的血清催产素、瘦素、雌激素和骨代谢指标浓度。腰椎和股骨颈的BMD通过双能X线吸收法测量。结果患骨质疏松症女性的血清催产素浓度低于骨密度正常的女性(P0.05)。骨质疏松症组中血清催产素浓度与年龄、绝经年限、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)和血清PINP、BLAP和CTX浓度呈负相关;与瘦素和雌激素具有明显正相关性;在正常骨密度组中,血清催产素浓度和各种指标未发现明显的相关性。调整年龄和BMI后,腰椎和股骨颈骨密度仍然与绝经年限以及血清PINP、BLAP和CTX浓度呈负相关,与雌激素、瘦素和催产素浓度呈正相关。对年龄和BMI进行调整后,进行多元回归分析显示绝经年限、血清催产素、PINP和CTX是腰椎和股骨颈骨密度的显著预测因子。结论绝经后女性患者较高的血清催产素水平与较高的腰椎和股骨颈骨密度有关。     

Bone mineral density of the spine in normal Japanese subjects using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: Effect of obesity and menopausal status

Summary Bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine was measured to determine normal Japanese values and to examine the effect of obesity and menopausal status on BMD. Normal Japanese subjects (N=1,296, 1,048 women and 248 men) were examined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. BMD for men peaked between age 20 and 29. For women, there was abrupt bone loss after age 50. Obese women within the same age bracket had a higher BMD than thin women after age 40–49. We determined that BMD began to decline during the irregular menstruation period before the onset of menopause. We conclude that there is a positive correlation between obesity and BMD, particularly in postmenopausal women. In addition, we found that bone loss related to menopause begins during the irregular menstruation period before menopause.     

Reduced bone density in women with fractures: Contribution of low peak bone density and rapid bone loss

Osteoporosis is regarded as a disease of the elderly because fractures occur late in life. Although excessive bone loss during aging is likely to contribute to the deficit in bone density, patients with fractures do not consistently have more rapid bone loss, greater bone resorption or lower bone formation (measured using biochemical or histomorphometric markers of bone turnover). The pathogenesis of the low bone density and bone fragility that characterize osteoporosis may begin during the first two decades of life. There are differences in the hormonal regulation of regional growth and mineral accrual, differences in the age of onset, rate and duration of linear growth and mineral accrual of the axial and appendicular skeleton, of cortical and trabecular bone, and of proximal and distal limb segments. Illnesses, risk or protective factors, and disorders of hormonal deficiency or excess may affect longitudinal growth, mineral accrual, or both, depending on the timing of exposure. Quantitatively larger and qualitatively different effects on bone density may result when exposure occurs during growth rather than during adulthood. The magnitude of these deficits and their location are likely to establish the relevance of regional age-related and sex hormone dependent bone loss. Thus, any unifying hypothesis concerning the epidemiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis must consider the relative contributions of low peak bone density and bone loss to the deficit in bone density in adulthood. A great deal of research is needed to examine the physiology of longitudinal growth and mineral accrual as the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is at least partly explained by events occurring during the first 20 years of life.     

Variability of vertebral and femoral postmenopausal bone loss: A longitudinal study

The rate of postmenopausal bone loss varies considerably between individuals and it has been suggested that about 1 in 3 women loses significant amount of bone mineral in the forearm. The rate of vertebral and femoral bone loss was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry throughout two consecutive 22-month periods, in 93 healthy women who had passed a natural menopause 6–60 months earlier. In all cases the bone changes were normally distributed, ranging from –6.9% to +2.8% per year in the spine and from –7% to +4.8% per year in the femur. No significant relationship was found between the two fractional rates of bone loss. When the women were stratified into three groups according to their individual rate of bone loss, we found that only 20%–47% retained their first classification during the second period of follow-up. In particular, less than 10% of the women showed a rapid rate of bone loss throughout the study. We conclude that spontaneous vertebral and femoral bone loss exhibit a great variability within the first postmenopausal years and that only a small minority of women sustain a fast rate of bone loss over several years. These results raise the question as to whether the evaluation of individual rates of bone loss at menopause might be useful in the identification of women at higher risk of osteoporosis.     

HRMRI对绝经后妇女骨质疏松症药物治疗效果的评价

目的通过MRI测量跟骨骨小梁微结构观察不同绝经后妇女骨质疏松患者的药物疗效。方法选择健康绝经后妇女按照绝经年限进行分组,通过计算OSTA得分及测量跟骨骨密度筛查,测腰椎正位骨密度,确诊为骨质疏松,共选择38例病例分为2组,做右跟骨MRI后开始服用药物治疗,分别于3个月和6个月重新测量跟骨骨密度,并做右侧跟骨MRI。结果所得骨小梁参数中骨小梁平均面积,骨小梁面积/总面积,节点数/总面积,节点至节点连接长度/骨架长,骨小梁总数,骨架长/总面积经治疗后均有不同程度的增长(P0.05),欧拉数/总面积经治疗后降低(P0.05)。绝经10年以内组骨小梁平均面积,骨小梁面积/总面积,节点数/总面积,小梁总数,骨架长/总面积增长幅度均高于绝经10年以后组(P0.05),欧拉数/总面积绝经10内组下降幅度高于绝经10年以后组(P0.05)。根骨骨密度治疗前后及两组间比较均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论HRMRI对绝经后骨质疏松症疗效评价作用要优于骨密度测量,绝经后10年以内妇女治疗效果较绝经10年以后治疗效果要好。     

Peripheral Volumetric Bone Mineral Density in Pre- and Postmenopausal Chinese Women in Hong Kong

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to use a newly available precise and multislice pQCT (Densiscan 2000) for establishing reference data of volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of the distal radius. vBMD of the nondominant wrist was measured in 118 healthy Hong Kong Chinese women aged 41–60. Anthropometric parameters, menstrual status, and handgrip strength were also measured. Results showed that there was a significant age-related decline in trabecular BMD (tBMD), integral BMD (iBMD), and cortical BMD (cBMD), with correlation coefficients ranging from −0.401 to −0.547 (P < 0.001). The annual decline of vBMD was 2.22%, 1.79%, and 0.88% in tBMD, iBMD, and cBMD, respectively. When subjects were divided into premenopausal and postmenopausal groups, we found an age-related decline in tBMD and iBMD, but not in cBMD in both groups. The vBMD values interpreted in mg/cm³ in premenopausal women were 238.4 ± 57.2 in tBMD, 604.6 ± 82.9 in iBMD, 1415.5 ± 129.9 in cBMD, and declined significantly (all P < 0.001) to 193.7 ± 54.7 in tBMD, 500.0 ± 90.3 in iBMD, and 1306.7 ± 153.5 in cBMD in the postmenopausal women. On average, 16.7% of the subjects showed their vBMDs to be below −1 SD and only 1.7% of them lower than −2 SD. Linear regression showed that the annual decline of vBMD was faster in postmenopausal women with 2.42% in tBMD, 1.90% in iBMD, and 0.88% in cBMD compared with 1.91% in tBMD, 0.98% in iBMD, and 0.55% in cBMD in the premenopausal women. After adjustment for age, only the iBMD with dominant trabecular elements showed a significantly accelerated decrease after the onset of menopause (P= 0.008). Weak or no association was found among vBMDs with anthropometric parameters, years since menopause, or handgrip strength. In conclusion, we found a significant age-related decline of vBMDs in Hong Kong Chinese women aged 41–60 years, characterized by the early reduction of metabolically active trabecular bone after entering the fourth decade of life, with an accelerated decline after the onset of menopause. Received: 20 May 1999 / Accepted: 21 January 2000     

高龄、跌倒、骨密度对老年脊柱骨折预测的价值分析

目的 探讨高龄、跌倒、骨密度等对老年脊柱骨折的预测诊断价值分析。方法 选择2014年4月至2016年4月在我院体检中心就诊的212名老年女性为研究对象,根据两年后是否发生脊柱骨折分为骨折组79例和未骨折组133例,比较两组患者的高龄、跌倒、骨密度等因素的危险指数,采用 SPSS 22.0和STATA 14.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析。结果 骨折组患者较未骨折组患者具有更高的年龄和跌倒倾向,而两组的骨密度无显著差异（P=0.0614）,骨密度对老年脊柱骨折的预测价值有限,高龄和跌倒对老年脊柱骨折的预测有重要价值。结论 通过骨密度检测评估是否干预老年人脊柱骨折意义有限,高龄和跌倒是老年人脊柱骨折的独立危险因素。     

初产年龄与绝经后中国妇女患骨质疏松风险相关性研究

目的探讨初产年龄与绝经后中国妇女患骨质疏松风险相关性。方法采用2015年至2018年我院骨密度测试数据,包括253名绝经后妇女。骨质疏松症的诊断是使用世界卫生组织的T评分标准(股骨颈或腰椎T评分<-2.5)。根据第一次分娩的年龄将参与者分为3组:<23岁,24~29岁和>30岁。结果年龄越大、体质指数越低、钙摄入量越低、月经初潮越晚、绝经越早,患骨质疏松症的风险增加,而激素治疗和口服避孕药的使用与骨质疏松症风险降低有关。第一次分娩发生在24~29岁的绝经后妇女与30岁之后首次分娩的妇女相比骨质疏松症风险显著增加(优势比2.124;95%置信区间,1.096~4.113;P=0.026)。结论绝经后妇女的第一次分娩发生在24至29岁期间患骨质疏松症的风险显著增加。     

绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系分析

目的 探讨绝经后妇女年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度的关系.方法 调查248名健康的绝经后妇女的年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限,测量身高、体重、正位腰椎（L2～L4）、髋部骨密度进行分析.结果 随着绝经年限的增长,腰椎和髋部骨密度逐渐降低.单因素相关分析表明年龄、绝经年限与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.调整身高、体重指数后,年龄、绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,绝经年龄与腰椎及髋部各部位骨密度无显著相关性（P＞0.05）.多元逐步回归分析显示绝经年限与腰椎、股骨颈及股骨大转子的骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.01）,年龄与腰椎、股骨颈及Ward三角区骨密度呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）.结论 年龄、绝经年限与腰椎和髋部骨密度有关.     

绝经后女性的体成分与年龄和绝经的关系及其对不同部位骨密度的影响

目的 调查绝经后女性的体成分与年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限和腰椎、髋部BMD之间的关系.方法 用双能X线骨密度仪测量919例绝经后女性的体成分、正位腰椎和髋部BMD.结果 下身脂肪量、全身脂肪量和全身瘦组织量与年龄、绝经年龄和绝经年限都相关(P＜0.05～0.01),但只有绝经年限进入体成分的多元逐步回归方程,采用复合或三次回归模型拟合优度最佳.体成分随绝经年限的延长有下降趋势.绝经10年以上女性的下身脂肪量和全身瘦组织量显著减少,分别较绝经年限5年以内女性下降8.6%和3.1%.所有部位的体成分与所测区域的BMD 均呈正相关(P＜0.05～0.01),控制体重变量后,仅有全身脂肪量与腰椎BMD 呈正相关(P＜0.05),而全身瘦组织量与髋部BMD 呈正相关(P＜0.05).多元逐步回归分析发现体成分是影响腰椎和髋部BMD的一个重要因素,但对腰椎BMD影响最大的是全身脂肪量,而对髋部BMD影响最大的是全身瘦组织量.BMD 越低者,全身脂肪量和全身瘦组织量也越低,组间比较有显著性差异.结论 绝经后女性的体成分与年龄、绝经年龄、绝经年限和腰椎、髋部BMD相关,其中,绝经年限对体成分的影响最大,体成分组分对BMD的影响存在部位差异.