持续无创正压通气治疗巨细胞病毒肺炎并急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效分析

目的:探讨持续无创正压通气对肾移植术后巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)肺炎合并ARDS患者的疗效。方法:34例肾移植术后CMV肺炎合并ARDS患者,在早期抗病毒治疗、调整免疫抑制方案等综合治疗措施的基础上,全部给予持续无创正压通气治疗,观察其疗效。结果:34例患者中,持续无创正压通气治疗有效23例,有效率为68%;无效11例,改行气管插管机械通气治疗,气管插管机械通气率为32%,其中3例治愈出院,8例死亡。有效的23例患者治疗后2小时、24小时、48小时及治疗结束时的动脉血氧分压、氧合指数及呼吸频率较治疗前均有改善(均为P<0.01)。26例出现较轻的不良反应,经对症处理后均可好转。结论:持续无创正压通气可改善肾移植术后CMV肺炎合并ARDS患者的低氧血症,缓解呼吸窘迫症状,降低气管插管机械通气率,从而避免机械通气的相关并发症,降低病死率,该法不良反应轻,值得在临床推广使用。     

肾移植术后间质性肺炎的临床分析

目的:分析肾移植术后间质性肺炎的临床特点和诊疗经验.方法:回顾性分析肾移植术后间质性肺炎患者36例临床资料,诊断标准依据临床症状、体征、胸部影像学表现和病原学检查综合判定.病因诊断为巨细胞病毒(CMV)肺炎26例(含混合细菌感染4例)、霉菌性肺炎2例、原因不明8例.患者早期给予氧疗,缺氧严重者予机械通气.抗感染治疗应用更昔洛韦与广谱抗生素,同时撤减免疫抑制剂,辅助给予丙种球蛋白.结果:30例治愈,6例死亡(其中5例系成人呼吸窘迫综合征无法控制导致多系统衰竭,1例系感染并发自发性气胸致死).结论:CMV感染是肾移植术后间质性肺炎的主要病因,但西罗莫斯相关性肺毒性也应引起必要的重视.     

糖皮质激素在重症社区获得性肺炎致急性呼吸窘迫综合征综合救治中的价值探讨

目的 :探讨糖皮质激素 (GC)在重症社区获得性肺炎 (SCAP)致急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)综合救治中的价值。方法 :收集 2 0 0 0年 5月— 2 0 0 3年 2月所有因 SCAP致 ARDS入住 ICU患者的临床资料 ,分析年龄、性别、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分 (APACHE )、氧合指数 (Pa O2 /Fi O2 )、肺内分流 (Qs/Qt)、肺部感染严重程度、机械通气、呼气末正压 (PEEP)水平、ICU停留时间、肺炎吸收指数、氧合改善率、病死率及直接死亡原因等 ,评价应用 GC对缺氧与休克纠正和预后的影响。结果 :2 4例患者中 ,未接受 GC治疗 7例 ,痊愈 5例(71.4 % ) ,死亡 2例 (2 8.6 % ) ,直接死亡原因分别为 ARDS(拒绝接受机械通气治疗 )和多脏器功能障碍综合征(MODS) ;接受 GC治疗 17例 ,仅痊愈 5例 (2 9.4 % ) ,死亡 12例 (70 .6 % ) ,主要死亡原因为 MODS(6例 ,75 .0 % ) ,少数为 ARDS与休克 (各 1例 ,12 .5 % )。痊愈患者肺部感染严重程度等临床参数与死亡者无显著差异(P>0 .0 5 ) ,但治疗后除 Pa O2 /Fi O2 和 Qs/Qt改善、休克纠正明显外 ,肺部感染有效率高 (P<0 .0 0 1)。结论 :GC能协助机械通气等常规治疗纠正 SCAP等肺内性 ARDS的顽固性缺氧和休克 ,为原发病治疗赢得时间。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗体会

目的:探讨急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的治疗体会。方法:15例ARDS患者予积极治疗基础疾病,及时行机械通气,适当补液,加强抗感染,营养代谢支持,维持水电解质酸碱平衡,支持重要脏器功能等综合治疗。结果:15例ARDs患者中11例病情迅速控制或好转,有效率73.8％(11/15),4例死亡26.7％(4/15)。结论:ARDS目前尚无特异的治疗手段,应积极治疗原发病,及早采取机械通气为主的综合治疗,可以提高抢救成功率。     

天津市住宅建设中水供水系统技术规定

目的：探讨急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的治疗体会。方法：15例ARDS患者予积极治疗基础疾病，及时行机械通气，适当补液，加强抗感染，营养代谢支持，维持水电解质酸碱平衡，支持重要脏器功能等综合治疗。结果：15例ARDS患者中11例病情迅速控制或好转，有效率73．8％(11/15)，4例死亡26．7％(4／15)。结论：ARDS目前尚无特异的治疗手段，应积极治疗原发病，及早采取机械通气为主的综合治疗，可以提高抢救成功率。     

肾移植术后肺部感染致急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的诊治体会

【目的】进一步提高肾移植术后肺部感染致急性肺损伤(ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者(ARDS)的临床诊疗水平。【方法】回顾性分析总结20例肾移植术后肺部感染致ALI/ARDS患者的临床资料及诊治情况。【结果】16例患者找到病原体28株,4例未找到确切的病原体;20例患者中,16例(80%)治愈,2例死亡,2例病情严重患者因经济困难自动出院;其中6例通过高流量面罩吸氧后缺氧情况改善,8例行无创机械通气治愈,2例行有创机械通气治愈。【结论】正确应用机械通气治疗对于提高肾移植术后肺部感染致ALI/ARDS患者的治愈率有特殊重要的作用。     

机械通气治疗肾移植后并发成人呼吸窘迫综合征的护理

目的 探讨肾移植术后患并发成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)使用呼吸机治疗期间的监测和护理措施。方法 对19例肾移植后发生重症肺部感染并发ARDS应用呼吸机治疗的患加强有效护理和病情监测。结果 10例患救治成功，占52．6％；9例死亡。结论 对肾移植后合并ARDS的患给予以抗感染治疗、合理氧疗、机械通气以及有效的护理措施是救治成功的关键。     

肾移植术后卡氏肺囊虫性肺炎合并急性呼吸衰竭患者应用无创正压通气治疗的监测与护理

目的 探讨肾移植术后对卡氏肺囊虫性肺炎(PCP)合并急性Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者应用无创正压通气的监测及护理要点. 方法 2004年1月-2008年1月收集肾移植术后PCP合并急性Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者20例,在行无创正压通气治疗的同时进行病原学的治疗和免疫抑制剂方案凋整、积极对症及营养支持治疗.在通气期间做好患者的心理护理、生命体征的监测、不良反应的预防及管道的护理. 结果 20例患者中16例无创正压通气治疗有效,好转出院,4例患者疗效欠佳,行气管插管有创机械通气治疗,其中1例治愈出院,3例死亡.通气治疗过程中出现面部皮肤压迫损伤2例,口鼻咽干燥4例,胃肠胀气3例,均予及时纠正,均未发生误吸. 结论 无创正压通气期间做好患者的监测是确保无创通气成功的重要环节,而正确护理是减少无创通气的并发症及提高疗效的关键.     

保护性机械通气对急性重症胰腺炎合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征疗效分析

目的 探讨急性重症胰腺炎(Severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(Acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)综合治疗效果及其意义.方法 将36例SAP合并ARDS患者按入院时间分为2组,2005年10月至2007年10月收治入院的患者为Ⅰ组(17例),在常规治疗基础上行人工呼吸机辅助通气;2007年11月至2009年10月收治入院的患者为Ⅱ组(19例),在常规治疗的基础上,应用呼吸机进行"保护性肺通气"治疗.结果 Ⅰ组机械通气时间为(15.34±10.21)d,Ⅱ组机械通气时间为(16.27±9.28)d,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).Ⅰ组治愈9例(52.9%),死亡8例(47.1%),Ⅱ组治愈14例(73.7%),死亡5例(26.3%),2组治愈率及病死率比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01).结论 对SAP合并ARDS患者进行综合治疗技术的应用,提高了SAP合并ARDS的抢救成功率.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭有创机械通气临床应用及影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭有创机械通气临床应用和影响因素分析。方法回顾2006年10月至2008年12月,本院住院COPD合并呼吸衰竭83例应用有创机械通气进行总结分析。结果本组83例患者,持续机械通气时间1．164d,平均25d。83例重症COPD呼吸衰竭患者中有11例出现呼吸机相关性肺炎,呼吸机依赖撤机拔管困难4例。成功脱机、好转出院74例。死亡9例。结论有创机械通气治疗COPD呼吸衰竭临床疗效确切,但要严格掌握机械通气的指征及早行有创机械通气,以避免长时间缺氧造成多脏器损伤,延误抢救时机。呼吸机相关性肺炎是呼吸衰竭患者接受呼吸机治疗后的严重并发症,注意防治非常关键,正确掌握评估撤机和拔管时机,争取成功拔管和撤机。     

胸及上腹部手术后肺不张与呼吸衰竭的治疗体会

目的　探讨胸及上腹部手术后肺不张与呼吸衰竭的治疗方法。方法　术后肺不张患者 2 8例 ,全部行纤维支气管镜检查 ,术后呼吸衰竭需机械通气 18例 ,包括成人呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS) 5例 ,对ARDS患者采取保护性通气策略。结果　 2 3例粘稠痰液阻塞一侧主支气管或叶支气管 ,5例气管腔内只有少许粘液。治疗后 2 7例肺完全复张 ,1例死亡。呼吸衰竭患者机械通气时间 2～ 4d ,17例治愈 ,1例死亡。结论　用纤维支气管镜诊治胸及上腹部术后肺不张是相对安全有效的方法 ,但应考虑到各种不利因素 ,做好抢救准备。对呼吸衰竭需机械通气的患者 ,应判明有否ARDS ,采用相应的通气模式及参数     

Adapting prognostic respiratory variables of ARDS in children to small-scale community needs

PURPOSE: The clinical literature on the incidence and subsequent mortality of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has come primarily from the experiences of large tertiary referral centers, particularly in Western Europe and North America. Consequently, very little has been published on the incidence, management, and outcome of ARDS in smaller community-based intensive care units. We aimed to delineate early clinical respiratory predictors of death in children with ARDS on the modest scale of a community hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of children with ARDS needing conventional mechanical ventilation admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit from 1984 to 1997. The diagnosis of ARDS was based on acute onset of diffuse, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates of noncardiac origin and severe hypoxemia defined by partial pressure of oxygen <200 mm Hg during positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 6 cm H2O or greater for a minimum of 24 hours. Demographic, clinical, and physiological data including PaO2/ FIO2, A-aDo2, and ventilation index were retrieved. RESULTS: Fifty-six children with ARDS aged 8 +/- 5.5 years (range, 50 days to 21 years) were identified. The mortality rate was 50%. Early predictors of death included the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), ventilation index, and PEEP on the third day after diagnosis: Nonsurvivors had significantly higher PIP (35.3 +/- 10.5 cm H2O vs 44.4 +/- 10.7 cm H2O, P < .001), PEEP (8 +/- 2.8 cm H2O vs 10.7.0 +/- 3.5 cm H2O, P < .01), and ventilation index (49.14 +/- 20.4 mm Hg x cm H2O/minute vs 61.6 +/- 51.1 mm Hg cm H2O/minute) than survivors. In contrast, PAO2/FIO2 and A-a DO2 were capable of predicting outcome by day 5 and thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: A small-scale mortality outcome for ARDS is comparable to large tertiary referral institutions. The PIP, PEEP, and ventilation index are valuable for predicting outcome in ARDS by the third day of conventional therapy. The development of a local risk profile may assist in decision-making of early application of supportive therapies in this population.     

A case of severe ARDS caused by novel swine‐origin influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus: A successful treatment with direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber

In 2009, a 35‐year‐old female with Down syndrome was admitted to our hospital because of severe pneumonia caused by an infection with the novel swine‐origin influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus (S‐OIV). A chest X‐ray on admission revealed bilateral infiltration shadows. Although mechanical ventilation was administered because of the development of ARDS, the hypoxemia continued to progressed. We observed evidence of alveolar hemorrhage on evaluation of the patient using bronchofiberscopy. The bacterial examination was negative. Despite intensive care, including respiratory management with high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), the patient's hypoxemia and hypotension progressed. We concluded that a cytokine storm due to the influenza infection with SIRS caused shock status, resulting in septic shock. We subsequently treated the patient with direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber (PMX‐DHP). The hypoxemia improved immediately. She was free from mechanical ventilation and discharged from the hospital by the 17th day of her hospitalization. PMX‐DHP seems to improve hypoxemia in patients with severe ARDS who cannot maintain sufficient respiratory control under mechanical ventilation. This case is the first report about severe and life‐threatening ARDS due to the novel influenza, in which PMX‐DHP showed beneficial effects. J. Clin. Apheresis 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: clinical, radiographic, and pathologic course

The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic correlates of acute respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were studied in 12 renal transplant patients treated with cyclosporin (CS) and prednisone. Six patients required only supplemental oxygen, while the other six patients developed the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation despite similar predisposing factors and prompt initiation of therapy. Ten (83%) patients survived. Increased frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DR6 was noted in six of the 11 patients tested. The resolution of radiographic infiltrates was significantly slower in ARDS patients; however, there was no apparent difference in the severity of early alveolar damage between the two groups. There was also no association between the development of ARDS due to P. carinii pneumonia and the mean daily dose of CS and prednisone, the presence of cytomegalovirus infection or pneumonia, HLA-DR6 antigen, or initial hypoxemia.     

Acute respiratory distress syndrome after chemotherapy for lung metastases from non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors

GOALS: To describe an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurring after chemotherapy for non-seminomatous germ-cell tumors (NSGCT) with diffuse lung metastases, we conducted a retrospective study in a 15-bed intensive care unit (ICU) in a comprehensive cancer center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 10-year period, 16 consecutive patients with diffuse lung metastases from a NSGCT were admitted to the ICU for respiratory distress and high-risk chemotherapy. MAIN RESULTS: Nine patients developed acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) within 3 days of the initiation of chemotherapy, while the respiratory status of the seven other patients improved. The evolution was independent of tumor marker levels and the type of chemotherapy regimen. The SAPS II score did not accurately describe the severity of this population. The only predictor of intubation was the initial PaO2/FiO2 ratio upon admission to the ICU. Six out of seven patients who did not require MV were discharged alive from the hospital, whereas all but one patient requiring MV died. Refractory hypoxemia and ventilator-associated pneumonia were the leading causes of death. CONCLUSIONS: Acute respiratory distress in patients with lung metastases from NSGCT is a rare cause of ARDS. Chemotherapy could be responsible for triggering the respiratory worsening. Patients with severe respiratory insufficiency (PaO2 <70 mmHg on room air) on admission to hospital should be promptly transferred to the ICU for the first chemotherapy course.     

Ventilator management for acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection: A case series

BACKGROUND: Data on the mechanical ventilation (MV) characteristics and radiologic features for the cases with H7N9-induced ARDS were still lacking.METHODS: We describe the MV characteristics and radiologic features of adult patients with ARDS due to microbiologically confirmed H7N9 admitted to our ICU over a 3-month period.RESULTS: Eight patients (mean age 57.38±16.75; 5 male) were diagnosed with H7N9 in the first quarter of 2014. All developed respiratory failure complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which required MV in ICU. The baseline APACHE II and SOFA score was 11.77±6.32 and 7.71±3.12. The overall CT scores of the patients was 247.68±34.28 and the range of CT scores was 196.3-294.7. The average MV days was 14.63±6.14, and 4 patients required additional rescue therapies for refractory hypoxemia. Despite these measures, 3 patients died.CONCLUSION: In H7N9-infected patients with ARDS, low tidal volume strategy was the conventional mode. RM as one of rescue therapies to refractory hypoxemia in these patients with serious architectural distortion and high CT scores, which could cause further lung damage, may induce bad outcomes and requires serious consideration. Prone ventilation may improve mortality, and should be performed at the early stage of the disease, not as a rescue therapy.     

出血坏死性胰腺炎合并成人呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗

成人呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）是急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（ANP）的常见并发症，其发生率高。本文报道了18例急性出血坏死性胰腺炎病人并发ARDS，其临床表现为进行性呼吸困难，面罩吸氧后缺氧无改善。在治疗过程中，有些患者出现腹腔感染，有的病例并进而发展成ARDS．遂添治疗难度。目前ARDS尚无特效治疗方法，除对原发病采取有效治疗的同时，应积极地建立人工气道和机械通气。腹腔感染患者机械通气时间明显延长。尽可能早地进行静脉高营养在提高疗效上也是很重要的环节。     

Ventilator settings as a risk factor for acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients

Objective A single-center retrospective study initial recently identified ventilator settings as a major risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in mechanically ventilated patients who do not have ARDS from the outset. We tested this hypothesis in a larger sample of patients prospectively enrolled in a multicenter study on mechanical ventilation.Design and setting From a large international mechanical ventilation study database we identified patients who required mechanical ventilation for 48 h or more but did not have ARDS at the onset of mechanical ventilation. We extracted information on demographics, initial severity of illness, ventilator settings and major underlying ARDS risk factors. Primary outcome was development of ARDS after the onset of mechanical ventilation.Measurements and results Of 3,261 mechanically ventilated patients who did not have ARDS at the outset 205 (6.2%) developed ARDS 48 h or more after the onset of mechanical ventilation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for baseline patient characteristics (age, gender, Simplified Acute Physiology Score, hypoxemia) and underlying ARDS risk factors (sepsis, trauma, pneumonia) found the development of ARDS to be associated with the initial ventilator settings: high tidal volume (odds ratio 2.6 for tidal volume >700 ml), high peak airway pressure (odds ratio 1.6 for peak airway pressure >30 cmH₂O), and high positive end-expiratory pressure (odds ratio 1.7 for end-expiratory pressure >5 cmH₂O).Conclusions The association with the potentially injurious initial ventilator settings, in particular large tidal volumes, suggests that ARDS in mechanically ventilated patients is in part a preventable complication. This hypothesis needs to be tested in a prospective study.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at This study was funded by grant 98/0233 from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Spain and the Red GIRA (G03/063) and Red RESPIRA (C03/11) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, and in part by funds from the Mayo Foundation.     

临床非特异性间质性肺炎3例报告及文献复习

目的:探讨非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)的临床特征。方法:对3例经支气管镜肺活检病理诊断的NSIP患者的发病诱因、临床表现、影像学、肺功能检查、病理资料及预后进行回顾分析。结果:3例中女性2例,男性1例,平均年龄45～47岁;发病至就诊时间15 d～4个月。发病前有吸烟史1例,慢性胃炎1例,3例均有咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难,2例有吸气相爆裂音,有发热和杵状指各1例。胸部高分辨CT(HRCT)均示有弥漫性斑片状磨玻璃样变,以两下肺及胸膜下为甚。肺功能检查示2例为限制性肺通气功能障碍,1例为混合性肺通气功能障碍,低氧血症1例。组织类型:细胞型2例,混合型1例。1例低氧血症给予无创机械通气治疗,3例均给予糖皮质激素治疗后病情明显好转。结论:对中年以上的患者,临床表现、胸部影像学等检查拟诊为间质性肺病变者要及时行支气管镜肺活检,以明确NSIP的病理诊断及组织学类型。确诊NSIP患者,加用糖皮质激素治疗可提高临床治疗效。