广西地区急性中毒程度的影响因素研究

目的探讨广西地区急性中毒程度的相关影响因素。方法采用回顾性调查分析方法对2005～2009年6011例中毒患者的临床资料进行查阅、分类统计及分析。结果在6011例中,轻、中、重度中毒分别为2577例(42.87%)、2038例(33.90%)和1396例(23.22%),死亡157例(2.61%)。各类影响因素与病例分布分析表明,发病地区以农村病例数(61.84%)最多,重度中毒率与死亡率(分别为25.88%和3.38%)最高。发病形式以散发性病例数(89.34%)最多,其重度中毒与死亡人数分别占总构成数的96.85%和95.54%。年龄以20～60岁组病例数(68.84%)最多,其重度中毒与死亡人数分别占71.78%和72.61%。中毒原因以意外性、自杀性、误食性中毒的病例数(91.89%)最多,其重度中毒与死亡人数分别占93.76%和92.99%。毒物类别以农药类与化学类的病例数(61.23%)最多,其中农药类的重度中毒与死亡人数分别占60.24%、73.25%。结论以农村、散发性、20～60岁年龄段和意外性、自杀性、误食性原因与农药类、化学类毒物对发病人数和中毒程度有着突出影响,应为广西地区急性中毒关注的重点。     

Renal markers and predictors, and renal and cardiovascular risk factors

An important task of the nephrologists during the last century, it has been the search of elements and means that allow us, with the adequate precision, to correlate the functional deterioration of the kidney, and the patient's clinical reality. And the continuous searching of factors and markers that injure them, the prognosis, and early diagnosis, to be able to predict the degree of the organs and patient's survival. Almost parallel survival presage in the natural history of the illness, almost one century ago. In the second half of the XX century, in the developed countries, appear modifications of the social, cultural, and sanitary conditions, that make appear some very different partner-sanitary and epidemic circumstances, and take place like they are, among others: 1. An increase of per cápita private rents, what takes place to increase of the level of social life and the population's health. With increment of the longevity, and smaller incidence and prevalence of classic process, as malnutrition, infections, infantile mortality, so increasing the weight of the cardiovascular diseases and death. This is potentiated for the increment and the incidence of environmental cardiovascular risk's factors (like high caloric and fatty-rich diets, smoke, alcohol, disappearance of the physical work, inactivity, etc). And that situations are also product of the change of the outline of human and social values and guides. 2. Access of the whole population to a sanitary attention of more quality and effectiveness. It allows the biggest survival of patients that suffer vascular crisis, (as angina, miocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident), that few years ago they have had a higher morbimortality and an inferior survival (2). 3. The execution of big epidemic studies has been able to, not only characterize and test with scientific evidence to numerous factors and markers, that induce renal and cardiovascular prejudicial changes, but risk and death probability prediction. And also, its possible association nexuses, its injuring mechanisms, and the characterization of the new "emergent" renal and cardiovascular risk's markers and factors. 4. The impact on the possibility to treat the end stage renal disease with effective and prolonged procedures, by hemodialisis or kidney transplantation, has been occurred. The affected population's survival with the adequacy renal-sustitution treatment, and the possibility of indefinite duration of its treatment, has also impacted on the public health, and its resources, in an evident way. Simultaneously to increase of the incidence in the population, the electivity for the treatment has been enlarged and extended increasing it exponentially. These facts are documented here, and are defined the characteristics of the factors and markers of risk, of renal and cardiovascular diseases. The defined factors are valued to mark, so far as with the well-known evidence is possible, the prediction and the progression of the renal and cardiovascular functional deterioration: The hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, the arterial stiffness, the heart rate, the sympathetic activation, the modification of the physiological response of the target organ to the overcharge, the metabolic syndrome, the obesity, the insulin resistance, the altered lipid profile, and metabolism of the fatty acids, the salt-sensibility, the decrease of the renal functional reserve, the glomerular hyperfiltration, the absence of the arterial pressure nocturnal descent, the abnormal excretion of proteins for the urine, the phenomenon induced by dysfunctions of the clotting, superoxide production, growth factors, the production of chronic inflammation and its markers, the factors of the glomerulosclerosis progression, the hyperuricemic status, the endothelial dysfunction and others, are evaluated. As well as their association among them and with other factors of risk not changeable like the age, and in turn, with other acquired voluntarily factors of risk, as the smoking habit and the alcohol. These facts are now impacting on the population's sanity. And also in the professional nephrologic exercise, so much for the cardiovascular and renal morbimortality increased, as for the increase of the incidence of end-stage renal disease susceptible to treat with of substitutive procedures. They try to justify the sentence of Alan Weder of the heading, and other concepts like "epidemic factors of the XXI century", and intuitive expressions like "predialitic endothelial disruption or ruin".     

Interrelationship between the basic parameters of hemo- and cardiodynamics in hypertension patients]

In examination of 541 patients with hypertensive disease and 98 practically healthy persons by means of mechanocardiography, rheography of the aorta and lung, rheovaso-, hepato-, and encephalography, and encephalography, and polycardiography, 4 types of disturbed hemodynamics were distinguished: hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, mixed, and normokinetic. Each type has characteristic signs distinguishing it from the other types and from the normal age parameters. Compared to the normal age parameters the changes in the parameters of the contractive function of the right and left ventricular myocardium and the disorders of blood supply to the liver, brain, and limbs are the most marked in the mixed and hypokinetic hemodynamic variant and less in the normokinetic hemodynamic variant.     

Tuberculosis in homeless, residential care facilities, prisons, nursing homes, and other close communities

Tuberculosis (TB) is a problem in some institutions, but not in others. Six factors may be used to assess the risk of TB in an institution: the entrance-point prevalence of infection among institutional residents and staff, the potential for reactivation, the role of transmission within the institution, the potential for detection of infection and disease, the potential for prevention and treatment of disease, and the potential of the building environment to favor transmission. The aging of the population, the crowding of prisons and the high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are factors currently increasing the likelihood of TB in nursing homes, prisons, drug detoxification centers, and acute hospitals. Entrance-point skin testing, contact testing, periodic retesting, supervised preventive therapy, effective treatment of disease, and the selective application of ultraviolet air disinfection for certain high-risk areas are the suggested control strategies for hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and chronic care facilities. However, for inner-city shelters and jails skin testing and preventive treatment are usually not possible, and the control strategy shifts to disease detection, isolation, effective long-term treatment, reduced crowding, ultraviolet air disinfection, and periodic testing and treatment of staff.     

An ontogenic study of adrenomedullin gene expression in the rat lung, adrenal, kidney, and heart

In this study, the gene expression of adrenomedullin (Adm) in the peripheral tissues which include lung, adrenal, kidney, and heart during development was investigated in the rat. The preproadrenomedullin (preproAdm) mRNA and mRNAs of its related receptor components, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (Crlr), and receptor activity-modifying proteins (Ramp1, 2 and 3) of the lung, adrenal, kidney, and heart were measured by real-time RT-PCR and the ADM peptide measured by radioimmunoassay in 1-, 7-, 21-day-old rats and the adult rats. From day 1 to 21, preproAdm mRNA levels increased with age in the lung, the kidney, and the heart but decreased with age in the adrenal. ADM levels, however, increased with age in the lung but decreased with age in the kidney, the adrenal, and the heart. The preproAdm levels in the lung, in the kidney, and in the adrenal all increased in the adult rat. ADM peptide levels, however, decreased in the adult rat. Crlr and Ramp2 gene expression increased with age in the lung, in the kidney, and in the heart but decreased with age in the adrenal in the prepubertal rats. The results indicate that the levels of preproAdm mRNA, ADM peptide and its receptor component mRNAs in different tissues followed different patterns of changes during development.     

Evaluation of immunochromatography method for rapid detection of Shigatoxin

The Shigatoxin detection kit based on the immunochromatography system is commercially available. To obtain the identification result rapidly, we devised the improved method (ICG-Imp) replaced to an original method (ICG). Modification provided that Shigatoxins extracted directly from the strains grown on TSI medium without centrifugation. ICG-Imp was compared with ICG, RPLA and PCR. Comparing with RPLA, the sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate of Shigatoxin 1 showed 77.5, 100 and 90.5%, respectively on ICG, 93.8, 100 and 97.4%, respectively on ICG-Imp, and 100, 99.1 and 99.5%, respectively on PCR. On the other hand, the patterns of Shigatoxin 2 showed 95.3, 100 and 96.3%, respectively on ICG, 100, 100, and 100%, respectively on ICG-Imp, and 100, 100 and 100%, respectively on PCR. The time required from TSI medium to the final result are 24 h, 30-60 min, 48 h, and 6 h, respectively by ICG, ICG-Imp, RPLA, and PCR. It seems that the ICG-Imp is recommended for the identification by means of the accuracy and rapidness.     

双氢青蒿素抗日本血吸虫作用的体内实验观察

目的观察不同发育阶段日本血吸虫对双氢青蒿素的敏感性,探索双氢青蒿素抗日本血吸虫的效果。方法采用尾蚴腹部贴片法感染小鼠,每鼠感染日本血吸虫尾蚴40条;在血吸虫不同发育阶段灌服用药,于感染后50 d解剖小鼠,收集成虫,计算减虫率和减雌率。①在小鼠感染后2 h,3、5、7、10、14、18、21、28 d和35 d灌服双氢青蒿素（300 mg/kg）,观察双氢青蒿素对不同发育阶段血吸虫的作用效果。②以不同剂量双氢青蒿素分别给感染后7 d或35 d的小鼠用药,观察双氢青蒿素抗日本血吸虫作用的量-效关系。③以不同药物剂量分别在感染后第7天和第35天给药（共2次）,观察双氢青蒿素对日本血吸虫的作用效果。结果300 mg/kg双氢青蒿素一次灌服用药对7 d龄童虫和35 d龄成虫有明显杀灭作用,减虫率分别为64.81%和60.47%,减雌率分别为73.81%和90.48%。以200、300、400 mg/kg和600 mg/kg双氢青蒿素治疗感染后7 d小鼠,减虫率分别为46.84%、60.63%、59.55%和60.21%,减雌率分别为59.73%、72.29%、72.58%和76.61%;治疗感染后35 d小鼠,减虫率分别为47.23%、62.33%、76.31%和83.63%,减雌率分别为59.73%、89.36%、89.65%和93.96%;在感染后第7天和第35天共治疗2次,减虫率分别为58.16%、82.66%、83.42%和83.79%,减雌率分别为68.69%、90.43%、93.74%和94.63%。结论双氢青蒿素具有一定的抗日本血吸虫作用,对7 d童虫和35 d成虫较为敏感。     

Experimental Analysis of Steel Circular Hollow Section under Bending Loads: Comprehensive Study of Mechanical Performance

The present study aimed at evaluating the mechanical performance under bending loads of circular hollow sections of steel. Different bending tests have been carried out by applying two-point loads, to determine and examine the effects of the diameter, the thickness of the section, and the span of the beam on the performance of the steel tube. The effects of square opening and variation in the number of openings on the performance of these sections have also been examined. Ten samples of hollow circular beams of varying thickness (2 mm, 3 mm, and 6 mm), varying diameter (76.2 mm, 101.6 mm, and 219 mm), and varying span (1000 mm, 1500 mm, and 2000 mm) were fabricated and tested for pre-failure and post-failure stages. The dimensions of the reference specimen considered were 3 mm in thickness, 101.6 mm in diameter, and 1500 mm in span. The results have shown that on increasing the section thickness by 200%, ductility and bearing strength were enhanced by 58.04% and 81.75%, respectively. Meanwhile, decreasing the section thickness by 67%, ductility and bearing strength were reduced by 64.86% and 38.87%, respectively. Moreover, on increasing the specimen diameter and on decreasing span, a significant increase in bearing strength and stiffness was observed; however, ductility was reduced. Meanwhile, on increasing the span of the specimen, all the parameters observed, i.e., bearing strength, stiffness, and ductility, decreased. On observing the ultimate strength of each specimen with square opening, the ultimate strength was reduced by 17.88%, 19.71%, and 14.23% for one, two-, and three-square openings, respectively. Moreover, the ductility was significantly reduced by 72.40%, 67.71%, and 60.88% for one, two-, and three-square openings/apertures, respectively, and led to the sudden failure of these specimens. The local buckling failure dominated for specimens having a D/t ratio more than 50 and showed very negligible levels of ovalization of the cross-section. Local buckling failure was observed to be prevented after providing the circular rings in the specimen, since bearing strength increased compared with the specimen without rings.     

水利血防工程血吸虫病防治效果分析

目的观察水利血防工程对血吸虫病流行扩散的影响,为评价水利血防工程提供科学依据。方法对湖北省阳新县富水流域下游干流防洪灭螺治理一期工程、湖南省株洲市白石港流域水利血防工程、江西省玉山县七一灌区水利血防工程、云南省大理州洱源县节水灌溉水利血防工程等4个国家重点水利血防工程所在区域进行血吸虫病监测,收集2003～2007年以来的螺情、疫情,分析比较工程建设前后螺情、疫情消长情况。结果工程建设后,4个工程所在区域钉螺面积分别下降83．69％、21．62％、66．20％、28．36％,活螺框出现率分别下降98．41％、86．07％、61．63％、78．96％,活螺密度分别下降99．55％、89．70％、55．10％、76．19％,钉螺感染率分别下降75．44％、100％、60．00％、100％。人群感染率分别下降77．56％、71．94％、88．60％、24．46％,家畜（牛）的感染率也相应下降。结论水利血防工程对控制血吸虫病有积极作用。工程竣工后须加强工程的维护和管理,确保工程良性运行。     

基于社区的两级血吸虫病健康教育模式干预效果

目的 目的 运用基于社区的两级健康教育模式对湖沼型血吸虫病流行区居民进行干预, 探索低流行水平下的健康 教育模式。方法 方法 在湖北省江陵县选取两个血吸虫病流行村, 干预村实施以社区为基础的两级健康教育干预模式和常 规防治措施, 对照村仅实施常规防治措施, 比较干预前后两村村民血防知识知晓率、 健康行为率、 查病和治病依从性等。 结果 结果 2014年基线调查结果显示, 干预组与对照组血防知识知晓率分别为84.00%和77.45%, 正确行为率分别为72.00% 和63.73%, 治病依从率分别为80.36%和82.28%, 差异均无统计学意义 （P均 > 0.05）。干预后, 干预组与对照组行为正确 率分别为92.31%和80.37%, 查病依从率分别为95.11%和82.55%, 化疗依从率分别为84.13%和63.64%, 差异均有统计学 意义 （P均 < 0.05）; 与干预前相比, 干预组干预后查病、 治病及化疗依从率增幅分别为20.97%、 15.33%、 23.29%, 对照组增 幅分别为14.27%、 4.17%、 -3.77%, 干预组均高于对照组。结论 结论 基于社区的两级健康教育模式可有效提高目标人群的 查、 治病依从性, 适宜在湖沼地区推广应用。     

基于古今医案云平台系统分析李军祥教授治疗溃疡性结肠炎的用药规律

目的:基于古今医案云平台系统分析李军祥教授治疗溃疡性结肠炎的用药规律。方法:随机收集近2年来李军祥教授有效治疗的171例溃疡性结肠炎患者中药处方(一患一方,不分首诊及复诊),将171份处方录入到古今医案云平台系统中,经过医案标准化处理后,建立标准化的数据库,通过频数统计以及数据挖掘方法,分析方剂数据库中各中药用药频率、四气、五味、归经分布及药物功效分布,以明确李军祥教授治疗溃疡性结肠炎的诊疗思路。结果:所采集的171张处方中,涉及药物112种,其中使用频次超过110次的药物有18种;运用关联法则分析药对得到核心处方:木香、苦参、黄连、炮姜、白术、青黛、炙甘草、陈皮、地榆炭、三七、白及、白芍;用药以寒、温两性为主,味多属苦、辛、甘,药物主归脾、胃、肝、大肠、肺、肾经。所用药物主要功效以清热祛湿、清热解毒、温脾补肾、凉血化瘀、行气活血为主。结论:从用药、性味归经、功效主治上体现了李军祥教授治疗溃疡性结肠炎时以脾胃为中心,兼及五脏论治;清温并用,注重阴阳平调;重视清热祛湿解毒,不忘调畅气与血;注重整体辨证论治以提高临床疗效。     

Ecological bases of the combination of natural foci of leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and ixodes tick-borne borrelioses in the ecosystems of a northern forest-steppe subzone in the Tyumen region

In the context of the present-day teaching of parasitocenoses and the proposition that the pathogen's population is the only compulsory and specific component of a natural focus, the authors bring to light the ecological bases of the combination of natural foci of leptospirosis and tick-borne encephalitis, leptospirosis and Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses. These foci are one-host population-combined. While analyzing the combination of the foci, it is expedient to consider in pairs since this provides a way of identifying the combination bases that are unique to these foci and determining the level, pattern, type, and degree of the combination of foci and, on their basis, the type of a combined focus. By determining the confined pattern of foci of leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses to the same elements of a landscape, the morphological structure of the northern forest-steppe landscape of the Tyumen Region predetermines their relationship, by acting as the abiotic basis of the combination of foci. Despite the differences in the types of the parasitic systems and the absence of the same mechanism of transmission of causative agents, the natural foci of leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses are, nevertheless, combined at the level of parasitocenosis of the co-acting populations of pathogenic organisms and their reservoir hosts act as the biotic bases of the combination of foci of leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses. The susceptibility of Cl. rutilus and S. araneus to infection with the pathogens ofleptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses and multihost pattern of the causative agents act as the epizootic bases of a combination of the foci of leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses. It has been shown that the biotic, epizootic, and abiotic bases of a combination of the natural foci of leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Ixodes tick-borne borrelioses of the Javanica serogroup are, in the aggregate, the ecological bases of the combination of these foci.     

2016—2021年池州市贵池区新发和复现钉螺情况分析

目的 了解2016—2021年池州市贵池区钉螺新发和复现情况,为制定防治方案提供依据。方法 依照《血吸虫病消除工作规范》和《钉螺调查技术规范》开展钉螺监测,收集2016—2021年贵池区现有钉螺环境、可疑钉螺孳生环境和历史钉螺环境信息,对贵池区新发和复现钉螺环境的面积、数量、活螺密度、活螺框出现率、地域特征等进行统计分析。结果 2016—2021年,贵池区新发钉螺环境面积分别为71.61、0、0.52、0、13.00、180.56 hm^(2),复现钉螺环境面积分别为82.27、12.67、8.48、5.12、28.50、291.59 hm^(2);新发钉螺环境数分别为12、0、2、0、2和24个,复现钉螺环境数分别为29、6、25、20、6和283个;新发钉螺环境平均活螺框出现率分别为18.41%、0、21.58%、0、17.58%、19.66%,复现钉螺环境活螺框出现率分别为8.46%、28.80%、17.15%、13.49%、8.55%、21.52%;新发钉螺环境活螺平均密度分别为0.42、0、2.62、0、0.97、0.91只/0.1 m^(2),复现钉螺环境活螺平均密度分别为0.70、1.01、1.10、1.65、0.68、1.43只/0.1 m^(2)。贵池区新发钉螺环境主要位于梅龙街道、江口街道和乌沙镇的长江滩地,牛头山镇和殷汇镇的秋浦河滩地;复现钉螺环境主要位于杏花村街道、殷汇镇的秋浦河滩地以及唐田镇升金湖滩地。新发钉螺环境所在水系主要为长江、秋浦河和九华河;钉螺复现环境所在水系主要位于秋浦河、白洋河和升金湖。结论 近年来贵池区每年均存在不同程度的钉螺扩散现象,对于出现新发或复现钉螺的重点地区,应及时采取有针对性的钉螺控制措施,防止钉螺扩散和血吸虫病蔓延。     

Neuroendocrinology of ageing

Many common problems encountered in the ageing patient can be related to neuroendocrine phenomena. These include Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive dysfunction, depression, Parkinson's disease, hyponatraemia and the postmenopausal increase in both vascular risk and osteoporosis. This review concentrates on the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system, including the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic and neurohypophyseal systems and the roles of the anterior pituitary and monoamine oxidases, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-releasing factor, the pro-opiomelanocortin-derived and opioid peptides, peptides involved in growth hormone and thyrotropin regulation, and amino acid transmitters.     

The atrial natriuretic factor.

In less than three years since the rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats was reported the factor responsible for the diuretic, natriuretic, and vasodilating activity of the atrial homogenates was isolated, its chemical structure elucidated, and its total synthesis achieved. Also the cDNA and the gene encoding for the atrial natriuretic factor in mice, rats, and man have been cloned and the chromosomal site identified. The major effects of this hormone are vasodilatation, prevention and inhibition of the contraction induced by noradrenaline and angiotensin II, diuresis, and natriuresis associated in most instances with a pronounced increase in glomerular filtration rate and filtration fraction, inhibition of aldosterone secretion, and considerable stimulation of particulate guanylate cyclase activity. High density specific binding sites have been demonstrated in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, in the renal glomeruli, and in the collecting ducts, and in the brain areas involved in the regulation of blood pressure and of sodium and water (AV3V region, subfornical organ, nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema).     

A study on the incidences of streptococcal infectious diseases in the regional surveillance informations of infectious diseases in Japan (2nd report)

The incidences of streptococcal infectious diseases in the regional surveillance informations of infectious diseases of 47 prefectures were compared with each other by the ratios of number of patients with streptococcal infectious diseases, exanthema subitum and varicella to the populations of surveyed age groups, respectively. It was estimated that although there were almost no regional differences in the ratios of exanthema subitum and varicella, the ratios of streptococcal infectious diseases were high in Hokkaido, Akita, Yamanashi, Shiga and Ehime Prefectures, respectively, and was low in Okinawa Prefecture. The corrected incidences of number of patients with streptococcal infectious diseases, calculated on the basis of the ratios of exanthema subitum and/or varicella, were also high in the regions of Hokkaido, Akita, Iwate, Nagano, Yamanashi, Gifu, Shiga, Okayama and Ehime Prefectures, respectively, and were low in the regions along the Pacific from the southern Tohoku (northern Japan) through a part of the Shikoku Island and the Sea of Japan from the Hokuriku (central Japan) through the Kyushu Island, and the regions of Nara and Okinawa Prefectures, respectively. The climate in the regions with high corrected incidence belonged to the Tohoku-Hokkaido, the Central Highlands and the Seto Inland Sea types, respectively. On the other hand, the regions with low corrected incidence belonged to the Tokai-Kanto, the Nankai (southern sea of Japan), the Hokuriku-Sanin, the Kyushu and the Okinawa climate types, respectively.     

Direct evidence of oxidative damage in acute and chronic phases of experimental colitis in rats

During inflammatory colitis in man and experimental animals, the production of free radicals increases. This study evaluated the histological pattern and biochemical parameters of oxidative damage during acute and chronic colitis induced by 2,4,-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid + ethanol in rats. On the samples of scraped mucosa of six groups of rats, one not treated, one killed after 1 hr, and those killed one, two, four, and eight weeks after the induced-damage, we determined the histological and superoxide dismutase activity and the concentration of lipoperoxides, malonyldialdheyde, and reduced glutathione. After 1 hr, the mucosal damage and superoxide dismutase activity were slight; glutathione, lipoperoxides, and malonyldialdheyde were significantly increased. At one week, the histological damage was severe, decreasing progressively, and significantly correlated to superoxide dismutase activity. Lipoperoxides and malonyldialdheyde were high throughout the study. Glutathione was significantly increased at one and two weeks and dramatically decreased thereafter. Therefore, in experimental colitis the cascade of free-radical production induces a constant self-maintaining lipoperoxidation and consumes the cellular antioxidant capability.     

武汉市血吸虫病控制达标考核结果评价

目的考核2007年武汉市血吸虫病控制达标情况。方法按照血吸虫病控制和消灭的国家标准,对武汉市洪山、蔡甸、汉南、黄陂、江夏、东西湖和江岸等7个区开展人畜查病和螺情调查。结果20042006年全市居民血吸虫感染率分别为3.06%、0.93%和0.56%,急性血吸虫病病人数分别为14、10和4例;耕牛感染率分别为0.88%、1.39%和0.67%;有螺面积分别为1 351.301、1 343.916和1 341.829万^m2。2007年,洪山、蔡甸、汉南、黄陂和江夏等5个疫情控制考核区居民血吸虫感染率0.67%,耕牛感染率0.69%。东西湖和江岸2个传播控制考核区居民血检阳性率分别为3.47%和1.71%;粪检未见阳性病人和耕牛;螺点调查未见感染性钉螺。结论2004年以来武汉市血吸虫病疫情呈逐年下降趋势,洪山、蔡甸、汉南、黄陂和江夏等5个区达到血吸虫病疫情控制标准,东西湖和江岸2个区达到血吸虫病传播控制标准。     

Classification of the legionellae

This article reviews the classification and identification of the 23 described species, the 11 unnamed species, and the 49 serogroups presently known in the family Legionellaceae and the genus Legionella. The events leading to the isolation and classification of the first species, Legionella pneumophila, are summarized; these include the outbreak of legionnaires' disease at the 1976 American Legion Convention in Philadelphia, the five outbreaks preceding the Philadelphia outbreak, and the isolation of three Legionella species before 1976. The phenotypic characteristics of legionellae are described, including growth requirements, isolation media, biochemical tests, cellular fatty acids, quinones, and the guanine-plus-cytosine (G + C) content of DNA. Identification of legionellae by serology, monoclonal antibodies, and gene probes is described. Each species is listed with an explanation of its name, the source, location of its isolation, its involvement, if any, in human disease, its type strain, and the person who isolated it. The basis of taxonomy by DNA hybridization at the species level and evidence consistent with all species in a single genus and family are described. Problems with identification of legionellae at the species level and with their classification, especially at the genus level, are discussed.     

Haemophilia, Christmas Disease and the Xg Blood Groups

I n 1954 the Medical Research Council and the Ministry of Health jointly asked various clinics and laboratories to act as reference centres for patients with hereditary bleeding diseases. In the following study, the register at one such centre has been used to trace families who might help determine the degree of linkage between haemophilia and Christmas disease and the X-borne Xg blood groups. Information has also been obtained on the incidence of the two diseases.
Mann, Cahan, Gelb, Fisher, Hamper, Tippett, Sanger and Race (1962) reported the discovery of the Xg system. Two alleles, Xg^a and Xg, are so far known; the antigen Xg^a is a dominant character and occurs in about 66 per cent of the male and 88 per cent of the female white population. Accounts have now appeared of attempts to measure linkage between Xg and colour blindness (Jackson, Symon and Mann, 1962), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (Adam, Sheba, Sanger, Race, Tippett, Hamper, Gavin and Finney, 1963), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Clark, Puite, Marczynski and Mann, 1963), and haemophilia and Christmas disease (Davies et al. , 1963). Lindsten, Fraccaro, Polani, Hamerton, Sanger and Race (1963) used the Xg blood groups to study 14 patients with an isochromosome for the long arm of the X, and suggested, with certain reservations, that the deutan colour blindness and Xg loci both lie on the short arm of the X chromosome.