超强纤维固定牙外伤脱位对牙周指数的影响

BACKGROUND:Recently, the clinical application of super fiber in the repairing and fixation of dentaltraumatic dislocation is rare, while the existing research mainly focuses on the short-term efficacy, and the reports on the effect in periodontal is rare. OBJECTIVE:To comparative study the change of periodontal index of dislocated permanent anterior teeth fixed by super fiber, arch splint and edgewise bracket and to understand the domestic research on the super fiber in the oral field. METHODS:Sixty patients with dislocated permanent anterior teeth were randomly divided into three groups: super fiber group, arch splint group and edgewise bracket group. The changes of periodontal index of the traumatic tooth were comparatively observed after fixed with the three methods; the plaque index and gingival index were obtained for the statistical analysis and comparison. The related literatures were searched in CNKI database, and the publish situation and the research situation of the literatures were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:There were significant differences of the plaque index and gingival index between super fiber group, arch splint group and edgewise bracket group (P < 0.05). The plaque index and gingival index in the super fiber group were significantly better than those in the arch splint group and edgewise bracket group. The super fiber fixation method is an effective method for the fixation of dislocated teeth with the advantages of smaller periodontium irritation, easy for clean and reliable performance. However, the domestic literatures on the dental traumatic dislocation fixed with super fiber are rare.     

Effect of enamel matrix proteins on the periodontal connective tissue-material interface after wound healing

The periodontal ligament has the potential to regenerate a complete periodontal connective tissue attachment, starting with the deposition of cementum, on pathologically exposed root surfaces as well as several materials including titanium oxide. However, most commonly used dental materials result in a fibrous encapsulation or a chronic inflammatory response after periodontal wound healing rather than the formation of a periodontal connective tissue attachment. Recently, an extract of porcine enamel matrix (Emdogain(R), EMD) has been reported inductive of cementum formation in both in vivo and in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of EMD, when applied to materials previously reported not supportive of periodontal connective tissue formation, on the periodontal connective tissue-material interface obtained with these materials in vivo. Bilateral osteotomies were performed on the mandible of a Yucatan minipig exposing the buccal root surface of four premolars. A series of four preparations were placed in each root surface that were subsequently filled with calcium hydroxide, gutta percha, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), or left unfilled. One side, in addition, received an application of EMD prior to surgical closure. A bioabsorbable surgical barrier membrane was placed over the osteotomy sites to exclude gingival connective tissue from the wound-healing environment. The mucoperiosteal flaps were then readapted and sutured in position. The animal was euthanized 10 weeks after the procedure, block sections obtained and prepared for light microscopy. Results demonstrated complete regeneration of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament in all four teeth from the EMD-treated side. Fibers from the periodontal ligament were observed to insert into a mineralized matrix consistent with cementum on all four root preparations. In contrast, massive root resorption without regeneration of alveolar bone was found on all teeth from the side not treated with EMD. The results of this pilot study suggest that the application of EMD to material surfaces that normally do not support periodontal connective tissue attachment formation can alter the type of periodontal connective tissue interface obtained with these materials.     

The natural history, including orofacial features of three patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, dermatosparaxis type (EDS type VIIC)

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) dermatosparaxis type (type VIIC) and the related disease of cattle dermatosparaxis, are recessively inherited connective tissue disorders, caused by a deficient activity of procollagen I N-proteinase, the enzyme that excises the N-terminal propeptide in procollagen type I, type II, and type III. Although well documented in cattle, to date only seven human cases have been recorded, most of them aged under 2 years. We document the natural history of three patients with EDS dermatosparaxis type, two of whom have been reported before the age of 2 years, and one new patient. The phenotype of the patients, and especially the facial resemblance, is striking, making this a clinically recognizable condition. The most consistent anomalies during the first years of life are premature rupture of the membranes, extreme skin fragility and easy bruising, large fontanels, blue sclerae, puffy eyelids, micrognathia, umbilical hernia, and short fingers. Joint hypermobility becomes more important with age. The children are at risk for rupture of internal organs due to soft tissue fragility, as is illustrated by different internal events in two of the three patients described here. Orofacial features include micrognathia, a frontal open bite, and gingival hyperplasia with varying degrees of hyperkeratosis. The deciduous dentition shows abnormal morphology of the molars, obliteration of the tooth pulp, and severe enamel attrition. The permanent dentition shows agenesis and microdontia of several teeth. Tooth discoloration, dysplastic roots, and tooth pulp obliteration are present in a restricted number of permanent teeth.     

Crown dimensions of deciduous and permanent teeth of Jats from Haryana (India)

Tooth crown dimensions of deciduous and permanent dentition have been measured in 356 male and 292 female Jats from Haryana, an important agriculturally-based community in North India. While the second molar is the biggest tooth of the deciduous dentition, the first molar showed greater mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters in the permanent dentition. Sex differences in the two dentitions were significant, the differences being more marked in the permanent teeth.     

金铂合金烤瓷冠对牙周组织的影响

背景：金属烤瓷冠的修复材料种类很多,每种材料的性能及对牙周组织细胞毒性影响均不相同。 目的：观察金铂合金烤瓷冠修复后对牙周组织的影响。 方法：选择2009-06/2010-01采用金铂合金烤瓷冠进行上颌切牙修复患者21例(26颗牙),以患牙对侧的同名健康牙为对照牙。烤瓷冠戴入6~8个月后复诊。 结果与结论：修复体边缘的深度及密合度均符合临床要求,修复后患牙的菌斑指数和龈沟液内血管内皮生长因子、肿瘤坏死因子α水平与对照牙比较,差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),但患牙探诊深度、龈沟内出血指数及龈沟液量明显高于对照牙,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。说明金铂合金烤瓷冠对患牙牙周组织有一定的不良影响。     

Humoral immune responses in periodontal disease may have mucosal and systemic immune features

The humoral immune response, especially IgG and IgA, is considered to be protective in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, but the precise mechanisms are still unknown. Immunoglobulins arriving at the periodontal lesion are from both systemic and local tissue sources. In order to understand better the local immunoglobulin production, we examined biopsy tissue from periodontitis lesions for the expression of IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE and in addition the IgG and IgA subclasses and J-chain by in situ hybridization. Tissues examined were superficial inflamed gingiva and the deeper granulation tissue from periodontal sites. These data confirm that IgM, and IgG and IgA subclass proteins and J-chain can be locally produced in the periodontitis tissues. IgG1 mRNA-expressing cells were predominant in the granulation tissues and in the gingiva, constituting approx. 65% of the total IgG-expressing plasma cells. There was a significantly increased proportion of IgA-expressing plasma cells in the gingiva compared with the granulation tissue (P < 0.01). Most of the IgA-expressing plasma cells were IgA1, but a greater proportion expressed IgA2 mRNA and J-chain mRNA in the gingival tissues (30.5% and 7.5%, respectively) than in the periodontal granulation tissues (19% and 0-4%, respectively). The J-chain or dimeric IgA2-expressing plasma cells were located adjacent to the epithelial cells, suggesting that this tissue demonstrates features consistent with a mucosal immune response. Furthermore, we were able to detect the secretory component in gingival and junctional epithelial cells, demonstrating that the periodontal epithelium shares features with mucosal epithelium. In contrast, deeper tissues had more plasma cells that expressed IgM, and less expressing IgA, a response which appears more akin to the systemic immune response. In conclusion, this study suggests that immune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis may involve features of both the mucosal and systemic immune systems, dependent on tissue location.     

kindlin-1在人牙龈上皮的分布特点及其临床意义

目的 探讨kindlin-1在人健康牙龈上皮与慢性炎症性牙龈上皮分布特点的差异,从而建立kindlin-1与牙周疾病的临床相关性。方法 应用免疫组织化学和免疫印迹法,分别检测10例正常牙龈上皮以及8例慢性炎症性牙龈上皮中kindlin-1的分布。 结果 免疫组织化学结果显示,kindlin-1在正常牙龈上皮中主要分布于基底层细胞与上层颗粒层细胞,且在颗粒层细胞胞质中表达呈强阳性,而在基底上层细胞核内散在出现弱阳性表达;同时,kindlin-1在牙龈沟内上皮的表达明显高于游离龈上皮(P<0.05);慢性炎症性牙龈上皮中kindlin-1较正常牙龈上皮分布更加广泛,表达也增强(P<0.05)。 免疫印迹的结果进一步证实慢性炎症性牙龈的kindlin-1表达较正常牙龈上皮更加强烈(P<0.05)。 结论 Kindlin-1在人牙龈上皮中的分布和表达与牙龈上皮分化和炎症状态均密切相关。     

Gingivitis around the deciduous teeth of sheep

Two-hundred and eight sheep from two farms were killed mostly in age-matched groups of 6 between the ages of 6 and 141 weeks. Sheep from one farm (W) had excessive tooth wear whilst sheep from the other (G) had little. The four deciduous incisor teeth and the third premolar from one side of the mandible of each sheep were examined by light microscopy. The inflammatory reaction in the gingiva around the sulcus and sulcular epithelial proliferation were subjectively assessed. Sheep from both farms initially showed a neutrophilic reaction. From approximately 25 to 100 weeks of age, sheep from farm G had a more extensive reaction than those from farm W involving neutrophils and mononuclear cells. The latter showed a more frequent tendency to spread on farm G than on farm W. The length of the sulcus was also more often greater on farm G. In contrast, the proliferation of the sulcular epithelium in both width and length was not greater on farm G. It is suggested that the severity of the gingivitis was arrested at a less severe stage on farm W than on farm G and that the pathogenesis of sulcular epithelial proliferation may different from that of gingival inflammation.     

Characteristics of subgingival calculus detection by multiphoton fluorescence microscopy

Subgingival calculus has been recognized as a major cause of periodontitis, which is one of the main chronic infectious diseases of oral cavities and a principal cause of tooth loss in humans. Bacteria deposited in subgingival calculus or plaque cause gingival inflammation, function deterioration, and then periodontitis. However, subgingival calculus within the periodontal pocket is a complicated and potentially delicate structure to be detected with current dental armamentaria, namely dental x-rays and dental probes. Consequently, complete removal of subgingival calculus remains a challenge to periodontal therapies. In this study, the detection of subgingival calculus employing a multiphoton autofluorescence imaging method was characterized in comparison with a one-photon confocal fluorescence imaging technique. Feasibility of such a system was studied based on fluorescence response of gingiva, healthy teeth, and calculus with and without gingiva covered. The multiphoton fluorescence technology perceived the tissue-covered subgingival calculus that cannot be observed by the one-photon confocal fluorescence method.     

One year follow-up study of stature,weight, emergence of dentition,and sexual maturation of well-nourished indian girls from birth to 20 years

Stature, weight, and emergence of deciduous and permanent teeth of 1,330 well-nourished girls from birth to 20 years belonging to well-off families residing in Delhi are reported. All subjects were measured on two occasions 1 year apart. In addition, each subject was examined for gingival emergence of deciduous or permanent teeth on both occasions. Data on age at menarche were also collected. Single-year velocities of stature and weight are highest during the first year. The peak of adolescent spurts in stature and weight velocities are observed at 11.0 and 12.0 years, respectively. The first deciduous tooth to emerge is the mandibular I₁, of girls at 7.6 months. The sequence of emergence based on ascending median ages is I1, I2, M1, C, and M2 for both maxillary as well as mandibular deciduous teeth. The permanent dentition starts with the emergence of mandibular M₁ at 5.75 years. The sequence of emergence of permanent teeth is M¹, I¹, I², PM¹, C, PM², and M² in the maxilla, and M₁, I₁, I2, C, PM₁, PM₂, and M₂ in the mandible. Annual increase in number of permanent teeth erupted shows a spurt between 9 and 10 years of age. Median age at menarche is 12.37 ± 0.03 with a standard deviation of 0.8 years; it is about one and one-half years later than the estimated age at peak height velocity. Single-year velocities of stature and weight decline after the onset of menarche. An association of emergence of deciduous teeth with birth weight is observed. Newborns with higher birth weight tend to have more teeth emerged at one year of age compared to those having lower birth weight. In all age groups, girls who had experienced menarche are taller and heavier and have more erupted permanent teeth compared to those who have not yet attained menarche. Girls with earlier menarche apparently have short adult stature compared to those with later menarche. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A morphological study of the blood vessels associated with periodontal probing depth in human gingival tissue

Gingival tissues in human cadavers were examined the blood vessel diameter in the depths of the gingival pockets such as three groups: gingiva adjacent to a sulcus of 2 mm (Group 1); gingiva adjacent to a 2-4-mm sulcus (Group 2); and gingiva adjacent to a sulcus of > 4 mm (Group 3). A meaningful significant difference was seen observed in gingival pocket side, intermediate and outer layer side regions of the gingiva. A meaningful significant difference was seen found in intermediate part and the outer layer of the gingiva in Group 3. Other gingival biopsies were performed on a human body donation specimen to examine CD-31 positive endothelial cells of blood vessels by an immnohistochemical method. Our results suggest that the periodontal probing depth reflect the blood vessel organization of human gingival tissue.     

A hypoglossal reflex elicited by mechanical stimulation of the mandibular mucosa in the cat

Electromyographic responses of extrinsic tongue muscle motor units to innocuous mechanical stimulation of the mandibular mucosa were studied in urethane-chloralose anesthetized cats. The mechanical stimulation either excited or inhibited spike discharges in some extrinsic tongue muscle motor units when applied to the alveolar gingival musosa on the lingual side. Excitatory receptive fields of styloglossal motor units were predominantly ipsilateral, and the molar and second premolar gingivae were the most effective. In contrast, excitatory receptive fields of hyoglossal motor units were predominantly contralateral, the molar gingiva being most effective. In genioglossal motor units, only the ipsilateral alveolar gingiva was excitatory, while ipsi- and/or contralateral alveolar gingivae were inhibitory. The inhibitory receptive field was located in the molar and/or second premolar alveolar gingivae. When an anesthetic spray was applied to the mucosal surface, the reflex response completely disappeared, indicating its origin to be located in the stimulated gingival mucosa. After cutting the lingual nerve, reflex responses to mechanical stimulation of the premolar and molar gingival mucosa was abolished. It was concluded that the premolar and molar gingival mucosa constitutes a part of the afferent source for the linguo-hypoglossal reflex.     

应用定量PCR检测固定矫治器拆除后龈下菌斑中牙龈卟啉单胞菌的动态变化

目的 检测正畸患者在拆除固定矫治器后龈下牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)动态含量和牙周临床指标,研究其动态变化及与临床的关系.方法 选择将要结束正畸治疗的患者20名,在拆除矫治器前即时、之后第1个月、第3个月和第6个月分别检查牙周各项指标:菌斑指数(PLI)、龈沟出血指数(SBI)、探诊深度(PD),同时采集龈下菌斑,采用TaqMan探针荧光实时定量PCR技术对样品进行检测得出每个样品中牙龈卟啉单胞菌和总细菌的数量,牙龈卟啉单胞菌检出率和牙龈卟啉单胞菌占总细菌比例的变化.结果 牙龈卟啉单胞菌检出率在拆后6个月内呈下降趋势,在第6个月差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);牙龈卟啉单胞菌的量在拆后6个月开始呈显著的下降(P<0.05);牙龈卟啉单胞菌的百分含量在拆后6个月开始差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PLI、SBI、PD都呈显著性下降(P<0.05).结论 拆除固定矫治器后在保持良好口腔卫生保健的情况下,正畸患者在一段时间内牙周组织呈自愈的趋势.牙龈卟啉单胞菌的百分含量的动态变化可以较好地反映牙周组织的健康状况.TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR有较高的特异性和敏感性,且快捷准确,对牙周微生物的检测有一定的应用价值.     

牙周组织再生术联合口腔正畸治疗牙周炎的效果观察

目的 探讨牙周组织再生术联合口腔正畸对牙周炎患者的治疗效果。方法 选取2016年10月~2019年3月在我院诊治的牙周炎患者84例,采用随机数字表法分为常规组与研究组,各42例。常规组采用传统牙周组织再生术治疗,研究组在常规组基础上联合口腔正畸治疗。比较两组口腔相关指标（牙龈附着水平、牙龈指数、牙周探诊深度、牙菌斑指数）、治疗总有效率及不良反应发生率。结果 研究组治疗后牙龈附着水平、牙龈指数、牙周探诊深度、牙菌斑指数均优于常规组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;研究组治疗总有效率（95.24%）高于对照组（78.57%）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;研究组不良反应发生率（7.14%）低于常规组（23.80%）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 牙周组织再生术联合口腔正畸治疗,可优化牙周炎患者的牙龈附着水平、牙龈指数等口腔相关指标,降低不良反应发生率,值得临床应用。     

Postnatal Mandibular Cheek Tooth Development in the Miniature Pig Based on Two‐Dimensional and Three‐Dimensional X‐Ray Analyses

The miniature pig is a useful large laboratory animal model. Various tissues and organs of miniature pigs are similar to those of humans in terms of developmental, anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics. The oral and maxillofacial region of miniature pigs is often used in preclinical studies of regenerative dentistry. However, there is limited information on the dentition and tooth structure of miniature pigs. The purpose of this study was to examine the time‐course changes of dentition and tooth structure (especially the root) of the miniature pig mandibular cheek teeth through X‐ray analyses using soft X‐ray for two‐dimensional observations and micro‐CT for three‐dimensional observations. The mandibles of male Clawn strain miniature pigs (2 weeks and 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, and 29 months of age) were used. X‐ray analysis of the dentition of miniature pig cheek teeth showed that the eruption pattern of the miniature pig is diphyodont and that the replacement pattern is vertical. Previous definitions of deciduous and permanent teeth often varied and there has been no consensus on the number of teeth (dentition); however, we found that three molars are present in the deciduous dentition and that four premolars and three molars are present in the permanent dentition. Furthermore, we confirmed the number of tooth roots and root canals. We believe that these findings will be highly useful in future studies using miniature pig teeth. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Postnatal changes in osseous and mucosal morphology of the hard palate

We investigated the postnatal changes in the dimensions, configuration, and surface pattern of the hard palate in 68 skulls, ranging in age from birth to 90 years of age. The number of palatine rugae of the palatine mucosa was assessed in 168 living subjects aged 11-98 years. Before the first dentition appeared, the osseous palate was concave, smooth, and lacked alveolar processes. In maxillar specimens from the end of the first year to the end of the fourth year of life, balloon-like osseous formations, containing the elements of permanent teeth, appeared bilaterally behind the deciduous incisors. With age, the concavity of the palate diminished and became flat with the loss of the teeth. The presence of teeth was associated with the height of the alveolar ridge, which decreased from 7.3 +/- 4.4 mm in specimens with intact teeth to 4.7 +/- 4.1 mm in specimens without teeth (P = 0.020). Palatine rugae were a common finding in living subjects, but were more often absent in older age (2.2% in 11-50 age group vs. 12.8% in 51-98 age group, P = 0.0183). Our results suggest that the morphology of the hard palate rapidly changes during deciduous and permanent teeth eruption and is related to the presence of alveolar ridges and teeth in adults. Palate osseous morphology may be morphologically and functionally independent from its mucosal morphology. Changes in the morphology of the osseous palate are clinically relevant for dental prosthetics and tooth implantation.     

Apoptosis in the Connective Tissues of the Periodontal Ligament and Gingivae of Rat Incisor and Molar Teeth at Various Stages of Development

Apoptosis in the periodontal connective tissues was studied using the TUNEL technique, supported by electron microscopy. For 16 rats (aged 3, 8, or 104 weeks), nuclear fragmentation was assessed using the TUNEL technique (for 4 of the animals aged 8 weeks, incisor eruption was experimentally increased by trimming of teeth to the gingival margin--unimpeded eruption). A further 8 rats (aged 8 and 104 weeks) were employed for electron microscopy. For the incisor, prior to aging, and regardless of eruptive behavior (i.e., for both impeded and unimpeded incisors), there was little evidence of apoptosis in the periodontal ligament or gingival connective tissues. For the molar, apoptosis was also not usually detected when the teeth were erupting or in the mature, erupted state. In the aged animals, however, there was a marked increase in apoptosis (as assessed by the TUNEL technique) within the periodontal ligament and gingivae of both the molars and incisors (where eruption rates also increased). Nevertheless, electron microscopy indicated that significant numbers of apoptotic cells were only in the incisor periodontium. These findings are not consistent with the view that the periodontal fibroblasts provide a component of the force(s) responsible for eruption.     

钴铬合金及银钯合金烤瓷冠对牙周组织的影响

背景：金属烤瓷全冠是修复牙体缺损的最常用方法,牙周问题是导致修复失败的最常见原因。 目的：评价钴铬合金和银钯合金作为烤瓷冠内冠材料对牙周组织的影响。 方法：选择采用钴铬合金和银钯合金烤瓷冠修复患者75例,189颗患牙,其中106颗采用钯合金烤瓷冠修复体,83颗应用钴铬合金修复体。于修复前后临床对比患牙龈沟出血指数、龈沟液量、龈沟液中与炎症相关的细胞因子白细胞介素1β和肿瘤坏死因子α浓度,以及龈沟液中牙龈卟啉单胞菌、伴放线嗜血杆菌、福赛斯坦纳菌等3种细菌检出率的变化。 结果与结论：①与修复前比较,钴铬合金烤瓷冠修复12个月后,患牙龈沟出血指数和龈沟液量、龈沟液中细胞因子白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α水平及龈沟液中牙龈卟啉单胞菌、福赛斯坦纳菌检出率升高(P < 0.05或P﹤0.01),伴放线嗜血杆菌检出率无明显变化(P > 0.05)。②与修复前比较,银钯合金烤瓷冠修复12个月后,龈沟出血指数和龈沟液量升高(P < 0.05),龈沟液中细胞因子白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α水平及3种细菌检出率无明显变化(P > 0.05)。表明两种材料的烤瓷冠对患牙牙周组织均有影响,其中银钯合金影响较小,钴铬合金影响较大。     

Apoptosis in the connective tissues of the periodontal ligament and gingivae of rat incisor and molar teeth at various stages of development

Apoptosis in the periodontal connective tissues was studied using the TUNEL technique, supported by electron microscopy. For 16 rats (aged 3, 8, or 104 weeks), nuclear fragmentation was assessed using the TUNEL technique (for 4 of the animals aged 8 weeks, incisor eruption was experimentally increased by trimming of teeth to the gingival margin--unimpeded eruption). A further 8 rats (aged 8 and 104 weeks) were employed for electron microscopy. For the incisor, prior to aging, and regardless of eruptive behavior (i.e., for both impeded and unimpeded incisors), there was little evidence of apoptosis in the periodontal ligament or gingival connective tissues. For the molar, apoptosis was also not usually detected when the teeth were erupting or in the mature, erupted state. In the aged animals, however, there was a marked increase in apoptosis (as assessed by the TUNEL technique) within the periodontal ligament and gingivae of both the molars and incisors (where eruption rates also increased). Nevertheless, electron microscopy indicated that significant numbers of apoptotic cells were only in the incisor periodontium. These findings are not consistent with the view that the periodontal fibroblasts provide a component of the force(s) responsible for eruption.