大学生自我表露与人格特征、孤独、心理健康的关系

目的 :探讨大学生自我表露与人格特征、孤独、心理健康的关系。方法 :应用JSDQ、EPQ -RSC、UCLA、SCL -90等对 42 4名大学生进行团体施测。结果 :大学生的自我表露程度与 ( 1)性格的外向性有显著的正相关 (r =0 2 9,P <0 0 1) ;( 2 )孤独呈显著的负相关 (r =-0 3 6,P <0 0 1) ,低表露者比高表露者的孤独感体验强烈 ;( 3 )SCL -90中的抑郁因子呈显著的负相关 (r =-0 16,P <0 0 1)。结论 :高、低不同表露者与其孤独或人格特征、情绪体验有一定相关性。     

The effect of physician self-disclosure on patient self-disclosure and patient perceptions of the physician

ObjectivesPhysician self-disclosure is typically seen as patient-centered communication because it creates rapport and is seen as an expression of empathy. Given that many physician behaviors affect patients differently depending on whether they are shown by a female or male physician, we set out to test whether physician self-disclosure affects patients’ intentions to self-disclose and patients’ perceptions of their physicians depending on physicians’ gender.MethodTwo hundred and forty-four participants were recruited and randomly assigned to read one of 4 vignettes as if they were the patient in the dialogue (analogue patient design). They were then asked to report how they would react to the physician and how they perceived the him or her.ResultsPhysicians who self-disclosed were perceived as more empathic than physicians who did not, regardless of physician and patient gender. Physician self-disclosure had an effect on the behavioral intentions of the analogue patients, and this was moderated by physician gender. Analogue patients indicated to be more willing to self-disclose to female than to male physicians who self-disclosed.ConclusionIt is important to consider physician gender when training physicians in patient-centered communication because the same behavior can have different effects on patients depending on whether it originates from a female or a male physician.Practical implicationsPhysicians can use self-disclosure to express empathy. When female physicians do so, they might obtain more personal information from patients, which can positively affect diagnosis and treatment.     

孤独、抑郁情绪及其相互关系探讨

目的：探讨孤独感及其产生基础,了解孤独与抑郁情绪的关系。方法：采用状态与性质性孤独量表和自评抑郁量表（ＳＤＳ）对１１３名大学生进行了评定。结果：在状态与特质性孤独量表的因子分析中各提取出三个因子,即情感孤独因子、社交孤独因子及孤独程度因子。其中,社交状态孤独因子与社交特质孤独因子得分均为男性高于女性（Ｐ〈０．０５）。相关分析显示,状态孤独量表总分与特质孤独量表总分之间呈正相关（ｒ＝０．７３,Ｐ〈０     

抑郁、焦虑、孤独情绪与书写特征

目的：探索抑郁、焦虑、孤独情绪与书写特征的关系。方法：使用自编的书写特征评分系统及BDI、STAI等量表对480个大学生被试进行评定，使用AMOS4软件建立结构方程模型。结果：在对高低抑郁、焦虑、孤独组被试的比较分析中，发现高分组多项书写特征得分与低分组相比具有显著统计学差异。使用结构方程模型技术建立四个相应的模型，均有较好的拟合，证实抑郁、焦虑和孤独对书写存在重要影响。应用书写特征变量对抑郁、焦虑以及孤独进行多元回归分析，发现在控制了性别因素后，有较好的效度。结论：表现一个人书写特征的笔迹与个体的抑郁、焦虑及孤独情绪有密切关系。     

医科大学生孤独感与自尊的相互关系探讨

目的了解医科大学生孤独状况,探讨孤独感与自尊的相互关系。方法采用状态与特质性孤独量表和自尊量表（SES）对500名医科大学生进行了评定。结果有相当多的医科大学生表示经常体验到孤独,医科大学生的孤独感在家在地、是否独生子女、家庭经济状况上差异显著而在性别上差异不显著。医科大学生的孤独分数与自尊显著负相关,自尊可以作为孤独的有效预测指标。结论自尊得分低的医科大学生其孤独得分高,医科高校的心理健康工作者要加强对大学生孤独心理的研究和干预。     

Impact of perceived social support on depression in Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants: The mediating effects of loneliness and resilience

The present study aimed to examine whether loneliness and resilience played the roles of mediators on the relationship between perceived social support and depression. A total of 712 Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants from Nanjing, who were measured with perceived social support, resilience, loneliness, and depression, participated in the study. Results indicated that perceived social support and resilience were negatively associated with depression. Loneliness was a significant and negative predictor for depression. In addition, we also revealed that resilience and loneliness partially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and depression. These findings might develop a better understanding of depression in the course of migration.     

社团与非社团医学生的手机网络成瘾和孤独感

目的探讨网络环境下社团与非社团医学生手机网络成瘾、孤独感的状况及差异。方法采用手机网络成瘾量表、网络游戏成瘾量表、感情与社会孤独量表对人口统计学变量相匹配的社团与非社团医学生进行测查。结果①非社团医学生手机网络成瘾倾向者以及严重手机网络游戏成瘾者的比例明显比社团医学生的比例高。社团与非社团医学生手机网络成瘾、社会孤独感差异显著(F=358.99,18.13;P0.001);感情孤独感差异显著(F=33.15,P0.05);②医学生是否属于社团成员与其手机网络成瘾、社会孤独感与感情孤独感均呈显著的相关(r=0.126~0.494,P0.01);③回归分析显示,是否社团成员对医学生手机网络成瘾、社会孤独感和感情孤独感的影响作用显著(P0.001)。结论网络环境下是否是社团成员对医学生手机网络成瘾、孤独感的影响作用显著。     

The effects of a recipient's openness and conveyance to a third party of the self-disclosure on changes in the discloser's liking and self-disclosure

One hundred and ninety-nine university students (101 males, 98 females) served in a study designed to examine various factors affecting a discloser's degree of liking of and self-disclosure to a recipient. Specifically, the effects of (1) the recipient's degree of openness (high, low), (2) whether or not the recipient conveyed the discloser's self-disclosure to a third party (yes, no), and (3) the intimacy of self-disclosure by the discloser (high, low) were assessed in terms of (a) change in self-disclosure by the discloser and (b) change in liking by the discloser. Results confirmed the hypotheses that: (1) the degree of openness of the recipient and the conveyance of self-disclosure by the recipient would interact with change in the discloser's liking of and self-disclosure to the recipient, and, (2) the degree of openness of the recipient and the intimacy of self-disclosure would interact with change in the discloser's liking of and self-disclosure to the recipient. Moreover, females were found to be more sensitive than males to conveyance by the recipient.     

Effects of gender and physical distance with an old friend on same-sex friendship]

This study examined the differences between interpersonal relationship of same-sex old friends (OF) and that of new friends (NF). It also investigated the effects of physical distance with an old friend and gender on the friendship. Respondents were 208 undergraduates, 86 men and 122 women, who chose one of most intimate person each from same-sex friends they had made before and after they entered a university, and answered questions to describe their relationship. Results showed that relationship satisfaction and tired feeling were higher for OF than NF. Spending time together and talking over telephone were more frequent for NF than OF, but for each occasion together or over telephone, OF spent longer time than NF. OF expected more self-disclosure between them than NF. Gender differences in friendship expectation were similar to previous findings (Wada, 1993, 1996). Furthermore, gender and physical distance both influenced the frequencies of OF spending time together and over telephone. These findings are discussed in terms of gender differences in friendship.     

Social correlates of distress following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Exploring the role of loneliness and cognitive processing

This study investigated whether loneliness and cognitive processing explain the influence of negative (social constraints) and positive (emotional support) relationship qualities on cancer survivors' distress. Participants were 195 cancer survivors who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Path analysis supported the hypothesis that loneliness and cognitive processing would mediate the association between social constraints and distress. Only loneliness mediated the association between emotional support and distress - an indirect effect significant only when support came from family and friends rather than a partner. Findings suggest that addressing social constraints may enhance cancer survivors' adjustment.     

医学生自杀意念与孤独感的关系

目的 了解医学生的自杀意念与孤独感的现状,探讨自杀意念与孤独感的关系.方法 采用随机抽样的方法选取830名医学院校大二学生,利用大学生人格问卷（UPI）中第25题“是否有轻生想法”与孤独量表（UCLA）调查其自杀意念与孤独感程度.结果 医学生的自杀意念发生率为4.6％.所属专业间的自杀意念发生率的差异有统计学意义（x2=16.936,P＜0.05）;非独生子女的自杀意念发生率高于独生子女（x2=7.764,P＜0.01）.有自杀意念的医学生比无自杀意念的医学生有更高的孤独感,其差异有显著的统计学意义（t =4.005,P＜0.001）.结论 医学生的自杀意念与孤独感相关.医学院校应重视学生孤独感等心理健康问题,通过降低孤独感水平扼制学生自杀意念与自杀行为的出现.     

大学生孤独感、社交焦虑与手机依赖的交叉滞后分析

目的：分析大学生孤独感、社交焦虑与手机依赖的关系。方法：采用孤独感量表、社交焦虑量表和手机成瘾倾向量表对952名大学生开展为期一年的追踪研究。结果：（1）大学生孤独感、社交焦虑和手机依赖呈正相关（P<0.01);(2)交叉滞后分析表明,前测孤独感对后测社交焦虑有预测作用,前测孤独感和社交焦虑均能预测后测手机依赖。结论：孤独感可以预测社交焦虑,两者均可以预测手机依赖。     

Ways of finding meaning in negative experience and hesitation in self-disclosure

Narrative approach suggests that finding or creating meaning in one's own negative experience is important, and one of psychotherapeutic goals may be making it possible for the person to tell his/her in experience to others in a more positive way than otherwise. On the other hand, recent studies of self-disclosure have suggested that disclosure of negative experience could be harmful to well-being or interpersonal relationship of the person. This study investigated the relationship between ways of finding meaning in negative experiences and hesitation in self-disclosure. A questionnaire about negative life experience was administered to 210 undergraduates. Results indicated that there were four different ways of finding meaning in negative experiences, and four factors of the hesitation could be classified into those having interpersonal and intra-personal negative implications. Believing that a negative experience had negative effects on life led to stronger hesitation in self-disclosure. Interpreting a negative experience positively led to less intra-personal hesitation. And holding no hope or optimistic perspective about a negative experience led to stronger interpersonal hesitation in self-disclosure.     

Loneliness in Early Adolescence: Friendship Quantity,Friendship Quality,and Dyadic Processes

Friendship quantity and quality are related to adolescent loneliness, but the exact link between these constructs is not well understood. The present study aimed to examine whether adolescents’ perception of friendship quantity and quality, and the perceptions of their peers, were related to loneliness. We examined the relation between loneliness and the number of unilateral and reciprocal friendships and compared the views of best friendship quality. Overall, 1,172 Dutch adolescents (49.1% male, M age = 12.81, SD = .43) nominated their friends and rated their friendship quality. Friendship quantity was measured using sociometrics to distinguish reciprocated and unilateral (i.e., one-sided) friendships. The analyses indicated that loneliness was related to fewer reciprocal and unilateral-received friendships (i.e., the adolescent received a friendship nomination but did not reciprocate that nomination) and a lower quality of best friendship. Actor–partner interdependence analyses revealed that adolescents’ loneliness was related to a less positive evaluation of their friendship, as reported by adolescents themselves (i.e., a significant actor effect) but not by their friends (i.e., nonsignificant partner effect). These findings (a) indicate that loneliness is negatively related to the number of friends adolescents have, as perceived by themselves and their peers and (b) suggest that, once a friendship is established, lonely adolescents may interpret the friendship quality less positively compared to their friends. Implications of these findings for our current understanding of adolescent loneliness are discussed, and suggestions for future research are outlined.     

The relationship among social support,self‐esteem,affect balance and loneliness in individuals with substance use disorders in China

This study analyzed the potential mediating role of self‐esteem and affect balance on the relationship between social support and loneliness. Respondents were 426 substabce use disorders from the Shifosi and Dalianshan rehab facilities in China who had completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scales, and UCLA Loneliness Scale. The results indicated that self‐esteem and affect balance fully mediated the relationship between perceived social support and loneliness and all the paths, ranging from social support through self‐esteem and affect balance to loneliness, were significant. Finally, we analyzed possible approaches to decreasing individuals with substance use disorders' loneliness.     

大学生孤独感与网络使用特点关系的研究

目的：探讨孤独感与网络使用之间的关系。方法：使用UCLA孤独量表、感情与社交孤独量表及网络使用状况量表调查了160名大学生，并进行了相关分析。结果：平均每周上网10小时，上网时间和孤独感显著相关；感情孤独高于社交孤独。结论：网络使用导致孤独感的增加，感情孤独更易受网络使用的影响。     

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Loneliness in Adults: The Netherlands Twin Register Study

Heritability estimates based on two small studies in children indicate that the genetic contribution to individual differences in loneliness is approximately 50%. Heritability estimates of complex traits such as loneliness may change across the lifespan, however, as the frequency, duration, and range of exposure to environmental influences accrues, or as the expression of genetic factors changes. We examined data on loneliness from 8,387 young adult and adult Dutch twins who had participated in longitudinal survey studies. A measure of loneliness was developed based on factor analyses of items of the YASR (Achenbach, (1990) The Young Adult Self Report, University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT). Variation in loneliness was analyzed with genetic structural equation models. The estimate of genetic contributions to variation in loneliness in adults was 48%, which is similar to the heritability estimates found previously in children. There was no evidence for sex or age differences in genetic architecture. Sex differences in prevalence were significant, but we did not see an association with age or birth cohort. All resemblance between twin relatives was explained by shared genes, without any suggestion of a contribution of shared environmental factors.     

HIV-related shame and health-related quality of life among older,HIV-positive adults

This study investigated how HIV-related shame is associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older people living with HIV (PLHIV). Structural equation modeling tested whether HIV-related shame was associated with three dimensions of HRQoL (physical, emotional, and social well-being) and whether there were significant indirect associations of HIV-related shame with the three HRQoL dimensions via depression and loneliness in a sample of 299 PLHIV ≥50 years old. Results showed that depression and loneliness were key mechanisms, with depression at least partially accounting for the association between HIV-related shame and both emotional and physical well-being, respectively, and loneliness accounting for the association between HIV-related shame and social well-being. HIV-related shame appears to be an important correlate of HRQoL in older PLHIV and may provide a promising leveraging point by which to improve HRQoL in older PLHIV.     

大学新生心理健康状况与自我表露的关系研究

目的了解大学新生心理健康状况与自我表露的关系，为采取有针对性的心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用朱拉德自我表露问卷和大学生心理健康调查问卷（UPI）对某高校2853名新生进行心理测查。结果①新生心理问题栓出率为51．08％，心理健康状况值得关注；②新生自我表露与心理健康状况呈显著负相关，自我表露是影响心理健康的重要因素；③高自我表露者和低自我表露者在心理健康水平上存在着显著差异，低自我表露者芯理健康状况较差。结论大学新生心理健康与自我表露之间存在明显关联。     

城市老人孤独感和生活满意度的相关性

目的:主要探讨城市老人孤独感与生活满意度的关系。方法:采用城市空巢老人孤独感预测问卷和生活满意度量表,对广东省肇庆市端州区社区随机抽取的210名60岁以上老年人进行问卷调查。结果:1对城市老人的孤独感有显著影响的因素有年龄、性别、受教育程度、经济来源、健康状况和探望次数(P0.05);2对生活满意度有显著影响的因素有经济来源、健康状况和探望次数(P0.05);3孤独感总分与生活满意度呈显著负相关(r=-0.222,P0.05)。结论:城市老人孤独感与生活满意度呈显著负相关,减轻老人的孤独感可以提高老人的生活满意度。