宫腹腔镜联合诊治不孕症的研究进展

宫腔形态异常、输卵管梗阻和盆腔感染是不孕症的常见原因,传统检查方法如超声、诊刮、子宫输卵管造影等均有一定的局限性,传统的治疗方法如开腹手术也有其不足之处.近年来,随着内镜技术的应用,宫、腹腔镜越来越多地应用于诊治不孕症.宫腔镜可直视下诊治宫腔疾患和输卵管近端的病变,腹腔镜则可诊治盆腔疾患和输卵管远端的病变.联合应用能同时治疗宫腔、盆腔及输卵管异常.     

不孕症腹腔镜联合宫腔镜检查的临床价值

目的了解不孕症患者行腹腔镜检查同时作宫腔镜的临床意义。方法对2004年8月至2005年4月因不孕症在我院行腹腔镜和宫腔镜联合检查的患者进行回顾性分析。共232例患者入选。按术前超声和造影检查的结果分为术前宫腔正常组144例、异常组41例,术前未作宫腔检查组47例。将宫腔镜检查术中发现结合病理结果,与术前的超声和子宫输卵管造影(HSG)的结果作对比。结果患者年龄(32.4±3.8)岁(23～43岁)。其中原发不孕症113例(48.7%),继发不孕症119例(51.3%)。不孕症年限(4.9±3.0)年(1～18年)。术前宫腔正常组144例中,宫腔镜诊断宫腔异常21例(14.6%);术前宫腔异常组41例中,宫腔镜诊断宫腔异常17例(41.5%);术前未作检查组47例中,宫腔镜诊断宫腔异常16例(34.0%)。三组之间宫腔异常率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。以宫腔镜作为金标准,超声诊断宫腔内病变的灵敏度40.0%,特异度81.4%,阳性预测值36.4%,阴性预测值83.6%;HSG诊断宫腔内病变的灵敏度30.0%,特异度90.8%,阳性预测值50.0%,阴性预测值80.8%。提示在不明显增加患者经济负担的前提下,辅助的宫腔镜检查对于发现和治疗宫腔异常具有超声和造影不可替代的作用。结论在腹腔镜手术同时行宫腔镜检查有助于发现和治疗不孕症的原因。     

宫腹腔镜联合诊治不孕症的研究进展

宫腔形态异常、输卵管梗阻和盆腔感染是不孕症的常见原因，传统检查方法如超声、诊刮、子宫输卵管造影等均有一定的局限性，传统的治疗方法如开腹手术也有其不足之处。近年来，随着内镜技术的应用，宫、腹腔镜越来越多地应用于诊治不孕症。宫腔镜可直视下诊治官腔疾患和输卵管近端的病变，腹腔镜则可诊治盆腔疾患和输卵管远端的病变。联合应用能同时治疗宫腔、盆腔及输卵管异常。     

腹腔镜和宫腔镜在不孕症诊治中的应用

本文对320例不孕症患者行腹腔镜检查,其中47例同时行宫腔镜检查及治疗。腹腔镜检查结果表明,盆腔炎症和子宫内膜异位症是本组病例中最常见的病因,占77.5％,由此引起的盆腔粘连和输卵管阻塞占71.33％,而这些病例56.9％(110/255)没有临床表现,因此腹腔镜检查是诊断盆腔炎和子宫内膜异位症的可靠方法。47例宫腔镜检查发现异常占21.3％,其中27例49条阻塞输卵管在宫腔镜下加压通液及行插管术,其中8例11条输卵管通畅,占29.6％,4例妊娠。因此对HSG或腹腔镜检查发现的输卵管阻塞,特别是近端阻塞,可在腹腔镜监视下,行宫腔镜加压通液或输卵管插管再通术以减少误诊。     

子宫输卵管造影术和宫-腹腔镜联合手术在女性不孕症中的应用

目的:回顾性分析142例不孕症患者,子宫输卵管造影术和宫腹腔镜联合检查术在女性不孕症中的应用价值。方法:对先后行子宫输卵管造影术(HSG)和宫腹腔镜(Hsc-Lsc)联合手术的142例不孕症患者进行回顾性对比分析。结果:HSG与Hsc-Lsc联合应用对宫腔疾病的诊断符合率为85.21%,对输卵管疾病的诊断符合率为80.10%,对盆腔疾病的诊断符合率为54.23%。结论:子宫输卵管造影术、宫-腹腔镜联合手术是目前诊治女性不孕症较为有效的方法。     

联合应用宫腔镜腹腔镜和子宫输卵管通液及子宫输卵管碘油造影检查诊断不孕症110例分析

目的　通过宫腔镜、腹腔镜检查和子宫输卵管通液及子宫输卵管碘油造影检查 ,了解输卵管通畅性 ,探讨引起不孕症的原因。方法　对 110例不孕妇女进行输卵管通液检查 ,子宫输卵管碘油造影 (HSG)、宫腔镜和腹腔镜及镜下通液检查。结果　以宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液 33例双侧通畅为对照标准 ,110例患者中 ,宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液准确率为 30 0 0 % ,输卵管通液检查准确率为 6 5 45 % ,两者间比较有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;镜下通液与HSG准确率比较 ,宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液 2 1 33 % (16 / 75 ) ,HSG33 33 % (2 5 / 75 ) ,两者间比较无显著性差异(P >0 0 5 )。结论　宫腔、腹腔炎症与不孕症有关 ,宫腔粘连、子宫内膜炎等仍为不孕症的主要原因 ,宫腔镜和腹腔镜通液检查在诊断治疗不孕症中有一定的价值。     

腹腔镜联合宫腔镜诊治输卵管性不孕52例分析

目的探讨应用宫、腹腔镜对输卵管性不孕的诊断价值及治疗效果.方法对52例经子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)诊断为输卵管性不孕的患者,单用腹腔镜下子宫导管内加压注入美蓝液检查证实双侧输卵管通畅者8例,一侧通畅者4例,双侧因各不同部位梗阻而不通者40例.对双侧及一侧不通的44例患者,根据不同部位病变进行治疗,如盆腔粘连松解,伞端扩张、造口及宫腔镜下输卵管间质部插管加压通液,开腹显微外科输卵管吻合、宫角植入等.结果52例输卵管性不孕患者中,双侧榆卵管通畅40例(77%),单侧通畅10例(19%),完全不通2例(3.9%).结论应用宫、腹腔镜联合检查、治疗输卵管性不孕,可避免单独使用宫腔镜、腹腔镜或开腹整形的局限性,提高诊断的准确性及治疗效果.     

宫腹腔镜联合诊治不孕症的临床分析

目的运用宫腹腔镜联合检查治疗不孕症的疗效。方法选取我院2012年~2014年收治的不孕症患者70例为研究对象,其中原发不孕24例,继发不孕46例。这些患者不孕原因均排除男方因素引起的不孕症。结果 70例患者中盆腔炎性疾病后遗症28例(40%),盆腔子宫内膜异位症14例(20%),卵巢囊肿5例(7.1%),多囊卵巢6例(8.5%),子宫畸形7例(10%),子宫内膜息肉4例(5.7%),正常盆腔2例(2.8%),盆腔结核2例(2.8%),宫腔粘连2例(2.8%),复通成功率为70%,妊娠率为67%。结论宫腹腔镜联合检查能准确诊断不孕原因,并处理子宫及盆腔疾病,增加不孕症妇女的妊娠率,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

宫腔镜、腹腔镜、B超、输卵管碘油造影对不孕症病因的诊断分析

目的 :通过宫腔镜、腹腔镜、B超、输卵管碘油造影 (HSG)检查 ,比较各项检查在不孕症诊断中的诊断价值。方法 :选择 38例不孕症患者进行宫腔镜、腹腔镜、B超、输卵管碘油造影检查。结果 :诊断宫腔内病变 ,B超检出率为1 3 2 % ,HSG检出率为 2 6 % ,宫腔镜检出率为 39 5 % ;诊断盆腔内病变 ,B超检出率为 39 5 % ,HSG检出率为 2 1 1 % ,腹腔镜检出率为 84 2 %。结论 :宫腔镜、腹腔镜检查在不孕症中的应用优于B超及输卵管碘油造影 ,但不能取代 ,应相互补充应用 ,四项检查在诊断不孕症中有一定的应用价值     

联合应用宫腔镜腹腔镜和子宫输卵管通液及子宫输卵管 碘油造影检查诊断不孕症11O例分析

目的通过宫腔镜、腹腔镜检查和子宫输卵管通液及子宫输卵管碘油造影检查,了解输卵管通畅性,探 讨引起不孕症的原因。方法对110例不孕妇女进行输卵管通液检查,子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)、宫腔镜和腹腔 镜及镜下通液检查。结果以宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液33例双侧通畅为对照标准,110例患者中,宫腔镜和腹腔 镜镜下通液准确率为30.00％,输卵管通液检查准确率为65.45％,两者间比较有极显著性差异(P＜0.01);镜下通 液与HSG准确率比较,宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液21.33％(16/75),HSG3.33％(25/75),两者间比较无显著性差异 (P＞0.05)。结论宫腔、腹腔炎症与不孕症有关,宫腔粘连、子宫内膜炎等仍为不孕症的主要原因,宫腔镜和腹腔 镜通液检查在诊断治疗不孕症中有一定的价值。     

Pelvic endoscopy in diagnosing fallopian tube disorders that cause infertility]

Over the period of 25 years, 1080 pelvic endoscopy in infertile women were performed, with special attention payed to the pathology of Fallopian tubes. Pelvic endoscopy was performed after previous HSG. During the pelvic endoscopy, the state of the uterus, ovaries and uterine tubes were evaluated, with much attention paid to the condition of the abdominal ostium of the uterine tube, symptoms of active and chronic inflammation, endometriosis, the authors also tried to diagnose the extension and character of pelvic-salpingian adhesions. Confrontation of the results enabled diagnosis in 111 (41.7%) women, out of 266, with patient Fallopian tubes the organic factors which impaired conception or made conception impossible. In the group of 814 women with tubal impotency in 15 (1.8%) cases extratubal factor was found, subserosal myoma in uterine horn, cyst, adhesions, while Fallopian tube itself was patent and unchanged. Organic factors of Fallopian tube disorder were determined. In 360 (44.2%) patients, out of 814, with tubal impotency pathological status was found (active salpingitis, tuberculosis, endometriosis) which required establishing of a necessary treatment and cancelling the surgical treatment.     

不孕症患者输卵管近端闭塞的病理学探讨

选择３３例不孕症患者（原发不孕）１３例，继发不孕２０例）为研究对象，不孕年限为２－１８年。其中有人工流产刮宫史者１０例，放置宫内节育器者４例，异位妊娠史者１例，盆腔炎病史者５例。     

Abnormal findings on hysterosalpingography: effects on fecundity in a donor insemination program using frozen semen.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the effect of abnormal baseline hysterosalpingography (HSG) on subsequent fecundity during the first six cycles of treatment. METHODS: Hysterosalpingography was performed on 208 asymptomatic ovulatory women with no history of pelvic disease who were referred for donor insemination. The findings were categorized into five groups: 1) normal study, 2) uterine anomaly or filling defect with bilateral tubal patency, 3) normal uterine anatomy with unilateral tubal patency, 4) normal uterine anatomy with bilateral tubal blockage, and 5) normal uterine anatomy with hydrosalpinx. Subjects in groups 4 and 5 received inseminations only if patency of at least one fallopian tube was demonstrated with laparoscopy. Life-table analysis was performed to calculate the average monthly fecundity and cumulative conception rates for each group. The Mantel-Haenszel test was used to compare group fecundities. RESULTS: A total of 1460 donor insemination cycles were performed. The number of cycles in each group were as follows: group 1, 1173 (80%); group 2, 153 (10%); group 3, 90 (6.2%); group 4, 16 (1.1%); and group 5, 28 (1.9%). None of the patients in group 4 or 5 conceived. The cumulative conception rates in the first three groups were 46, 34, and 40%, respectively, and were not significantly different from one another (P greater than .05). Although a high incidence of uterine filling defects and unilateral tubal blockage was observed (19.2%), the incidence of an abnormal HSG finding that significantly decreased fecundity was only 2.8%. CONCLUSION: In women with no history of tubal or uterine disease, routine HSG before initiation of donor insemination is of limited value for identifying decreased treatment fecundity.     

腹腔镜在不孕症盆腔疾病诊治中的应用（附340例分析）

本文通过对南京市鼓楼医院腹腔镜下诊治不孕症３４０例的病例分析，阐明１．引起不孕症的主要盆腔疾病是慢性盆腔炎性疾病和子宫内膜异位症；２．腹腔镜下美蓝输卵管通液结果与术前子宫输卵管造影术和酚红输卵管通液术的结果差别极其显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），通畅组符合率分别为９０．２％和７９％，不通畅组不符合率分别为５０．５％和５９％；３．腹腔镜下９７．６％的疾病得到明确诊断，５３．２％施行了１４种不同手术，１２．９％经剖腹做了盆腔手术，５８．５％与宫腔镜联合应用，２６例在腹腔镜监护下做了子宫纵膈切开术和宫腔粘连分离术。     

Laparoscopy: advances and advantages

The first 135 laparoscopic cases at the Kaiser Foundation Hospital in San Francisco are described. Laproscopy was usually performed for evaluative purposes. The techniques involved are presented in detail. The indications for laparoscopy were infertility (75), pelvic mass (22), pelvic pain(20), tubal sterilization (14), second look at treated ovarian carcinoma (2), and determination of etiology of ascites (2). No major complications occurred. 74 of the 75 infertility patients were discharged within 1 day of the procedure. In 21 infertility patients thought to have no pathologic intrapelvic involvement, laparoscopy showed substantial pelvic disease in 11(52%), endometriosis in 6 (29%), and multiple pelvic adhesions in 5 (23%). Improved visualization of the fallopian tube is a major advantage of laparoscopic investigation.     

Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography compared with hysterosalpingography and laparoscopic dye pertubation to evaluate tubal patency

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the advantages and accuracy of hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) in assessing tubal patency compared with hysterosalpingogram (HSG) and laparoscopic dye pertubation. DESIGN: Prospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata. PATIENTS: Twenty-three women with at least 1 year of infertility, and 15 women with a history of chronic pelvic pain, suspected endometriosis, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), or with sonographic markers of adhesions. INTERVENTIONS: HyCoSy, HSG, and laparoscopic dye pertubation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All patients underwent HyCoSy during the proliferative phase using air with saline as contrast medium, and HSG within 1 month of HyCoSy. Laparoscopy and dye pertubation were performed only in women with chronic pelvic pain, suspected endometriosis, PID, and sonographic markers of adhesions. In women undergoing all three procedures, HSG and HyCoSy had the same high concordance as laparoscopy, 86.7% and 86.7%, respectively. Three women in the infertility group became pregnant immediately after HyCoSy and dropped out of the study. In one woman, HyCoSy could not be performed because of cervical stenosis. Considering the total number of tubes (67), concordance between HyCoSy and HSG was 89.6%. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal HyCoSy using a combination of air and saline appears to be an inexpensive, fast, and well-tolerated method of determining tubal patency. One of the most important advantages of this technique is, in our opinion, the possibility of obtaining information on tubal status and the uterine cavity at the same time as conventional ultrasound scan is performed.     

难治性产后出血干预性治疗方法的对比研究

目的探讨难治性产后出血的各种干预性措施在抢救过程中的合理应用及应用价值。方法分析1998年1月至2003年8月间，采用宫腔填塞纱布(塞纱)、盆腔动脉结扎、经导管动脉栓塞术等干预性措施的88例难治性产后出血病人的临床资料。结果全部抢救成功，其中18例宫腔塞纱者成功12例(66．7％)，12例盆腔动脉结扎中成功4例(33．3％)，30例经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)治疗全部成功(100％)，42例一次开腹行全子宫切除术或加盆腔塞纱者成功36例(85．7％)。结论宫腔塞纱可压迫止血。TAE可替代子宫切除术。当子宫成为凝血功能障碍的病因时，主张行子宫切除．     

宫腔镜电切术子宫穿孔16例分析

目的 探讨宫腔镜电切术子宫穿孔的发生原因、诊断、处理和预防方法。方法 1990年5月至2002年7月,5家医院共行宫腔镜电切术3541例次,其中宫腔镜子宫内膜切除术(TCRE)1431例,1468例次,宫腔镜子宫肌瘤切除术(TCRM)797例,宫腔镜子宫内膜息肉切除术(TCRP)783例,宫腔镜子宫纵隔切除术(TCRS)189例,宫腔镜子宫粘连切除术(TCRA)112例,宫腔镜宫腔异物取出术(TCRF)192例。术时均行B超和(或)腹腔镜监护,手术日前晚放置宫颈扩张棒或于阴道后穹窿放置米索前列醇200μg,手术步骤按不同的指征及目的进行。结果 发生子宫穿孔16例(0．45％),8例因放置器械所致,其中7例扩宫时穿孔,1例置镜时穿孔,8例为电切电极引起。子宫穿孔发生率,TCRA 4．46％(5／112),TCRF 3．12％(6／192),TCRE 0．27％(4／1468),TCRM 0．13％(1／797);TCRP及TCRS无子宫穿孔发生。16例穿孔均于术中发现,其中B超和(或)腹腔镜监护发现10例(62％),宫腔镜及临床发现6例(38％)。13例为完全子宫穿孔,其中腹腔镜监护发现2例,B超监护发现5例,宫腔镜先于B超发现4例,患者首先出现症状,然后B超证实子宫穿孔2例;子宫不全穿孔3例,2例腹腔镜监护发现,1例B超监护发现。结论 应尽量减少扩宫,置镜在直视下进行;术者的经验及手术类型如TCRA和TCRF与子宫穿孔的发生有关。宫腔镜电切术时B超、腹腔镜监护有助于预防,但不能完全防止子宫穿孔。     

Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and risk for tubal pregnancy

We performed a case-control study of the effect of exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis on the risk for tubal pregnancy. Sixty women with tubal pregnancies and 60 matched control women with normal second-trimester intrauterine pregnancies were studied. Cases were more likely than controls to have detectable antichlamydial IgG antibodies (82% versus 58%, p less than 0.01) and their mean titers were higher. The prevalence of IgM antibody seropositivity was not different between cases and controls (20% versus 12%, not significant). Compared with women with IgG antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:8 the relative risk for tubal pregnancy for women with titers greater than or equal to 1:128 was 6.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 21.6). Among women with tubal pregnancies, antichlamydial antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:128 were significantly associated with pelvic adhesions and inflammatory tubal mucosal damage. Only 17.6% of women with detectable antichlamydial antibody or inflammatory tubal damage reported a history of pelvic inflammatory disease or gonorrhea.     

Who should have intravenous pyelograms before hysterectomy for benign disease?

A review of 493 cases was undertaken to identify which patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign disease had received a preoperative intravenous pyelogram (IVP), an abnormality identified by IVP, and intraoperative ureteral injuries. Intravenous pyelograms were performed on 299 patients (60.6%). Factors significantly associated with obtaining a preoperative IVP included an abdominal approach, uterine size of 12 weeks or greater, and uterine prolapse. Seventy-seven patients (27%) had an abnormal IVP; factors likely to be associated with abnormality included uterine size of 12 weeks or larger or an adnexal mass of 4 cm or larger. Endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic relaxation, and previous intra-abdominal surgery were not associated with an increased prevalence of abnormal IVP findings. Two ureteral injuries were documented, one in the IVP group (0.3%) and one in the non-IVP group (0.5%). Clinical findings may be used to select for a preoperative IVP those patients who are likely to have abnormalities of importance to the pelvic surgeon.