单纯下肢深静脉顺行造影诊断髂静脉压迫综合征

目的: 探讨单纯下肢深静脉顺行造影诊断髂静脉压迫综合征的临床应用价值.材料和方法: 用SIEMENS R200多功能X线机进行单纯下肢深静脉顺行造影并分析其表现.结果: 62例髂静脉压迫综合征的髂静脉均良好显示,髂静脉受压段管径增宽、局部密度减低、充盈缺损、管腔闭塞及侧枝循环形成、造影剂排空延迟.结论: 单纯下肢深静脉顺行造影诊断髂静脉压迫综合征可作为常规首选检查.     

髂静脉受压综合征与单侧下肢肿胀

目的探讨髂静脉受压综合征在单侧下肢肿胀病因诊断中的意义及其介入治疗价值。方法左下肢肿胀者32例,经下肢静脉造影确诊为髂静脉受压,所有32例均以左股静脉为穿刺入路,以10或12mm直径的球囊对髂静脉受压或闭塞段行预扩张,然后置入直径为10～16mm的自膨式支架。所有病例术后口服抗凝药治疗6个月。结果所有病例左下肢肿胀均于术后2d内逐渐消失,无严重并发症发生。27例随访资料显示支架通畅率为100%,无深静脉栓塞发生。结论早期发现和治疗髂静脉受压能防止发生下肢深静脉血栓。     

左髂静脉受压综合征并发下肢深静脉血栓形成的综合介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗髂髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床价值.方法 对28例左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成患者采用经颈静脉插管溶栓、左髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗,部分血栓已蔓延至下腔静脉的患者在溶栓前行下腔静脉滤器置入.结果 28例患者均在术前彩色多普勒超声检查及术中造影检查明确诊断;5例行可回收性下腔静脉滤器置入,所有患者均经颈静脉置入溶栓导管于髂股静脉进行溶栓治疗,髂股静脉血栓溶解率100%,溶栓后均予以球囊扩张左髂总静脉,其中6例置入髂静脉支架.术后肢体肿胀症状明显减轻或消失,随访3～12个月临床效果满意.结论 采用滤器置入、经颈静脉溶栓、髂静脉球囊扩张及支架治疗左髂静脉受压综合征并发左下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗手段,具有较好的效果,值得临床推广.     

下肢静脉造影在下肢静脉疾病诊治过程中的临床意义

目的:探讨下肢静脉造影在下肢静脉疾病诊治过程中的临床意义。方法:本组患者共1696例,对其中2123条下肢行下肢静脉顺行造影,同时行逆行下肢静脉造影452条,对造影表现进行分析。结果:2123条下肢造影成功率为100%。其中正常静脉11条(0.52%),单纯性浅静脉瓣膜关闭不全409条(19.27%),原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全1120条(52.76%),深静脉血栓形成后综合征302条(14.23%),先天性下肢深静脉瓣膜发育不全症15条(0.71%),深静脉血栓形成65条(3.06%),先天性静脉畸形骨肥大综合征14例条(0.66%),左髂总静脉压迫综合征187条(8.81%)。结论:下肢静脉造影对下肢静脉疾病原发病因的明确诊断、选择恰当的治疗方法以及疗效的观察等具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。     

髂静脉受压综合征的影像诊断进展

髂静脉受压综合征是较常见的下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病,常继发下肢肿胀、静脉淤滞性皮炎、下肢深静脉血栓及下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全等。目前常用的影像诊断方法包括超声、CT、MR及DSA,本文就各影像学方法对髂静脉受压综合征的诊断作一综述。     

磁共振血管成像在髂静脉受压综合征中的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振血管成像(MRA)在髂静脉受压中的应用价值。方法对39例临床怀疑髂股静脉病变的患者进行2D-TOFMRA检查。结果MRA发现髂静脉受压24例,其中左侧髂总静脉受压17例,左侧髂总静脉和右侧髂外静脉同时受压4例,单纯右侧髂外静脉受压3例。结论2D-TOFMRA作为一种无创性检查,是诊断髂静脉受压的有效方法,有一定的临床价值。     

磁共振静脉造影诊断Cockett综合征的价值

目的 评价磁共振静脉造影(MRV)非增强髂静脉成像诊断Cockett综合征的价值.方法 采用Ingenia 3.0T超导型MRI系统,选择腹部表面线圈,扫描序列为M2DIPEAR (TR/TE=45/5.8 ms,翻转角60°)、THRIVE(TR/TE=6.8/3.5 ms,翻转角10°)、BTFE-SPAIR(TR/TE=3.4/1.7 ms,翻转角80°)和FLAIR(TR/TE=9 000/120 ms,翻转角90°),层厚均为3 mm,平均采集次数3次.结果 Cockett综合征MRV表现为受压骼静脉前后径变窄,横径增宽,血管前缘可见弧形压迹,侧支血管形成等;轻、中、重患者左侧髂静脉平均直径分别为7.52、4.83、2.76 mm,平均受压率分别为37％、69％、83％.结论 非增强MRV是可行的髂静脉狭窄诊断方法,尤其适用于特定人群检查需要.     

机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成

目的：评价经皮机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的可行性、安全性及有效性。 方法：选取2015年4月-2017年6月收治左髂静脉受压综合征伴急性下肢DVT的患者33例,发病时间6 h-14 d,平均年龄（57.97±14.44）岁。所有患者均在滤器保护下进行治疗。AngioJet血栓清除术、球囊扩张和髂静脉支架植入均在同期完成,术后保留鞘管予以溶栓治疗,每天复查造影,若血栓完全溶解,取出下腔静脉滤器并结束溶栓。术后第1、3、6、12个月进行门诊随访,行彩色超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查了解下肢深静脉及髂支架内血流通畅情况。 结果：33例患者均同期完成手术,技术成功率100%,AngioJet抽吸时间为（224.70±72.78）s,溶栓时间（34.00±15.37）h,尿激酶用量（112.58±49.92）万U。33例患者同期植入髂静脉支架33枚。血栓清除率Ⅲ级患者29例,血栓清除率Ⅱ级患者4例。无出血、症状性肺栓等严重并发症发生。术后随访1例患者术后两月血栓复发,32例患者术后随访超声和（或）下肢静脉造影检查提示下肢深静脉及髂静脉支架内血流通畅。 结论：机械性血栓清除术联合同期髂静脉支架植入治疗合并左髂静脉受压综合征的急性下肢深静脉血栓形成是一种安全有效的方法。     

多层螺旋CT与DSA诊断髂静脉受压综合征的比较研究

目的探讨多层螺旋CT静脉造影（MSCTV）及DSA静脉造影在诊断髂静脉受压综合征（IVCS）及继发血栓形成中的临床应用价值。方法收集38例临床可疑IVCS患者的MSCTV及溶栓治疗前后DSA图像数据,测量MSCTV图像中受压髂静脉的前后内径,计算受压程度,并采用列联表卡方检验比较MSCTV及溶栓治疗前后DSA对IVCS的检出率差异。结果 MSCTV发现IVCS 29例,DSA在溶栓治疗前发现IVCS 20例,溶栓治疗后发现IVCS 29例。 MSCTV与溶栓前DSA对IVCS的检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2＝4.65,0.01＜P＜0.05）,MSCTV与溶栓后DSA对IVCS的检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0.00, P＞0.05）。结论在IVCS诊断中,MSCTV的准确性明显优于溶栓治疗前DSA检查,可作为IVCS诊断的首选检查。     

无症状人群左髂总静脉受压MSCT研究

目的:探讨无症状人群左髂总静脉受压的发生率及其临床意义.方法:回顾性分析100例无下肢静脉回流障碍症状患者的腹部MSCT资料,测量双侧髂总静脉及髂动脉的直径.统计学检验采用t检验和相关分析.结果:19% (n=19)的患者左髂总静脉受压大于50%,52% (n=52)的患者左髂总静脉受压大于25%,平均受压程度为31.5% (8.3%～72.6%).绝大多数患者左髂总静脉受压为右髂总动脉及腰椎共同压迫所致.患者年龄、髂动脉直径与左髂总静脉受压无明显相关性.女性患者左髂总静脉受压程度明显大于男性(女39.8±8.2%,男26.6±8.5%,t＝2.30,P＝0.005).结论:在无症状人群中左髂总静脉受压是一种正常的解剖学变异,不应被认为是一种病理状态.     

Unilateral left leg edema: A variation of the May-Thurner syndrome

A single patient with left leg edema was examined with venography and computed tomography. A tortuous left common iliac artery was found to be compressing the left common iliac vein, causing near total obstruction of the left iliac vein. Hemodynamic pressure measurements confirmed the significance of the obstruction.     

经皮穿刺大隐静脉下肢静脉造影术的临床应用

目的 探讨经皮穿刺大隐静脉下肢静脉造影术(PGSV)对髂静脉病变和下肢深静脉瓣膜功能检查的可行性和临床应用价值.资料与方法 78例(86条患肢)经皮穿刺大隐静脉注入对比剂进行髂静脉病变和下肢深静脉瓣膜功能的检查,并与经皮穿刺足背浅静脉下肢静脉造影术(PDPV)进行比较.结果 PGSV 的第1、2和3次静脉穿刺成功率分别为36.36%(20/55)、43.64%(24/55)和20.0%(11/55).PGSV对髂静脉的清晰显示明显优于PDPV(P＜0.05).与PGSV相比,PDPV诊断髂静脉受压综合征、股浅静脉第一对瓣膜和隐股静脉瓣膜功能不全的敏感性分别为11.76%、46.67%和59.65%.结论 经皮穿刺大隐静脉下肢静脉造影术具有操作简单、损伤小,可部分替代经皮穿刺股静脉造影术对髂静脉病变和部分下肢深静脉瓣膜功能的检查.     

Iliac vein compression syndrome: outcome of endovascular treatment with long-term follow-up

Objective

To retrospectively evaluate technical success and long-term outcome of endovascular treatment in patients with iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (DVT) due to iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS).

Materials and methods

Between March 2003 and September 2006, 36 consecutive patients (26 women [72%], 10 men, mean age 50 ± 18 years) with acute or chronic iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis due to iliac vein compression syndrome were evaluated for outcome of endovascular treatment. Stent patency was estimated by using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Technical success was achieved in 34 of 36 patients (94%). Six patients with acute or subacute thrombosis had chronic occlusion of the left common iliac vein. Rethrombosis of the stents was observed in four patients. Primary and secondary patency rates were 85 and 94% at 1 year, and 80 and 82% at 4 years. Resolution of symptoms was achieved in 17 of 20 patients (85%) with acute and subacute DVT, and 4 of 16 patients (25%) with chronic DVT. Major complication was seen in one patient (3%).

Conclusion

Intimal changes in the left common iliac vein are mostly chronic in nature even in patients with acute DVT secondary to IVCS. Endovascular treatment with stent placement has a high technical success rate and good long-term patency in the treatment of acute and chronic DVT due to IVCS. Symptomatic improvement seems to be better in patients with acute than chronic DVT due to IVCS.     

Deep venous thrombosis: comparison of indirect multidetector CT venography and sonography of lower extremities in 26 patients

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of indirect mutidetector row computed tomographic (MDCT) venography with lower extremity venous sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and to determine the frequency and location of DVT at MDCT venography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE) underwent both combined MDCT venography and MDCT pulmonary angiography and lower extremity venous sonography. Indirect MDCT venography was acquired from the upper calves to the mid-abdomen following MDCT pulmonary angiography. The CT venographic findings were compared with those of sonography for the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. All CT scans were also reviewed for the frequency and location of DVT. RESULTS: Indirect MDCT venography disclosed DVT in 19 patients, and 12 of whom also had PE. Seventeen patients with thrombosis in the femoropopliteal veins were identified in both indirect MDCT venography and sonography. The sensitivity and specificity of indirect MDCT venography for femoropopliteal DVT, as compared with sonography, were both 100%. In one patient DVT in the superficial femoral vein was detected using only indirect MDCT venography. MDCT venography also showed superior extension of femoropopliteal DVT to the inferior vena cava and iliac veins in four patients and thrombosis isolated to the inferior vena cava and common iliac vein thrombosis in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect MDCT venography is as accurate as sonography in the diagnosis of femoropopliteal DVT. MDCT venography can further reveal thrombus in large pelvis veins and the inferior vena cava, an important advantage over sonographic screening for DVT.     

CT Study of the Relationship Between the Common Iliac Artery and Vein and Their Juxtaposition: Implications for Conduit Construction Prior to Endosvascular Stent-Graft Repair of Aortic Aneurysms

The objective of this study was to determine the anatomical relationship and juxtaposition between the common iliac artery and vein in a population of patients with aortic aneurysmal disease and a population clinically and radiologically free of atheroma. It was a retrospective study of 100 consecutive patients undergoing computed tomographic assessment of abdominal aortic aneurysm prior to endovascular or open surgical repair and 100 patients undergoing computed tomographic assessment for other pathologies who did not have clinical or imaging signs of aorto-iliac atheroma. In both groups the anatomical relationship between the right and left iliac artery and vein was studied, and the thickness of the fat plane separating the artery from the vein measured. The right iliac vein was posterolateral to the artery at the level of the common iliac artery bifurcation in 95% of patients in both groups. At the same level the left iliac vein was posterior in 23% (p ≤ 0.001). Eighty-three percent of patients in the aneurysm group had a fat plane between the right artery and vein that measured 0 mm (no visible fat plane = 52%) to 1 mm (= 31%). Ninety-eight percent of patients in the aneurysm group had a measurable fat plane between the left iliac artery and vein of up to 5 mm (p = 0.001). Six percent of the control group demonstrated no visible fat plane between the right iliac artery and vein (p ≤ 0.001), while the fat plane measured more than 1 mm (1–5 mm) on the left in 100%. We conclude that in patients where conduit construction is required for aortic stent-graft access, the anatomical configuration and intimate relationship of the iliac arteries and veins should be assessed and taken into account at CT scan evaluation. The distal right common iliac artery should not be used, as venous damage can be predicted from the anatomical and intimate relationship of the iliac artery and vein at this level in patients with atheroma and the difficulties this relationship presents if venous repair is necessary.     

Collateral pathways in lumbar epidural venography

Summary Opacification of collateral pathways other than the central channels is very rare in lumbar epidural venography. Two cases of opacification of the inferior mesenteric vein following extravasation of contrast medium at the tip of the lateral sacral vein catheter are reported. One case is presented in which filling of normal parametrial venous plexuses and the left ovarian vein occurred as a consequence of incompetent or absent valves in the internal iliac vein. The literature containing comparable collateral flow patterns in disease is reviewed. The significance of the phlebographic features in our cases is discussed.     

经腘静脉穿刺介入治疗髂股静脉阻塞

目的 探讨经腘静脉穿刺介入治疗髂股静脉阻塞的临床应用价值。方法 对58例髂股静脉阻塞经腘静脉穿刺行综合性介入治疗，其中经导管接触性溶栓术42例，经导管血栓抽吸术25例，机械性血栓清除术49例，球囊扩张腔内成形术41例，支架置入术35例，52例预先放置下腔静脉滤器。平均每人接受5．2项介入治疗。根据造影复查和体征将疗效分为优、良、中、差。出院后继续抗凝治疗1个月，抗血小板治疗6个月。门诊随访6个月时作造影复查。结果腘静脉穿刺技术成功率为96．7％（58／60）。2例腘静脉穿刺失败均为盲穿者。出院时介入治疗疗效：优19例；良30例；中8例；差1例。42例取得6个月随访资料，其中优18例；良20例；中1例；差3例。结论经腘静脉穿刺介入治疗髂股静脉阻塞安全有效。