提高香烟消费税的全球背景和国际经验

进入二十一世纪后全球反烟呼声高涨,特别是《烟草控制框架公约》的生效,强有力的推动了各国的控烟进程。提高香烟税是国际公认的一项非常有效的控烟措施。本文对香烟消费税的水平进行了国际比较,并对各国提高香烟消费税产生效果的经验证据进行总结,从而为中国政府考虑增收香烟税提供借鉴。     

香烟中金属元素的调查分析

为了解香中金属元素的含量，我们对９种品牌的香烟做了６种金属元素的检测。结果显示，香烟中均有含有铅，锰，铜，锌，铁，未检出砷（〈０．０５ｕｇ／支）揭示香烟在燃烧过程中，既造成有机物污染，又可引起有害金属氧化物污染；随着香烟档次降低，其金属元素的含量增高趋势。     

香烟烟雾损害儿童健康

儿童的健康,不仅要维持科学合理的营养平衡,还要营造一个良好的生活环境,保持空气清洁新鲜,对于儿童的健康是十分重要的。如果儿童生活在香烟烟雾弥漫、空气污染的环境中,香烟烟雾中的有毒化学物质严重损害儿童的健康。1香烟烟雾中的化学毒物和悬浮颗粒物香烟燃烧时的温度可达到SOO～1000t。由于不完全燃烧,吸烟散发出的烟雾中,有4000多种化学物质,其中约有3000种是有毒化学物质,4O种化学致癌物质［入香烟烟雾颗粒物的粒径约为O．1～20微米,每支香烟烟雾重约4O0～500毫克。每吸进1毫升的香烟烟雾,大约吸进50亿个颗粒物,在颗…     

香烟烟气致遗传毒性的研究

本文报告用SOS/Umu原位法测定8种国产香烟和3种进口香烟烟气的致遗传毒性,均获得阳性结果,并有明显剂量反应关系。致遗传毒性物质同时存在于香烟烟气的气相和颗粒相中,二者比例约为1.5:1。香烟中焦油含量增加可使致遗传毒作用增强。滤咀具有降低香烟烟气致遗传毒性的作用,但不同滤咀类型对香烟烟气的遗传毒变性影响不大。加入香精可使香烟烟气致遗传毒性大大增强。     

降低香烟烟气中自由基含量的应用研究

目的:通过降低香烟烟气中的自由基含量来减小吸烟对人体的危害。方法:在香烟中分别添加了天然抗氧化剂、纳米材料、硅藻土、活性碳及抗氧化剂组合物,并用电子顺磁共振仪(ESR)对香烟烟气自由基的含量进行测定。结果:对香烟烟气自由基清除效果最好的是多依树提取物及活性碳的组合,自由基含量平均降低45.0%,其它几种材料对烟气自由基也有一定的清除作用。结论:在香烟中添加多依树提取物及活性碳,能够得到低自由基含量的香烟。     

香烟中氨氮的测定

吸烟是当今世界上影响人类健康重要而广泛的因素,对下一代健康也有严重影响。香烟烟雾中含有多达３８００多种有机化合物,其中有２０～３０种以多环芳烃（ＰＡＨ）和亚硝胺为主的致癌物〔１〕。而香烟中氨主要来自含氮有机物的分解,因此,氨氮可做为评价香烟对人体健康...     

香烟中氨氮的测定

吸烟是当今世界上影响人类健康重要的因素，对下一珍健康也有严重影响。香烟烟雾中会有多达３８００多种有机化合物，其中有２０～３０种以多环芳烃（ＰＡＨ）和亚硝胺为主的致癌物。而香烟中氨主要来自含氮的有机物的分解，因此，氨氮可做为评价香烟对人体健康影响程度的指标之一。近年来，随着分析技术的发展，先进的分析技术已广泛应用于对吸烟中致癌发分析的研究。本文采用纳氏比色法测定香烟中氨氮，获得满意结果。     

香烟对草履虫的毒性研究

本实验模拟人的吸烟状况,测定香烟烟气对草履虫(Paramecium aurelia)的急性致死、急性生理伤害和抑制细胞繁殖率,并比较了带过滤嘴与不带过滤嘴香烟的毒性作用。结果表明同一牌号的香烟,带过滤嘴的较不带过滤嘴的毒性明显降低。     

香烟对生殖力影响的研究进展

吸烟的危害已在流行病学、细胞遗传学和分子遗传学等方面得到了广泛证实。近年来的研究显示 ,呼吸系统疾病发病率迅速上升、多种肿瘤的发病率提高、甚至在碘缺乏地区流产、早产、死胎、胎儿发育延迟和出生体重下降等发病率的提高可能均与吸烟有关。尽管流行病学的研究显示吸烟和生殖力下降有一定的关系 ,但是长期以来香烟对生殖方面的危害并未引起足够的重视 ,对香烟影响生殖力的作用方式和可能机制则报道较少 ,并且在以往研究香烟对生殖过程的影响的报道结果不一。一、香烟对男性生殖作用的影响Ｊｏｅｓｂｕｒｙ和Ｃｈｉａ等[1,2 ] 的研究…     

香烟烟雾凝结物和香烟滤嘴截留物对人外周血淋巴细胞SCE的影响

用香烟烟雾凝结物(CSC)诱导离体培养的人外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换(SCE),所用香烟牌号不同SCE率亦不同,低焦油含量的香烟并不能降低其诱导作用;同一种材料的滤嘴对不同牌号香烟的滤过效率不同,蝶桥牌香烟有无滤嘴对SCE的影响没有显著差异;本研究首次发现香烟滤嘴截留物(CSFAC)虽能提高SCE频率,但通过滤嘴后的CSC仍有很强的诱导SCE作用。     

烟草税在控烟中的应用

吸烟是当今世界人类健康的最大威胁。烟草的使用给人们带来巨大的社会经济负担。征收烟草税是现今控烟的最有效手段之一。介绍了烟税征收的必要性、全球烟税征收的一般状况、烟税征收的健康效益等内容。与国外相比,我国的烟税征收还有巨大的上升和利用空间,实施并利用好烟税策略将会是我国一个非常有效的控烟和增进全民健康的手段。     

提高烟草税的必要性和可行性研究

第56届世界卫生大会通过的《烟草控制框架公约》提出提高烟草税以遏制烟草流行。针对关于是否要提高烟草税的争论,本文从烟草税的国内外比较、提高烟草税的预期效果和相关研究等方面进行论证,提出提高烟草税是必要、有效且可行的。     

The effect of tobacco advertising bans on tobacco consumption

Tobacco advertising is a public health issue if these activities increase smoking. Although public health advocates assert that tobacco advertising does increase smoking, there is significant empirical literature that finds little or no effect of tobacco advertising. In this paper, these prior studies are examined more closely with several important insights emerging from this analysis. This paper also provides new empirical evidence on the effect of tobacco advertising in 22 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The primary conclusion of this research is that a comprehensive set of tobacco advertising bans can reduce tobacco consumption and that a limited set of advertising bans will have little or no effect.     

Price elasticity estimates for tobacco products in India

The tax base of tobacco in India is heavily dependent on about 14% of tobacco users, who smoke cigarettes. Non-cigarette tobacco products accounting for 85% of the tobacco consumption contributes only 15% of the total tobacco taxes. Though taxation is an important tool to regulate consumption of tobacco, there have been no estimates of price elasticities for different tobacco products in India to date, which can guide tax policy on tobacco. This paper, for the first time in India, examines the price elasticity of demand for bidis, cigarettes and leaf tobacco at the national level using a representative cross-section of households. This study found that own-price elasticity estimates of different tobacco products in India ranged between -0.4 to -0.9, with bidis (an indigenous hand-rolled smoked tobacco preparation in India) and leaf tobacco having elasticities close to unity. Cigarettes were the least price elastic of all. With some assumptions, it is shown that the tax on bidis can be increased to Rs. 100 per 1000 sticks compared with the current Rs. 14 and the tax on an average cigarette can be increased to Rs. 3.5 per stick without any fear of losing revenue. The paper argues that the current system of taxing cigarettes in India based on the presence of filters and the length of cigarettes has no justification on health grounds, and should be abolished, if reducing tobacco consumption and the consequent disease burden is one of the objectives of tobacco taxation policy. It also argues that attempts to regulate tobacco use without effecting significant tax increases on bidis may not produce desired results.     

从消极控烟国到积极控烟国——关于"十二五"时期全面控烟的建议

从2006年1月起世界卫生组织<烟草控制框架公约>在中国正式生效,"十一五"时期中国为履行该<公约>采取了一系列控烟行动,但是吸烟人数和烟草消费量仍在上升,烟草行业仍在不断"上水平",实际控烟效果甚微.烟草已成为威胁中国人群健康的最大"杀手",烟草业是中国最大的健康危害型产业.维护公众健康安全是中国政府履行公共安全服务...     

中国烟草流行监测的发展及挑战

烟草使用是导致全球疾病负担主要的可预防危险因素, 是我国面临的重大公共卫生问题。连续动态的烟草监测可以为制定控烟策略和措施、评价控烟效果提供关键指标数据。WHO将烟草监测纳入控烟的重要内容并在《烟草控制框架公约》中提出相关履约要求。中国政府积极推进控烟工作, 特别是《烟草控制框架公约》生效以来, 烟草监测得到不断加强, 2021年起, 我国的烟草监测工作被WHO评为达到最高等级。本文主要对全国范围内开展的成人和青少年烟草流行病学专项调查抽样设计、监测内容、关键指标定义和基于复杂抽样的数据加权进行阐述, 并提出我国当前烟草监测面临的挑战, 以期为我国烟草流行专项调查数据的理解和利用、调查结果的比较以及今后我国烟草监测工作的开展提供参考。     

Population-based tobacco control: progress and prospects

One in four U.S. adults smokes. Downstream cognitive-behavioral interventions coupled with effective pharmacotherapy can produce 40% quit rates, particularly for those least addicted, most highly motivated, and without psychiatric comorbidity. Effective midstream school-based prevention activities delay youth use. Worksite programs and physician "quit smoking" advice can be cost-effective, although these are not sufficiently widespread. Community strategies show promise of preventing youth use and helping addicted users quit. Despite failed federal tobacco control legislation, great strides have been made upstream, including proposed regulation of nicotine as a drug, the state master settlement agreement with the tobacco industry, and excise tax increases funding statewide tobacco control programs. Wider dissemination of effective programs and better coordination with upstream policies hold great potential to significantly reduce future use rates and related disease.     

The global tobacco disease pandemic: Nature,causes, and cures

Abstract

Tobacco use kills 5 million citizens globaly every year. The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that the number of deaths will double just 15 years from now. Tobacco will then constitute the leading cause of death in the developing world, as it already is in developed countries today. This paper describes the nature and extent of the tobacco pandemic, characteristics of the global tobacco industry, and national and international efforts to diminish the toll of tobacco. The review includes examination of the economic and political strategies employed by the multinational tobacco industry to increase cigarette consumption, as well as the policies that governments have adopted to combat smoking. The most promising development is the new Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHO's first-ever international health treaty. While aggressive tobacco control policies can and will diminish the toll of tobacco, the prospects for the foreseeable future appear grim.     

Cost effectiveness of tobacco control policies in Vietnam

Background

Tobacco smoking is one of the leading public health problems in the world. It is also possible to prevent and/or reduce the harm from tobacco use through the use of cost-effective tobacco control measures. However, most of this evidence comes from developed countries and little research has been conducted on this issue in developing countries.

Objective

The objective of this study was to analyse the cost effectiveness of four population-level tobacco control interventions in Vietnam.

Methods

Four tobacco control interventions were evaluated: excise tax increase; graphic warning labels on cigarette packs; mass media campaigns; and smoking bans (in public or in work places). A multi-state life table model was constructed in Microsoft® Excel to examine the cost effectiveness of the tobacco control intervention options. A government perspective was adopted, with costing conducted using a bottom-up approach. Health improvement was considered in terms of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted. All assumptions were subject to sensitivity and uncertainty analysis.

Results

All the interventions fell within the definition of being very cost effective according to the threshold level suggested by the WHO (i.e. Conclusions All four interventions to reduce the harm from tobacco use appear to be highly cost effective and should be considered as priorities in the context of Vietnam. The government may initially consider graphic warning labels and tax increase, followed by other interventions.